Consistency and synchronization of AMPK-glycogen in endometrial epithelial cells are critical to the embryo implantation.

Uterine receptivity to the embryo is crucial for successful implantation. The establishment of uterine receptivity requires a large amount of energy, and abnormal energy regulation causes implantation failure. Glucose metabolism in the endometrium is tissue specific. Glucose is largely stored in the form of glycogen, which is the main energy source for the endometrium. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important energy-sensing molecule, is a key player in the regulation of glucose metabolism and its regulation is also tissue specific. However, the mechanism of energy regulation in the endometrium for the establishment of uterine receptivity remains to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the energy regulation mechanism of mouse uterine receptivity and its significance in embryo implantation. The results showed that the AMPK, p-AMPK, glycogen synthase 1, and glycogen phosphorylase M levels and the glycogen content in mouse endometrial epithelium varied in a periodic manner under regulation by the ovarian hormone. Specifically, progesterone significantly activated AMPK, promoted glycogenolysis, and upregulated glycogen phosphorylase M expression. AMPK regulated glycogen phosphorylase M expression and promoted glycogenolysis. AMPK was also found to be activated by changes in the energy or glycogen of the endometrial epithelial cells. The inhibition of AMPK activity or glycogenolysis altered the uterine receptivity markers during the window of implantation and ultimately interfered with implantation. In summary, consistency and synchronization of AMPK and glycogen metabolism constitute the core regulatory mechanism in mouse endometrial epithelial cells involved in the establishment of uterine receptivity.

[Determination of Dichloromethane in Blood with Headspace Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry].

Objective: To establish a method for qualitative determination of dichloromethane (DCM) in blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantitative determination of DCM in blood by headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC), and to provide reliable support for forensic examination and analysis of poisoning or deaths caused by DCM. Methods: 0.5 mL blood sample was collected, added into headspace vial with chloroform as the internal standard, and processed by heating at 65 °C and evacuation treatment. The intermediate gas in the headspace vial was analyzed by GC-MS for qualitative validation of the method and by HS-GC for quantitative validation of the method. The method was then applied in forensic case analysis. Results: Qualitative validation of the examination method by GC-MS found that the chromatographic peak and mass spectral characteristic ions were specific in samples added with DCM, and that no interference was observed in the blank negative samples. The limit of detection (LOD) was 5 µg/mL. Quantitative method validation by HS-GC found that the chromatographic peak of DCM was well separated from those of eight other volatile compounds, with the resolution>1.5 in all cases; the lower limit of quantification (LOQ) was 20 µg/mL and good linearity was shown within the range of 20 and 1000 µg/mL, R>0.999; the intra-day test precision and inter-day test precision were good (relative standard deviation, or RSD<15% for both) and test accuracy was high (relative error, or δ<15%). With the method established in the study, DCM was detected successfully in the blood of two fatal cases caused by DCM poisoning, with the blood concentration being 470 µg/mL and 915 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: This method is shown to be a rapid, stable and accurate approach to the qualitative and quantitative forensic and toxicological analysis of DCM in blood in DCM poisoning cases or deaths caused by DCM.

[Reversal effect and its mechanism of (- )-5-N-acetylardeemin on adriamycin resistance in multidrug-resistant cancer cells A549/Adr and MCF-7/Adr].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the reversal effect of (- )-5-N-acetylardeemin on adriamycin resistance in multidrug-resistant cancer cells including human breast cancer cells MCF-7/Adr and human non-small cell lung cancer cells A549/Adr in vitro. METHODS: The multidrug-resistant cancer cells MCF-7/Adr, A549/Adr and their respective parental cells were treated with different concentrations of (- )-5-N-acetylardeemin and adriamycin individually or in combination. Cell death was detected based on the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using a cytotoxicity detection kit. Intracellular accumulation of adriamycin was measured by the detection of fluorescence intensity of cell lysates using microplate reader. The expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS: (-)-5-N-acetylardeemin significantly reversed the adriamycin resistance in MCF-7/Adr and A549/ Adr in a dose-dependent manner, and the reversal folds were 10. 8 in MCF-7/Adr cells and 20.1 in A549/Adr cells with the treatment of 10 µmol/L (-)-5-N acetylardeemin. (- )-5-N-acetylardeemin also enhanced the sensitivity of parental MCF-7 and A549 cells to adriamycin. The fluorescence intensity in both MCF-7/Adr and A549/Adr cells, which reflected the intracellular accumulation of adriamycin, were significantly enhanced by ( -)5-N- acetylardeemin in a dose-dependent manner. The expressions of P-gp in MCF-7/Adr and A549/Adr cells were significantly inhibited by (- )-5-N-acetylardeemin. CONCLUSION: (- )5-N-acetylardeemin could reverse the multidrug resistance in cancer cells through inhibiting the expression of P-gp and enhancing the intracellular accumulation of cytotoxic drug.

[Relationship among ALDH2 gene polymorphism, alcohol metabolism and acetaldehyde level in peripheral blood].

OBJECTIVE: To explore alcohol pharmacokinetics as well as acetaldehyde level in peripheral blood in human subjects with different ALDH2 genotypes after drinking. METHODS: Venous blood samples of 14 unrelated volunteers were collected. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technology was adopted for DNA extraction and ALDH2 genotyping. The volunteers were asked to drink beer at certain doses. The concentration of alcohol and acetaldehyde were assayed by headspace gas chromatography method at different time. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS: According to the results of electrophoresis, 5 people carried ALDH2*1/*1 as wild group and 9 people carried ALDH2*1/*2 as mutation group. The good linear range of alcohol and acetaldehyde were 0-1 570.7 microg/mL and 0-5.1772 microg/mL, respectively. The AUC values of alcohol and acetaldehyde and the t1/2Z value of alcohol were higher in the mutation group than that in the wild group. But the CL/F value of alcohol was lower in the mutation group than that in the wild group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: After the consumption of alcohol, alcohol and acetaldehyde metabolism in blood slow down in ALDH2*1/*2 mutation group influenced by the inhibition of enzyme activity, leading to the accumulation of acetaldehyde in peripheral blood, thus reinforcing their effects in the body.

[Determination of unknown impurities in cefotiam hexetil by HPLC-MS/MS].

OBJECTIVE: To detect unknown impurities in raw drug material of cefotiam hexetil. METHODS: High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was employed for the determination of impurities in cefotiam hexetil. Agilent SB-C18 column (150 mm x 2.1 mm i. d. , 3.5 microm particles) was used for chromatographic separations of cofotiam hexetil dissolved in deionized water, with mobile phase consisting of (A) 0.1% formic acid and (B) acetonitrile and timed gradient program T (min)/B (%): 0/3, 5/3, 15/20, 20/40, 30/60, 40/80. The flow rate was set at 0. 3 mL/min with DAD detector wavelength fixed at 254 nm. Electrospray ionization source was applied and operated in positive ion MRM mode. The source voltage was kept at 4 kV and cone voltage was 100 V with the mass range m/z 50-1000. Nitrogen was used as nebulizing gas and the nebulizer pressure was 40 psi. The drying gas temperature was 350 degrees C and the drying gas flow was 10 L/min. Results Unknown impurities of cefotiam hexetil were identified. Substance 1 was delta3-isomer of cefotiam hexetil. The structures of 3 other substances were also determined. CONCLUSION: The method is sensitive, rapid and credible for the analysis of cefotiam hexetil and its related impurities, which can be applied in quality control of cefotiam hexetil.

[Recombinant soluble CD40 ligand enhances Wogonin-induced antitumor activity].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of recombinant soluble CD40 ligand (rsCD40L) on Wogonin mediated antitumor activity in cancer cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Cell death was detected based on the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using a cytotoxicity detection kit. For morphological study of cell death, cells were stained with 50 microg/mL of acridine orange and 50 microg/mL of ethidium bromide and observed and photographed under a fluorescence microscope. Activation of apoptosis pathway was evaluated by Western blot. The effects of pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) neutralizing antibody on cell death induced by rsCD40L and Wogonin co-treatment were also investigated. RESULTS: rsCD40L significantly enhanced Wogonin-induced cell death of ovarian cancer cells SKOV3. A dose-dependent synergism was found with a fixed rsCD40L dose (1 microg/mL) and increased concentrations of Wogonin (5 micromol/L-15 micromol/L). rsCD40L and Wogonin co-treated cells showed typical apoptotic morphologies and enhanced activation of caspases pathway. As expected, the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK inhibited synergistic cell death of rsCD40L and Wogonin co-treated SKOV3 cells. Interestingly, the TNF-alpha neutralizing antibody that blocks TNF-alpha binding to its receptor also significantly suppressed the cell death enhancing effect, indicating that autocrine TNF-alpha played a role of sensitization. CONCLUSION: rscCD40L sensitizes cancer cells to wogonin-mediated apoptosis, which may involve autocrine of TNF-alpha, and the combination of rsCD40L and Wogonin may have a potential for cancer therapy.

[Determination of cinobufagin and resibufogenin in liver tissue by HPLC-MS/MS].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a sensitive and accurate assay for detecting cinobufagin and resibufogenin in liver tissue using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). METHODS: The homogenization of liver tissue with internal standard dexamethasone was extracted with dichloromethane. The extracts with methanol were purified through ProElut C18 solid phase extraction and tested in positive electrospray ionization with multiple reaction monitoring of HPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS: The good linear relationship of cinobufagin and resibufogenin in liver tissue were 1-204 ng/g and 1-206 ng/g, respectively. The minimal detection threshold (S/N > or = 3) of this method was 0.3 ng/g for both cinobufagin and resibufogenin. The matrix effect was 96.5%-126.7%. The extraction recovery coefficient was 70.0%-82.3%. The precision of intra-day and inter-day was less than 10%. CONCLUSION: This method is sensitive and reliable, and can be used in forensic toxicological analysis.

Critical role of CD40-mediated autocrine tumor necrosis factor-alpha in potentiation of cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in cancer cells.

Activation of CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) family, results in growth inhibition or apoptosis in some tumor cells, making CD40 a potential antitumor therapeutic target. Although it is known that CD40 is able to induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion and potentiate cisplatin's anticancer activity, whether TNF-α induction is involved in sensitizing cisplatin by CD40 has not been addressed. In this report, we provide evidence substantiating an important role of autocrine TNF-α in potentiation of cisplatin-induced apoptosis by recombinant soluble CD40 ligand (rsCD40L) in different human cancer cell lines. Activation of CD40 by rsCD40L induces two phases of autocrine TNF-α: the rapid early phase involving p38 MAP kinase and the robust and persistent late phase through enhanced tnf-α gene transcription. Blocking TNF-α with either a specific TNFR1 siRNA or a neutralizing anti-TNF-α antibody dramatically attenuated the potentiation effect of rsCD40L on cisplatin-induced cancer cell death. These results reveal an important role of TNF-α induction in CD40's chemosensitization activity and suggest that modulating TNF-α autocrine from cancer cells is an effective option for increasing the anticancer value of chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin.

[LC-MS/MS analysis of determination of strychnine and brucine in formaldehyde fixed tissue].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for determination of strychnine and brucine in formaldehyde fixed tissue by LC-MS/MS analysis. METHODS: The samples were pretreated with solid phase extraction using SCX cartridges and separated on SB-C18 column with mobile phase 0.1% formic acid : 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile (75:25). Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was utilized and operated in positive ion mode. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode was applied. External standard method was applied for quantitation. RESULTS: The chromatographic separation of strychnine and brucine in formaldehyde fixed nephritic and hepatic tissues resulted successfully. The standard curve was linear in the range of 0.002-2.0 microg/g for strychnine and brucine in formaldehyde fixed tissues, and the correlation coefficient was more than 0.996. The limits of detection (LOD) of strychnine and brucine in nephritic tissues were 0.06ng/g and 0.03 ng/g, respectively. The LOD of both chemicals were 0.3 ng/g in hepatic tissues. The extraction recovery rate was more than 74.5%. The precision of intra-day and inter-day were both less than 8.2%. CONCLUSION: Strychnine and brucine can be sensitive to be determined in formaldehyde fixed tissue by LC-MS/MS analysis. It can be applied in the forensic toxicological analysis.

Crocetin induces cytotoxicity and enhances vincristine-induced cancer cell death via p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

AIM: To investigate the anticancer effect of crocetin, a major ingredient in saffron, and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Cervical cancer cell line HeLa, non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 and ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 were treated with crocetin alone or in combination with vincristine. Cell proliferation was examined using MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution and sub-G(1) fraction were analyzed using flow cytometric analysis after propidium iodide staining. Apoptosis was detected using the Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit with flow cytometry. Cell death was measured based on the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The expression levels of p53 and p21(WAF1/Cip1) as well as caspase activation were examined using Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Treatment of the 3 types of cancer cells with crocetin (60-240 µmol/L) for 48 h significantly inhibited their proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Crocetin (240 µmol/L) significantly induced cell cycle arrest through p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms accompanied with p21(WAF1/Cip1) induction. Crocetin (120-240 µmol/L) caused cytotoxicity in the 3 types of cancer cells by enhancing apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. In the 3 types of cancer cells, crocetin (60 µmol/L) significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity induced by vincristine (1 µmol/L). Furthermore, this synergistic effect was also detected in the vincristine-resistant breast cancer cell line MCF-7/VCR. CONCLUSION: Ccrocetin is a potential anticancer agent, which may be used as a chemotherapeutic drug or as a chemosensitizer for vincristine.

[Effect of heat shock protein 90 inhibitor 17-dimethylamino-ethylaminogeldanamycin on TNfalpha-mediated apoptosis and TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor 17-dimethylaminoethylaminogeldanamycin (17DMAG) on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) mediated apopotosis in cancer cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Cell death treated with different concentration of 17DMAG and TNFalpha was detected based on the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using a cytotoxicity detection kit. For morphological study of cell death, cells were stained with 50 microg/mL of acridine orange and 50 microg/mL of ethidium bromide and observed and photographed under a fluorescence microscope. Activation of apoptosis and NF-kappaB pathway were evaluated on the change of caspase-8, caspase-3, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), receptor-interaction protein (RIP), IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta) and inhibitor of IkappaB (IkappaBalpha) by Western blot. RESULTS: 17DMAG sensitized cervical cancer cells HeLa and ovarian cancer cells SKOV3 to TNFalpha-induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner, which was accompanied with degradation of RIP and Ikappakappabeta, and consequent blockage of TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB activation. 17DMAG and TNFalpha cotreated cells showed typical apoptotic morphologies and enhancing of activation of caspases. CONCLUSION: 17DMAG sensitizes cancer cells to TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis through blockage of TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation, and disabling this survival signal with 17DMAG followed by TNF treatment could be an effective new therapeutic strategy for improving the anti-cancer value of TNFalpha.

GLUT4 in Mouse Endometrial Epithelium: Roles in Embryonic Development and Implantation.

GLUT4 is involved in rapid glucose uptake among various kinds of cells to contribute to glucose homeostasis. Prior data have reported that aberrant glucose metabolism by GLUT4 dysfunction in the uterus could be responsible for infertility and increased miscarriage. However, the expression and precise functions of GLUT4 in the endometrium under physiological conditions remain unknown or controversial. In this study, we observed that GLUT4 exhibits a spatiotemporal expression in mouse uterus on pregnant days 1-4; its expression especially increased on pregnant day 4 during the window of implantation. We also determined that estrogen, in conjunction with progesterone, promotes the expression of GLUT4 in the endometrial epithelium in vivo or in vitro. GLUT4 is an important transporter that mediates glucose transport in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) in vitro or in vivo. In vitro, glucose uptake decreased in mouse EECs when the cells were treated with GLUT4 small interfering RNA (siRNA). In vivo, the injection of GLUT4-siRNA into one side of the mouse uterine horns resulted in an increased glucose concentration in the uterine fluid on pregnant day 4, although it was still lower than in blood, and impaired endometrial receptivity by inhibiting pinopode formation and the expressions of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and integrin ανß3, finally affecting embryonic development and implantation. Overall, the obtained results indicate that GLUT4 in the endometrial epithelium affects embryo development by altering glucose concentration in the uterine fluid. It can also affect implantation by impairing endometrial receptivity due to dysfunction of GLUT4.

[Analysis of multiple cephalosporins in blood and urine by HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a new high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determining the concentration of cefazolin, cefradine, cefoperazone and cefotaxime in blood and urine, as well as to investigate its applicability. METHODS: Protein in blood and urine was precipitated directly by acetonitrile with acetanilide was used as the internal standard using Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm). The mixed solvents of water (triethylamine 0.12%, acetic acid 0.12%) and acetonitrile were used as the mobile phase to separate cephalosporins using gradient elution method at 1 mL/min (flow rate) and 254 nm (detection wavelength). RESULTS: The working curve of four cephalosporins showed a good correlation (r = 0.9993), with the detection limit up to 0.01 microg/mL. The recovery rate was more than 81.2%. CONCLUSION: This method is fast, easy and accurate. It is suitable for biological analysis of the 4 cephalosporins of the blood and urine in practical cases.

[Analysis of paraquat in blood and urine by sodium borohydride/nickel chloride chemical reduction-gas chromatography/thermionic specific detector].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a new method for the analysis of paraquat in blood and urine by sodium borohydride/nickel chloride chemical reduction-gas chromatography/thermionic specific detector. METHODS: An initial procedure of precipitation was performed by adding hydrochloric solution with sodium chloride and a mixture of chloroform and ethanol. Then the analyte contained in supernatant was reduced by a reduction system of sodium borohydride and nickel chloride and extracted by acetic ether. Ethyl paraquat (EPQ) was used as internal standard. GC/TSD was used to identify and quantify the analyte. RESULTS: The limits of detection (S/N=3) in blood and urine were 0.002 and 0.004 microg/mL, respectively. The linear ranges were 0.050-30.0 microg/mL. Correlation coefficients in blood and urine were 0.999 and 0.998, respectively. The recoveries exceeded 80% both in blood and urine. CONCLUSION: This method is applicable for quantification of paraquat in biological fluids.

Urinary metabonomics of rats with ketamine-induced cystitis using GC-MS spectroscopy.

Ketamine abuse has dramatically increased in recently years. With the widely application of ketamine, its side effects, especially cystitis induced by long-term use, have attracted more and more attention from the public. In the present study, we aimed to explore the potential generative mechanism of ketamine-induced cystitis by determining the endogenous metabolites at different time points after ketamine treatment. Body weight, bladder/body coefficient, urinary frequency, urinary potassium, serum IL-6, and TNF-α were determined at different time points after ketamine treatment. H&E staining was used to observe the changes of histopathology. Metabonomics was performed to determine the changes of endogenous metabolites. After 12 weeks of treatment, obvious inflammatory reaction was noticed in the KET group; the body weight and urinary potassium of the KET group were significantly lower than the NS group (P < 0.05) and other factors, such as urinary frequency, bladder/body coefficient, serum TNF-α and IL-6 were higher than the NS group (P < 0.05). A total of 30, 28, and 32 significantly changed metabolites were identified at the 1st week, 4th week and 12th week, respectively. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that different metabolic pathways were affected during the treatment process. Linoleic acid metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism were only affected following long-term administration of ketamine. Those metabolic pathways may have a close relationship with cystitis induced by ketamine.

[Detecting methamphetamine and amphetamine with high performance liquid chromatography].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for detecting methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AMP) with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). METHODS: Both MA and AMP were isolated on a C18 column and methanol-phosphate buffer (0.015 mol/L NaH2PO4) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The 190-360 nm ultraviolet spectrum was examined, with 215 nm as the detection wavelength. RESULTS: The MA and AMP were well isolated and determined. The MA determined by the HPLC had good linearity with the real value at the range from 1.4 to 270 microg/mL (R2=1), with an average recovery rate of 102.5%. The detectable Limit was 0.73 microg/mL (S/N > or =3). The AMP determined by the HPLC had a good linearity with the real value at the range from 0.9 to 580 microg/mL (R2 = 0.9999), with an average recovery rate of 101.7%. The detectable limit was 0.52 microg/mL (S/N > or =3). Both intra-day and inter-day precisions expressed by relative standard deviations of the MA and AMP were less than 2.4%. CONCLUSION: This is a simple, rapid and accurate method for detecting methamphetamine and amphetamine.

[Comparison of the contents of ATP, ADP, and AMP in the cardiac muscle of rat killed by different manners].

OBJECTIVE: The content changes of energy substances in the cardiac muscle of rat killed by different manners were investigated to elucidate evidence that can be used to determine the modes of death and postmortem interval. METHODS: One hundred and eighty rats were randomly allocated into 3 groups and killed by bleeding, suffocating, and neck breaking, respectively. The contents of ATP, ADP, and AMP in the cardiac muscle of rats killed by the different manners at different death intervals (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 h) were measured by HPLC. RESULTS: There were significant differences observed in the contents of ATP and AMP in the rats' cardiac muscle in different groups at most of the intervals (P < 0.05) and at all of the intervals within the same group (P < 0.01), but no differences were found in the ADP contents in any of the group at most of the intervals. CONCLUSION: The content changes of energy substances (ATP and AMP) in the cardiac muscle of dead rats may provide a basis for determination of the death manners and postmortem intervals.

[Determination of ketamine and its metabolites in biological samples].

The abuse of ketamine has gained popularity in recent years. It is important to develop rapid and accurate methods to determine ketamine and its metabolites in biological samples. The metabolites of ketamine are norketamine and dehydronorketamine in vivo. At present, there are blood, urine, hair and so on as specimens for detection, while the methods include GC, GC/MS, HPLC, LC/MS, HPCE etc. In this paper, these methods used for ketamine and its metabolites were reviewed in order to provide some preference for the study in relative fields.

Relationship between a novel polymorphism of hepatic lipase gene and coronary artery disease.

Hepatic lipase (HL) is a lipolytic enzyme involved in the catabolism of plasma lipoproteins, and is an important determinant of high density lipoproteins(HDL) concentration and low density lipoproteins(LDL) subclass distribution. Accordingly, HL activity may influence body's susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD). Association on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HL gene to post-heparin plasma HL activity and the plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration have been investigated thoroughly, but to date, little is known about th is in Chinese. In present study, the SNPs of the HL gene were analyzed. The promoter region and all the 9 exons with their flanking sequences of the HL gene were amplified from the Chinese patients with CAD and normal controls by PCR technique, and the PCR products were detected by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and sequenced with a dideoxy terminal termination method. As the result, a novel SNP-2T right curved arrow C in the promoter of HL gene was found. Compared with the control group, more CAD patients carried the -2C allele(TC+CC) (57.9% versus 42.7%, chi(2) =4.181, df=2, =0.041). The prevalence of the -2C allele was significantly higher in the CAD patients than in control subjects (chi(2)=3.988, df=1, P=0.046) and the odds ratio(OR) of -2C allele associated with the risk of CAD is 1.58 [95% confidence interval(CI): 1.01-2.47]. The -2C allele homozygous carriers in the CAD patients had a significantly higher HDL-cholesterol level than the noncarriers [(1.13-/+0.24) mmol/L versus (0.91-/+0.14) mmol/L, P<0.05]. These suggest that a T right curved arrow C substitution at -2 of the HL promoter may be associated with th e variation of HDL-cholesterol concentration and therefore affect the risk of CAD in Chinese.

A novel polymorphism A(+884)-->G in the hepatic lipase gene and its association with coronary artery disease.

Hepatic lipase (HL) activity may influence susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD). Association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HL gene with the occurrence of CAD has been investigated thoroughly, but to date most studies focused on the base variation in the promoter of HL gene, little is known about the variation in the coding region. In present study, the SNP in all exons of the HL gene were analyzed. All 9 exons with their flanking sequences of the HL gene were amplified from the Chinese patients with CAD and normal controls by PCR technique, and the PCR products were detected by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and sequenced with a dideoxy terminal termination method. As the result, a novel SNP A(+884)-->G within the sixth exon of HL gene was found, the 276 codon AAA was changed into AGA and resulted in the substitution of arginine for lysine. Compared with the control group, more CAD patients carried the G+884 allele (AG+GG) (54.9% vs. 41.5%, chi(2)=6.164, df=2, P=0.046). The prevalence of the G+884 allele was significantly higher in the CAD patients than that in control subjects (31.4% vs. 21.3%, chi(2) =4.652, df=1, P=0.031). Data from the linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that the A(+884)-->G polymorphism was strong in linkage disequilibrium with the T(-2)-->C variation we identified previously(D'=0.699, 0.742 in CAD patients and controls, respectively), and the frequency of the C(-2)/G(+884) haplotype (mutation) is significantly higher in CAD patients than that in controls (0.253 vs. 0.172, P<0.05).