Anesthetic propofol enhances cisplatin-sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells through N6-methyladenosine-dependently regulating the miR-486-5p/RAP1-NF-κB axis.

BACKGROUND: Drug resistance is a considerable challenge for chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Propofol, a commonly used intravenous anesthetics, has been reported to suppress the malignancy of various cancers. However, the effects of propofol on cisplatin (DDP) sensitivity in NSCLC and its molecular mechanisms have not been clearly clarified yet, and the present study aimed to resolve this problem. METHODS: NSCLC cells were co-treated with propofol and DDP, Cell Counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay and flow cytometry were conducted to test the role of propofol in regulating DDP-resistance in NSCLC. Next, through conducting quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, dual-luciferase gene reporter system and western blot, the responsible molecular axis in propofol regulating the DDP sensitivity in NSCLC was uncovered, and the function verification experiments were performed by transfection with the inhibitors or small interfering RNAs of those molecules. RESULTS: Propofol suppressed cell viability, colony formation ability, tumorigenesis, and promoted cell apoptosis to enhance DDP-sensitivity in NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. Propofol increased miR-486-5p level in NSCLC cells and xenograft tumors tissues in a N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-dependent manner, thus inactivating the Ras-associated protein1 (RAP1)-NF-kappaB (NF-κB) axis. Propofol regulated the miR-486-5p/RAP1-NF-κB axis to improve DDP-sensitivity in NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, this study firstly investigates the detailed molecular mechanisms by which propofol enhanced DDP-sensitivity in NSCLC cells, and a novel m6A-dependent miR-486-5p/RAP1-NF-κB axis is identified to be closely associated with the process.

Pulmonary Embolism Caused by Tourniquets in the Lower Extremities Treated with ECMO - A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Using tourniquets in the lower extremities can increase the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Acute large-area pulmonary embolism (APE) occurs in severe cases, and it is fatal to most patients. Acute large-area pulmonary embolism causes haemodynamic instability, right heart failure, and circulatory failure. CASE PRESENTATION: A 47-year-old female patient was subjected to spinal anaesthesia for a comminuted fracture of the tibia and fibula of the left lower limb. After the tourniquet was released during the operation, she had sudden hypotension and lost consciousness. Thus, ECMO was used to support patient circulation. With ECMO-assisted CT examination, she was diagnosed to have a pulmonary embolism. On the next day, she was subjected to a bilateral pulmonary embolism and embolectomy. Lastly, she was transferred to the general ward and discharged smoothly. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing fracture surgery should be wary of APE caused by the loss of DVT after the release of tourniquets. ECMO, as a rapid and effective temporary life support intervention, provides effective cardiopulmonary support and new treatment plans. It also saves time for further treatment of patients with high-risk APE.

[Application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn]. / 体外膜肺氧合技术在持续肺动脉高压新生儿救治中的临床应用.

OBJECTIVES: To study the clinical value of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 11 neonates with PPHN who were treated with ECMO in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Zhongshan People's Hospital from January 2015 to December 2021, involving the neonates' general information, clinical diagnosis, laboratory results, duration of ECMO treatment, complications during ECMO treatment, length of hospital stay, and outcome. RESULTS: Of the 11 neonates, 10 (91%) had successful weaning from ECMO, and 8 (73%) survived. For the 11 neonates, the mean duration of ECMO treatment was (81±50) hours (range: 26 to 185 hours), the mean duration of ventilator use was (198±105) hours (range: 57 to 392 hours), and the mean length of hospital stay was (22±15) days (range: 2 to 49 days). The oxygenation index and blood lactate level were significantly improved after 24 hours of ECMO treatment among the 11 neonates (P<0.05). Ten neonates had significantly reduced pulmonary artery pressure after 24 hours of ECMO treatment (P<0.05). One neonate had a progressive increase in the pulmonary artery pressure during EMCO treatment, succumbing to death. This neonate was diagnosed with alveolar capillary dysplasia based on the histopathological findings of the lung tissue and whole-exome sequencing results. Among the 11 children, 5 had intracranial hemorrhage, 1 had disseminated intravascular coagulation, 1 had gastric hemorrhage, 2 had pulmonary hemorrhage, 1 had renal insufficiency, and 3 had bleeding at the puncture site during ECMO treatment. CONCLUSIONS: ECMO is effective for the treatment of PPHN, however, the high incidence of complications of ECMO treatment suggests that it is important to carefully assess the indications and timing of ECMO treatment and improve the management of ECMO, which can improve the weaning rate and survival rate.

Outcomes from the Use of Perioperative Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery: An 8-Year Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) plays an important role in thoracic surgery. This retrospective study from a single center aimed to evaluate patient outcomes from the use of perioperative ECMO in 22 patients undergoing thoracic surgery during an 8-year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were collected retrospectively from 22 patients who received ECMO (veno-arterial and veno-venous ECMO) as perioperative treatment during general thoracic surgery from January 2012 to October 2020. Patients required ECMO due to perioperative cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (2 cases), perioperative pulmonary embolism (PE) (2 cases), lung transplant (4 cases), undergoing complicated thoracic surgery (5 cases), postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (6 cases), and thoracic trauma (3 cases). RESULTS Veno-arterial ECMO was used for circulatory support in 13 cases and veno-venous ECMO was used for respiratory support in 9 cases. The average ECMO support time was 71.6±42.4 h. Twenty patients (90.9%) were successfully decannulated and 17 (77.2%) survived to discharge. Complications included severe hemorrhage (3/22 patients, 13.6%), sepsis (3/22, 13.6%), and destruction of blood cells (1/22, 4.5%). There were no significant differences in survival rates between patients receiving pre- or postoperative ECMO (P=0.135) or between veno-venous ECMO (V-V ECMO) and veno-arterial ECMO (V-A ECMO) (P=0.550). CONCLUSIONS The findings from this small retrospective study from a single center showed that perioperative ECMO improved cardiac and respiratory function in patients undergoing thoracic surgery. Optimal results require surgeons to have an understanding of the indications and ability to control the complications of ECMO.

A Case Report of Sedation Strategy for a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Supported by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation After Cesarean Section.

Pneumonia caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease. Unfortunately, research on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) assisted treatments for patients with COVID-19 infection is limited. In this case study, a patient who was in late pregnancy (35+2 weeks of pregnancy) and suffering from severe COVID-19 was extremely irritable during ECMO-assisted treatment after she underwent a cesarean section. Her Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) score reached +3. Nevertheless, the patient successfully was treated with a continuous single/combined application of propofol, midazolam, dexmedetomidine, hibernation mixture, and other drugs for several days (maintaining RASS -2 to -4) and provided with anti-infection, mechanical ventilation, nutritional support, fluid balance under hemodynamic monitoring, liver support, and other organ function support treatments. ECMO-assisted sedation strategy for patients was introduced and discussed in this case to provide a certain reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of such patients.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with heart transplantation : A clinical prognosis analysis.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is indicated for bridging to heart transplantation, graft failure, and right heart failure after heart transplantation. This study explored risk factors affecting the clinical prognosis of cardiac transplantation patients treated with ECMO during the perioperative period. METHODS: Data on 28 heart transplantation patients with ECMO obtained from January 2012 to January 2018 in the People's Hospital of Zhongshan City were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients (20 male and 5 female) were finally included. Heart transplantation was performed mainly due to cardiomyopathy (77.8%). Of the treated patients, 18 (72%) survived and were discharged, 4 were treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before ECMO, and 3 died in hospital. There were no differences between the surviving and death group donors (N-terminal pro b­type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP], creatine kinase-muscle/brain [CK-MB], warm ischemia time of donated heart, cold ischemia time of donated heart, total ischemia time of donated heart, and donor type). In univariate analysis, body mass index (BMI), length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), and CPR were relevant prognostic factors for heart transplantation patients with ECMO. Multi-factor logistic regression showed that CPR before ECMO (odds ratio, OR, 49.45; 95% confidence interval, CI, [1.37, 1781.6]; P = 0.033) is an independent risk factor influencing prognosis. CONCLUSION: ECMO is an important life support method for patients before and after heart transplantation surgery. Obesity, poor preoperative cardiac function, and considerable intraoperative red blood cell transfusion may influence prognosis. Extracardiac compression before ECMO is an independent risk factor for prognosis.

Application of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Patients with Scrub Typhus Complicated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

A 68-year-old woman was diagnosed with scrub typhus and acute pneumonia. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurred on day 4 after admission and was treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). After 7 days of ECMO assistance, her respiratory condition gradually improved, and ECMO was removed. On day 20 after admission, she was discharged without any sequelae. The results suggest that ECMO should be considered as early as possible for patients with ARDS caused by scrub typhus.

Vascular Complications of Lower Limb Ischemia in Patients with Femoral Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

BACKGROUND: Lower limb ischemia in patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) via femoral artery catheterization negatively affects patient mortality and survivors' quality of life [Gulkarov 2020]. In this study, ECMO was established via femoral artery catheterization. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of lower limb ischemia to provide sufficient evidence for its prevention. METHODS: All patients with venoarterial (VA) ECMO via femoral artery catheterization in Zhongshan People's Hospital from January 2008 to November 2019 retrospectively were analyzed. Patients' general information and ECMO-related information were obtained, and the main outcome variables were survival and discharge and intubation-related adverse events (limb ischemia and incision bleeding). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk factors of limb ischemia in patients with VA ECMO. RESULTS: A total of 179 (98 [54.7%] men and 81 [45.3%] women) eligible patients were included in this study. Moreover, a total of 90 patients (48.9%) had low cardiac output, 41 (22.3%) had acute myocardial infarction, and 33 (17.9%) had fulminant myocarditis. Eighty-six (48.04%) patients survived to hospital discharge, 36 (20.11%) had limb ischemia, and 42 (23.46%) had incision bleeding. Furthermore, the ECMO-assisted time was 114.23 ± 67.88 hours. There was no significant difference in age, sex, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score between the limb ischemia group and the non-limb ischemia group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that peripheral artery disease (odds ratio, 27.12; 95% confidence interval, 5.614-130.96) was an independent risk factor of limb ischemia in patients with ECMO. CONCLUSION: Limb ischemia is a common complication in patients with VA ECMO, and peripheral artery disease is an independent risk factor of limb ischemia in patients with VA ECMO via femoral artery catheterization.

Analysis of the risk factors of acute kidney injury in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) affects the prognosis of patients. In the present study, we explored the risk factors for AKI through a retrospective analysis of relevant data of patients undergoing ECMO with AKI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed on patients with AKI who were receiving ECMO. Patient data, including preoperative basic conditions, related clinical conditions during ECMO, and complications, were collected. The patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of AKI. For the determination of the ECMO-independent risk factors of AKI, risk factors that may affect AKI and those that affected AKI were selected through single-factor analysis and logistic regression analysis, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 170 cases included in this study, 91 had AKI (53.5%) as indicated by the single-factor analysis results. CPR before ECMO, high lactic acid levels before ECMO, high inotropic equivalents, large amounts of red blood cells, plasma and platelet transfusion, high C-reactive protein levels, high brain natriuretic peptide levels during ECMO, and a long period of ECMO support were all associated with AKI patients. Multiple-factor analysis results revealed that high lactic acid levels before ECMO (OR 2.96, 95% CI (1.38, 6.34); p = 0.005) and high inotropic equivalents during ECMO (OR 3.17, 95% CI (1.52, 6.61); p = 0.002) were independent risk factors of AKI in patients with ECMO. CONCLUSION: A high incidence of AKI was observed in patients with ECMO, and large doses of positive inotropic drugs and high lactic acid levels were independent risk factors of the disease in patients with ECMO.
.

Analysis of Nosocomial Infections in Post-Cardiac Surgery Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support Therapy.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the nosocomial infection factors in post-cardiac surgery extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) supportive treatment (pCS-ECMO). METHODS: The clinical data of the pCS-ECMO patients who obtained nosocomial infections (NI) were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Among the 74 pCS-ECMO patients, 30 occurred with NI, accounting for 40.5%; a total of 38 pathogens were isolated, including 22 strains of Gram-negative bacteria (57.9%), 15 strains of Gram-positive bacteria (39.5%), and 1 fungus (2.6%). RESULTS: Multidrug-resistant strains were highly concentrated, among which Acinetobacter baumannii and various coagulase-negative staphylococci were the main types; NI was related to mechanical ventilation time, intensive care unit (ICU) residence, ECMO duration, and total hospital stay, and the differences were statistically significant (P < .05). The binary logistic regression analysis indicated that ECMO duration was a potential independent risk factor (OR = 0.992, P = .045, 95.0% CI = 0.984-1.000). CONCLUSIONS: There existed significant correlations between the secondary infections of pCS-ECMO and mechanical ventilation time, ICU residence, ECMO duration, and total hospital stay; therefore, hospitals should prepare appropriate preventive measures to reduce the incidence of ECMO secondary infections.

The Prognostic Risk Factors of ECMO in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Advances in ECMO have rapidly progressed in recent years; however, the clinical mortality rate remains high. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of ECMO in patients with cardiogenic shock. METHODS: Data of patients with cardiogenic shock who received ECMO from January 2006 to August 2013 at the Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University were retrospectively analyzed. All patients with cardiogenic shock were divided into two groups according to whether death occurred in the hospital. The possible prognostic risk factors of ECMO were first obtained in a univariate analysis of the two groups, and the risk factors that affected the prognosis of patients who underwent ECMO were determined using a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: This study included 94 cardiogenic shock patients who were treated with ECMO. Overall, 59 patients were successfully weaned from ECMO, which accounted for 62.7% of all patients. The multivariate analysis indicated that the independent risk factors associated with prognosis included ECMO timing (OR = 7.68; 95% CI 1.60-37.01), the occurrence of postoperative MOF (OR = 2,823.09; 95% CI 14.75-540,171.06), and the lactate level at weaning (OR = 493.17; 95% CI: 1.55-156,653.27). CONCLUSION: For patients with refractory cardiogenic shock, the early establishment of ECMO, improvement in perfusion, and the prevention of complications may improve the prognosis.

Application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the remote transport of a patient with a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm: a case report.

Background: A ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm can lead to rapid heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Management of patients who develop severe heart failure and need to be transferred to a specialized hospital for surgical treatment can be challenging. In patients with severe shock due to a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm into the right atrium, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) transport is an effective means to ensure patient safety, but increases the right cardiac load. We report the experience of veno-arterial (VA) ECMO transport in the treatment of acute cardiogenic shock caused by rupture of a congenital sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. Case presentation: We describe the case of an 18-year-old male who began having acute episodes of chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, and dizziness 18 h before presenting to the emergency department. An echocardiogram revealed an acute ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm and a shunt to the right atrium. The patient presented with severe shock. VA-ECMO was administered to ensure safe transport to the cardiac center. The outcome of emergency surgical repair was good. The patient was on ECMO for 8 h. He returned to the general ward after 7 days and was successfully discharged after 40 days. He had good exercise tolerance 2 years after surgery and no evidence of heart failure. Conclusion: Although ECMO transport can increase right cardiac load, it is an effective and safe method to move patients with severe shock caused by a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm into the right atrium. Methods to decrease right cardiac load, such as decreasing ECMO flow combined with cardiotonic drugs, should be adopted. Successful treatment involves rapid establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass and urgent repair of the ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm.

The application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in emergent airway management - a single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Emergent airway occurrences pose a significant threat to patient life. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been proven to be an effective method for managing emergent airways. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on all patients receiving ECMO as an adjunct for emergent airway management from January 2018 to December 2022 at the People's Hospital of Zhongshan City. We collected the basic information of the patients, their blood gas data before and after ECMO, the related parameters of ECMO, and the outcome and then analyzed and summarized these data. RESULTS: Six patients, with an average age of 51.0(28-66) years, received veno-venous (VV)- ECMO as an adjunct due to emergent airway issues. The average ECMO support duration was 30.5(11-48) hours. All six patients were successfully weaned off ECMO support, with five (83.3%) being successfully discharged after a hospital stay of 15.5(7-55) days. All six patients underwent VV-ECMO through femoral-internal jugular vein cannulation. Among these, five patients, whose airway obstruction was due to hemorrhage, underwent a non-anticoagulant ECMO strategy with no recorded thrombotic events. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid establishment of ECMO support is aided by the establishment of a standardized ECMO initiation protocol and the formation of a multidisciplinary rapid-response ECMO team, which is particularly crucial for emergent airway management. When airway obstruction results from hemorrhagic factors, the early adoption of a non-anticoagulant ECMO strategy can be considered when implementing VV-ECMO.

Treatment of late left bronchopleural fistula after left pneumonectomy through right thoracic approach assisted by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

BACKGROUND: Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a rare but fatal complication after pneumonectomy. When a BPF occurs late (weeks to years postoperatively), direct resealing of the bronchial stump through the primary thoracic approach is challenging due to the risks of fibrothorax and injury to the pulmonary artery stump, and the surgical outcome is generally poor. Here, we report a case of late left BPF following left pneumonectomy successfully treated using a right thoracic approach assisted by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 57-year-old male patient who underwent left lower and left upper lobectomy, respectively, for heterochronic double primary lung cancer. A left BPF was diagnosed at the 22nd month postoperatively, and conservative treatment was ineffective. Finally, the left BPF was cured by minimally invasive BPF closure surgery via the right thoracic approach with the support of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO). CONCLUSIONS: Advanced BPF following left pneumonectomy can be achieved with an individualized treatment plan, and the right thoracic approach assisted by ECMO is a relatively simple and effective method, which could be considered as an additional treatment option for similar patients.

Association between sarcopenia and sleep disorders: a cross-sectional population based study.

Objective: Sleep disorders is a worldwide public health problem. We sought to examine the association between sarcopenia, a decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, and sleep disorders within the adult demographic of the United States during the period spanning 2011 to 2018. Methods: Diagnosis of sarcopenia and sleep disorders was ascertained through appropriate calculations and a structured questionnaire. The primary correlation analysis was conducted using a weighted multivariate logistic regression model. Furthermore, to confirm the presence of a potential non-linear association between sarcopenia and sleep disorders, additional analyses were performed using multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression with dose-response curve analysis. Subgroup analyses were also conducted to explore the influence of relevant socio-demographic factors and other covariates. Results: The final analysis encompassed 5,616 participants. Model 4, inclusive of all pertinent covariates, revealed a positive correlation between sarcopenia and sleep disorders, yielding an odds ratio (OR) of 1.732 (95% CI: 1.182-2.547; P = 0.002). Further analysis, utilizing the restricted cubic spline model, indicated a decreasing trend in sleep disorders as sarcopenia indices rose. Stratified analyses across diverse variables underscored the significant impact of sarcopenia on sleep disorders prevalence in several subgroups. Specifically, males, individuals aged 40 and above, non-Hispanic whites, those with high school education or equivalent, unmarried individuals, obese individuals (BMI ≥ 30), alcohol drinkers, former smokers, diabetics, and those engaging in less rigorous recreational activities exhibited a more pronounced association between sarcopenia and sleep disorders. The incidence of sleep disorders exhibited an upward trend as the incidence of sarcopenia declined among study participants. Conclusions: In summary, our study provides evidence of an association between sarcopenia and the prevalence of sleep disorders, with a negative correlation observed between the sarcopenia index and the odds ratio of sleep disorders. These findings suggest that maintaining optimal muscle mass may have a beneficial impact on sleep-related issues. In terms of exploring the mechanisms underlying the relationship between sarcopenia and sleep disorders, more in-depth research is warranted to ascertain the definitive causal relationship.

Adjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy Versus Chemotherapy Alone for Resected Oligodendroglioma: A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The benefit of postoperative adjuvant therapy for survival of oligodendrocyte glioma remains unclear. In this study, we compared the effect of chemoradiation therapy (CRT) and chemotherapy (CT) alone in patients who underwent resection. We aim to identify which adjuvant therapy provides more survival benefits. METHODS: We identified patients who underwent oligodendroglioma resection in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors affecting survival rates. We used a propensity matching analysis to minimize selection bias in each group. We performed subgroup analyses based on patients' clinical characteristics. RESULTS: This study identified 1826 patients who received adjuvant CT (n = 503) or adjuvant CRT (n = 1323). On multivariate analysis, elderly, white and other race, and temporal lobe and parietal lobe tumor site were independent risk factors for improved overall survival (OS). After 1:1 propensity match, we included 501 patients who received CT and 501 with CRT. Patients in the CT group showed improved overall survival rate compared with those who received CRT (median OS: 146 months vs. 111 months). Subgroup analysis showed that improved overall survival in CT group was more significant in patients who were younger or older, male or female, white race, frontal lobe and parietal lobe tumor site, smaller tumor size (≤4 cm), and with gross total resection (GTR) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with resected oligodendroglioma, adjuvant CT is associated with better survival compared to adjuvant CRT. The benefit was more significant in patients who were younger and older, male and female, white race, frontal lobe and parietal lobe tumor site, smaller tumor size (≤4 cm), and with GTR.

Exploring postoperative atrial fibrillation after non-cardiac surgery: mechanisms, risk factors, and prevention strategies.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) stands as the most prevalent persistent arrhythmia and a common complication after surgical procedures. Although the majority of non-cardiac surgery patients experience postoperative AF (POAF) and the condition is typically self-limited and asymptomatic, its detrimental impact on patient outcomes, prolonged hospitalization, and heightened risk of stroke and overall mortality has become increasingly evident. Of significant concern, POAF emerges as a noteworthy risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, and mortality in comparison to patients with non-surgical atrial fibrillation. Multiple studies have corroborated the association between POAF and an elevated risk of stroke and mortality. The development of postoperative atrial fibrillation is multifactorial, with the inflammatory response being a primary contributor; additionally, factors such as hypovolemia, intraoperative hypotension, anemia, trauma, and pain can trigger POAF. Risk factors for POAF in non-cardiac surgery primarily relate to age, hypertension, obesity, prior cardiac disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and male sex. Prophylactic treatment with ß-blockers, amiodarone, or magnesium has demonstrated efficacy, but further trials are warranted, especially in high-risk populations. This review provides an account of the incidence rate, pathophysiology, and prognosis of atrial fibrillation after non-cardiac surgery, elucidates the underlying mechanisms of its occurrence, and explores various preventive strategies investigated in this domain.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute pulmonary embolism after postoperative craniocerebral trauma: a case report.

Introduction: Massive pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening complication of major surgery with a mortality rate of up to 50%. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is primarily used for respiratory and circulatory support. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is used to stabilize patients with acute massive PE. Acute brain injury, vascular disease, and immunosuppression are contraindications to ECMO, as stated in the 2021 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization guidelines. Case summary: We report a case of a patient with craniocerebral trauma whose postoperative course was complicated by massive PE and subsequent cardiac arrest that required urgent VA-ECMO, followed by anticoagulation with heparin. The patient showed hemodynamic improvement and was discharged 68 days after hospitalization. Discussion: ECMO has gradually been accepted for patients with craniocerebral injuries. The safety and effectiveness of ECMO in patients with craniocerebral injury, along with the optimal duration of ECMO and anticoagulation strategies, require further study.

Optimising the ECMO treatment regimen increases the survival rate for adult patients with acute fulminant myocarditis: A single-centre retrospective cohort study.

Background: Applying Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to patients with acute fulminant myocarditis (AFM) reduces their mortality. The survival rate is 55.6-71.9% for adult AFM patients, which is lower than that for paediatric patients (63-81%). In our centre, the survival rate of ECMO for adult patients with AFM was 66.7% from January 2003 to 2012. In January 2013, the therapeutic regimen was optimised, and then the survival rate increased to 89.1% by January 2022. This article analyses the reasons for the improved survival rate following the optimisation of treatment protocols. Methods: The data for adult patients with AFM who underwent ECMO for a poor response conventional treatment from January 2003 to January 2022 were reviewed. According to different treatment regimens, the AFM patients were divided into an old and a new regimen group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed on the data before and after ECMO. Results: Fifty-five patients were enrolled in the age (31.2 ± 11.3), including 24 males. Forty-nine patients were weaned successfully from ECMO [duration: (4.1 ± 1.8) d], all of whom were discharged from the hospital, with a survival rate of 89.1%. Compared with the old regimen group, the new regimen group had a shorter duration of shock to ECMO, a lower proportion of patients receiving extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), a lower Vasoactive Inotropic Score (VIS), and lower levels of lactic acid, and high-sensitivity troponin T before ECMO (p < 0.05). Compared with the old regimen group, after ECMO, the new regimen group had lower ECMO flow, lower proportion of left ventricular dilation and lower limb ischemia injury, the duration of ECMO was shorter, and significantly improved the survival rate, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The duration of shock to ECMO and VIS before ECMO were independent risk factors for the survival rate (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Early ECMO initiation in adult AFM patients with a poor response to conventional therapy and low-flow ECMO to meet metabolic needs can reduce serious complications affecting the prognosis, may be associated with better outcomes.