Efficacy and Safety of Subantimicrobial Dose, Modified-Release Doxycycline 40 mg Versus Doxycycline 100 mg Versus Placebo for the treatment of Inflammatory Lesions in Moderate and Severe Acne: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Controlled Study.

INTRODUCTION: Routine use of doxycycline (DC) 100 mg for the treatment of moderate to severe acne may be associated with gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs), thus potentially impacting patient adherence, and antibiotic resistance. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of subantimicrobial, modified-release (MR) DC 40 mg compared to DC 100 mg and to placebo for the treatment of inflammatory lesions in moderate and severe acne. METHODS: 662 subjects aged 12 years or older with moderate to severe acne received subantimicrobial, MR-DC 40 mg tablets, DC 100 mg capsules, or placebo once daily for 16 weeks. RESULTS: MR-DC 40 mg was superior to placebo in the mean reduction of the number of inflammatory lesions, median percent reduction in inflammatory and total lesions, and success rate. MR-DC 40 mg was also comparable to DC 100 mg in the reduction of the number of inflammatory lesions, and percent reduction of total lesions. Incidence of drug-related AEs for MR-DC 40 mg was similar to placebo and was markedly smaller compared to DC 100 mg. DISCUSSION: MR-DC 40 mg demonstrated comparable efficacy and superior safety to DC 100 mg in the treatment of moderate to severe inflammatory acne.

A randomized, phase 2, dose-ranging study in the treatment of moderate to severe inflammatory facial acne vulgaris with doxycycline calcium.

BACKGROUND: Doxycycline calcium (WC2055) is a drug substance with a possible role in the treatment of acne. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of three doses of doxycycline calcium tablets compared with placebo in the treatment of moderate to severe inflammatory facial acne vulgaris. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, phase 2 dose-ranging study in subjects with moderate to severe inflammatory acne aged 12 years to 45 years. Subjects were randomized to receive doxycycline calcium tablets 0.6, 1.2, or 2.4 mg/kg/day or placebo, and instructed to take their tablets once daily for 12 weeks, in the evening at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after mealtime. The primary efficacy variables were the dichotomized Investigator's Global Assessment score (success or failure) at week 12 (success defined as ≥ 2 score decrease from baseline) and the absolute change from baseline to week 12 in inflammatory lesion count. RESULTS: A dose-response effect was seen with doxycycline calcium formulation in subjects with moderate to severe inflammatory acne. The highest dose-group (corresponding to approximately 2.4 mg/kg/day) showed a statistically significant difference from placebo. The dose-response effect was confirmed by logistic regression analysis for both treatment success and incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events. A limitation of this study is that safety and efficacy were only studied on moderate to severe inflammatory acne. Also, the study was not prospectively powered to show efficacy differences. CONCLUSION: Doxycycline calcium shows a dose-response effect in reducing inflammatory lesions in subjects with moderate to severe inflammatory acne.

Clinical evidence for the role of a topical anti-inflammatory agent in comedonal acne: findings from a randomized study of dapsone gel 5% in combination with tazarotene cream 0.1% in patients with acne vulgaris.

BACKGROUND: Acne pathogenesis is multifactorial and includes inflammation. Combining drugs targeting multiple components of acne pathogenesis is standard practice. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of dapsone gel 5%, an anti-inflammatory agent, in combination with tazarotene cream 0.1% for treatment of acne vulgaris. METHODS: Patients were randomized to receive combination therapy (dapsone gel 5% twice-daily plus tazarotene cream 0.1% daily) or monotherapy (tazarotene cream 0.1% daily). Efficacy and safety data were collected after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Patients in both arms (n=86, dapsone + tazarotene; n=85, tazarotene) showed significant reductions from baseline in inflammatory, noninflammatory and total lesion counts (P is less than .001 for all). At 12 weeks, patients treated with dapsone plus tazarotene showed a greater reduction from baseline in noninflammatory (comedonal) and total lesion counts than tazarotene-treated patients (noninflammatory, 59.7 percent vs. 46.5 percent, P=.01; total, 63.3% vs. 53.6%, P=.02). The percentage of patients achieving treatment success (an investigator subjective score of 0 [none] or 1 [minimal]) was greater in dapsone plus tazarotene?treated patients (42.2%) than in tazarotene-treated patients (21.8%;P=.01). Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Combination therapy with dapsone gel 5% plus tazarotene cream 0.1% was more effective than tazarotene monotherapy for treatment of comedonal acne. The results suggest that anti-inflammatory agents such as dapsone can effectively treat early stages of acne (both comedonal and noncomedonal) when used in combination with a retinoid.

Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, vehicle-controlled study of ingenol mebutate gel 0.025% and 0.05% for actinic keratosis.

BACKGROUND: There is a need for improved medical approaches to the treatment of actinic keratosis. Ingenol mebutate, a diterpene ester extracted and purified from the plant Euphorbia peplus, is being evaluated as a topical therapy for actinic keratosis. OBJECTIVE: Assess the efficacy and safety of ingenol mebutate (formerly PEP005) gel at 3 dosing regimens for the treatment of actinic keratosis. METHODS: Patients with non-facial actinic keratoses applied vehicle gel for 3 days, ingenol mebutate gel, 0.025% for 3 days, or ingenol mebutate gel, 0.05% for 2 or 3 days, with an 8-week follow-up period. RESULTS: All 3 active treatments were significantly more effective than vehicle at clearing actinic keratosis lesions, with a dose response observed. The partial clearance rate (primary efficacy end point) for patients treated with ingenol mebutate gel ranged from 56.0% to 75.4% compared with 21.7% for vehicle gel (P = .0002 to P < .0001 vs vehicle). The complete clearance rate was also significantly higher (P < or = .0006) for patients in the ingenol mebutate gel treatment groups (range: 40.0% to 54.4%) compared with vehicle (11.7%), as was the baseline clearance rate (range: 42.0% to 57.9% for ingenol mebutate gel compared with 13.3% for vehicle, P < .0001 to .0007 vs vehicle). The median percentage reduction in baseline actinic keratosis lesions for patients treated with ingenol mebutate gel ranged from 75% to 100% compared with 0% for vehicle gel (P < .0001 vs vehicle). Active treatment was well tolerated at all dosages. The mechanism of action of this agent is the localized induction of necrosis followed by a transient inflammatory response, and this was manifested in most patients as transient local skin responses consisting primarily of erythema, flaking/scaling, and crusting. There was no evidence of treatment-related scarring. LIMITATIONS: Local skin responses may have suggested active treatment to investigators. CONCLUSIONS: Short-course, field-directed therapy with ingenol mebutate gel for actinic keratoses on non-facial sites seems to be effective with a favorable safety profile and potential benefits over topical agents that require a more prolonged course of treatment.

BPX-01 Minocycline Topical Gel Shows Promise for the Treatment of Moderate-to-severe Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris.

Background and objectives: Acne vulgaris is a highly prevalent and multifactorial skin disorder that can adversely impact health-related quality of life. Factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of acne include pilosebaceous proliferation of proinflammatory Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) bacteria, presence of circulating androgens, excess sebum production, abnormal follicular keratinization, and multiple inflammatory cascades. Oral tetracyclines-especially doxycycline and minocycline-are frequently prescribed for the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne, given their anti-inflammatory properties and their effect on P. acnes reduction. Notwithstanding their established efficacy in the management of acne vulgaris, there is a desire to limit systemic exposure to antibiotics given growing concerns regarding bacterial resistance as well as the potential for serious side effects. This report describes outcomes of two randomized, vehicle-controlled trials (Phases IIa and IIb) of BPX-01, a topical minocycline gel, in the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne. Methods: In Study 1 (NCT02709096), at a single center, 33 subjects with highly fluorescing facial skin were randomized 2:1 to BPX-01 1% or vehicle control once-daily treatment for four weeks. Changes in P. acnes quantitative bacteriological cultures were assessed, as well as cutaneous tolerance to the study drug by both subjects and the investigator. In Study 2 (NCT02815332), subjects with moderate-to-severe inflammatory nonnodular acne (n=226) at 15 centers were randomized 1:1:1 to treatment with BPX-01 1%, BPX-01 2%, or vehicle control once-daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was reduction in the number of inflammatory lesions; other endpoints included the number of noninflammatory lesions, Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) of severity, and subjective ratings (investigator and subject) of acne. In both studies, cutaneous tolerability and safety were assessed, and plasma minocycline levels were tracked with a highly sensitive assay. Results: In Study 1, BPX-01 treatment reduced P. acnes colonization by 90.9 percent, which exceeded the reduction in the vehicle control group (65.53%; p=0.020). In Study 2, treatment with BPX-01 2% reduced the number of inflammatory lesions by 58.5 percent, exceeding the reduction in the vehicle control group (43.8%; p=0.0256). Trends toward an improvement preferential to BPX-01 2% were observed in the other endpoints. Across both studies, BPX-01 treatment was well-tolerated, with no photosensitivity, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, or skin discoloration reported. A single subject (out of 259 study participants ) was identified to have detectable levels of plasma minocycline at low levels (42ng/mL) after 12 weeks of treatment but had no signs or symptoms associated with systemic administration of minocycline. Conclusion: BPX-01 appears to exhibit an effectiveness profile for reduction of inflammatory (nonnodular) acne lesions similar to that of oral minocycline formulations. However, because BPX-01 is topical and exhibits negligible systemic exposure, the likelihood of adverse events associated with oral minocycline use is much lower. These results demonstrate effectiveness of BPX-01 topical minocycline gel in reducing P. acnes colonization, suggesting that the BPX-01 2% formulation is a promising treatment for moderate-to-severe nonnodular, inflammatory acne vulgaris in both reduction of inflammatory lesions and also overall improvement in facial acne according to IGA.

Vehicle-controlled, double-blind, randomized study of imiquimod 5% cream applied 3 days per week in one or two courses of treatment for actinic keratoses on the head.

BACKGROUND: A shorter dosing regimen of imiquimod for the treatment of actinic keratosis may be effective, with long-term clinical benefits. OBJECTIVE: Imiquimod in one or two shorter courses of treatment was evaluated. METHODS: Patients with actinic keratosis lesions on the head applied imiquimod or vehicle cream 3x/wk for 4 weeks (course 1). Patients with remaining lesions received another course of treatment. Complete and partial clearance rates were evaluated after course 1, after course 2 (overall), and 1 year later. RESULTS: Complete clearance rates were 26.8% (course 1) and 53.7% (overall). Partial clearance rates were 36.6% (course 1) and 61.0% (overall). One-year follow-up recurrence rates were 39% (imiquimod) and 57% (vehicle). LIMITATIONS: Blinded investigators may have been biased toward patients treated with imiquimod identified by treatment site reactions. CONCLUSION: Imiquimod 3x/wk in one or two courses of treatment appears to be effective for the treatment of actinic keratoses on the head, providing long-term clinical benefits. Some recurrences do occur, so long-term follow-up is recommended.

Dapsone gel 5% for the treatment of acne vulgaris: safety and efficacy of long-term (1 year) treatment.

Dapsone gel 5%, a topical formulation of dapsone, was shown to deliver clinically effective doses of dapsone with minimal systemic absorption in 2 randomized, vehicle-controlled, 12-week studies of patients with acne vulgaris. A 12-month, open-label, long-term safety study further evaluated the safety and efficacy of dapsone gel. Patients at least 12 years of age with acne vulgaris (N = 486) applied dapsone gel twice daily for up to 12 months. Application site reactions related to treatment were reported in 8.2% of the patients and were mostly mild to moderate in severity. Common nonapplication site adverse events included headache (20%) and nasopharyngitis (15%). No significant changes in hematology or blood chemistry parameters were observed. At one month, mean reduction from baseline in inflammatory lesion counts was 30.6%. At 12 months, mean reduction from baseline was 58.2%, 19.5%, and 49.0% for inflammatory, noninflammatory, and total lesion counts, respectively, (all P=.002 compared to baseline). These results show that dapsone gel 5% is safe and effective for long-term treatment of acne vulgaris and has a rapid onset of action.

Efficacy and safety of a new once-daily topical ketoconazole 2% gel in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: a phase III trial.

BACKGROUND: The first gel formulation of ketoconazole has been tested in 2-week treatment courses. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new, once-daily, 2-week ketoconazole 2% gel treatment in moderate to severe seborrheic dermatitis. METHODS: Four hundred fifty-nine subjects with moderate to severe seborrheic dermatitis were randomized to receive ketoconazole 2% gel or vehicle gel once daily for 14 days. The primary efficacy was the proportion of successfully treated subjects at day 28 (cleared and almost cleared). RESULTS: A significantly greater percentage of subjects were successfully treated with ketoconazole 2% gel compared with vehicle (25.3% vs. 13.9%, P = .0014). Ketoconazole 2% gel improved erythema, scaling (P = .0022 vs. vehicle), and pruritus. Mean overall symptom severity was reduced by 53% and 39% with ketoconazole gel and vehicle, respectively. Adverse events were few, generally mild or moderate, and similar between treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Once-daily ketoconazole 2% gel is an effective,well-tolerated, convenient, and cosmetically acceptable treatment for moderate to severe seborrheic dermatitis.

Dosing with 5% imiquimod cream 3 times per week for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of two phase 3, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5% imiquimod cream compared with vehicle in the treatment of actinic keratosis (AK). DESIGN: Two phase 3 randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled studies. SETTING: Twenty-six ambulatory care offices, including dermatologists in private practice or research centers. PATIENTS: Four hundred ninety-two patients, 18 years and older, with 4 to 8 AK lesions in a 25-cm(2) treatment area on the face or the balding scalp were randomized; an additional 162 patients underwent screening but were ineligible. INTERVENTIONS: Patients applied 5% imiquimod (Aldara) or vehicle cream to the treatment area once daily, 3 times per week, for 16 weeks, followed by an 8-week posttreatment period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Complete clearance rate (proportion of patients at the 8-week posttreatment visit with no clinically visible AK lesions in the treatment area), partial clearance rate (proportion of patients at the 8-week posttreatment visit with a >/=75% reduction in the number of baseline AK lesions in the treatment area), and frequency and severity of adverse events and local skin reactions were measured. RESULTS: Complete and partial clearance rates for imiquimod-treated patients (48.3% and 64.0%, respectively) were clinically and statistically significantly higher than for vehicle-treated patients (7.2% and 13.6%, respectively). The median percentage reduction of baseline lesions was 86.6% for the imiquimod-treated group and 14.3% for the vehicle-treated group. CONCLUSION: The 5% imiquimod cream dosed 3 times weekly for 16 weeks is safe and effective for the treatment of AK.

A randomized study of the safety, absorption and efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% applied twice or four times daily in patients with atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Pimecrolimus cream 1% (Elidel), a non-steroid inhibitor of inflammatory cytokines, is effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, without corticosteroid-related side effects such as skin atrophy. It is indicated for twice-daily application. More frequent applications might be expected either to enhance efficacy or increase toxicity. This study compared the safety, efficacy and systemic absorption of pimecrolimus administered twice daily (recommended dose) and four times daily early in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. METHODS: Adolescent and adult patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis were randomly assigned to a twice daily (BID) treatment group (n = 24) or a four times daily (QID) group (n = 25). During days 1-7, patients in the QID group applied pimecrolimus four times daily, and patients in the BID group applied pimecrolimus twice daily plus vehicle equivalent twice daily. During days 8-21, all patients were required to use pimecrolimus twice daily and had the option to use up to two further daily treatments (pimecrolimus in the QID group and vehicle equivalent in the BID group). Blood sampling occurred 2, 4, and 6 hours after the first morning application on days 1 and 5 and then prior to the first morning application on days 8 and 15, and any time on day 22. RESULTS: Only 3 (12%) QID patients and 4 (17%) BID patients reported adverse events (primarily mild, transient application-site burning) with no significant difference between treatment groups in the frequency, type, or severity of adverse events. The median daily number of applications in the QID group during days 8-21 when two additional doses were optional remained at four. Pimecrolimus blood levels from a subgroup of 22 patients showed no difference in systemic exposure between the two dosing regimens. All but three (one in the QID group, two in the BID group) patients had blood levels below the limit of quantification; the highest single blood level of pimecrolimus measured in any patient was 1.37 ng/ml (QID group). Both the QID and BID regimens improved the signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis similarly as measured by improvements in pruritus severity score, Investigator's Global Assessment, Eczema Area and Severity Index, percentage of body surface area affected, and patient's self-assessment of disease control. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that increasing pimecrolimus application from twice daily to four times daily to treat moderate to severe atopic dermatitis for up to 3 weeks does not alter the safety profile nor does it increase the efficacy of treatment. Systemic absorption of pimecrolimus applied BID and QID is minimal and is not different between dosing regimens. Patients and physicians familiar with the potential hazards of overuse of topical corticosteroids should be reassured that if pimecrolimus is applied at twice the recommended BID dose for short periods of time, there is no effect on safety, tolerability, or systemic absorption.

A randomized trial of etanercept as monotherapy for psoriasis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine safety and efficacy of monotherapy with etanercept. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. SETTING: Outpatient, ambulatory; private practice and university dermatology research centers. PATIENTS: Patients aged at least 18 years, with plaque psoriasis involving 10% or more of body surface area; 148 were screened and 112 were randomly assigned to treatment groups and received study drug. INTERVENTIONS: Patients received placebo or etanercept, 25 mg, subcutaneously twice a week for 24 weeks. Other psoriasis therapies were limited during the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Safety measurements included tracking of adverse events and laboratory values. Efficacy was evaluated using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI); the primary end point was a 75% improvement in PASI. Other efficacy measurements included patient and physician global assessments and quality-of-life measures. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of treatment, 17 (30%) of the 57 etanercept-treated patients and 1 (2%) of the 55 placebo-treated patients had achieved PASI 75%, and after 24 weeks, 32 (56%) of etanercept-treated patients and 3 (5%) of placebo-treated patients had reached this level (P<.001 for both time points). By 24 weeks, psoriasis was clear or minimal by physician's global assessment in more than 50% of patients who received etanercept. Treatment failure (PASI response <50) occurred in 23% of patients at week 24. All other measures confirmed the efficacy of etanercept. Adverse events were similar among etanercept and placebo groups. CONCLUSION: Etanercept monotherapy provided significant benefit to patients with psoriasis and had a favorable safety profile.

Photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid topical solution and visible blue light in the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: investigator-blinded, phase 3, multicenter trials.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 20% wt/vol aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (hereinafter "ALA") and visible blue light for the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp. DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-controlled, uneven parallel-group study. INTERVENTIONS: Patients (N = 243) were randomized to receive vehicle or ALA followed within 14 to 18 hours by PDT. Follow-up visits occurred 24 hours and 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks following PDT. Target lesions remaining at week 8 were re-treated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Clinical response based on lesion clearing by week 8. RESULTS: Most patients in both groups had 4 to 7 lesions. Complete response rates for patients with 75% or more of the treated lesions clearing at weeks 8 and 12 were 77% (128/166) and 89% (133/149), respectively, for the drug group and 18% (10/55) and 13% (7/52), respectively, for the vehicle group (P<.001, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel general association test). The 95% confidence interval for the difference in response rates at week 8 was 46.9% to 71.0% and at week 12, 65.3% to 86.3%. The week 12 response rate includes 30% of patients who received a second treatment. Most patients experienced erythema and edema at the treated sites, which resolved or improved within 1 to 4 weeks after therapy, and stinging or burning during light treatment, which decreased or resolved by 24 hours after light treatment. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that topical ALA PDT is an effective and safe treatment for multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp.

Pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of intertriginous psoriasis: a double-blind, randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Inverse psoriasis can be difficult to treat because of the high sensitivity of intertriginous areas to cutaneous side effects, such as irritation and striae. Pimecrolimus, a well-tolerated, nonatrophogenic, skin-selective inflammatory cytokine inhibitor, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of psoriasis when applied topically under occlusion. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% versus vehicle twice a day in the treatment of inverse psoriasis. Methods This was a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study in 57 patients with moderate to severe inverse psoriasis. Patients were evaluated using Investigator's Global Assessment of overall severity, Target Area Score, and Patient Self-Assessment. RESULTS: A significant between-group difference was observed early on, with 54% of the pimecrolimus group versus 21% of the vehicle group having an Investigator's Global Assessment score of 0 or 1 (clear or almost clear) at week 2 ( P = .0169). By week 8, 71% of the pimecrolimus group had an Investigator's Global Assessment score of 0 or 1. Change from baseline in Target Area Score was -2.4 (pimecrolimus group) compared with -0.7 (vehicle) at day 3 ( P < .0001). By week 8, 82% of patients using pimecrolimus scored their disease as well or completely controlled versus 41% of the vehicle group ( P = .0007). Adverse events were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: Pimecrolimus cream 1% is an effective treatment for inverse psoriasis with a rapid onset of action, and is safe and well-tolerated.

Effect of a single course of isotretinoin therapy on bone mineral density in adolescent patients with severe, recalcitrant, nodular acne.

BACKGROUND: Adverse changes in bone have been reported for patients undergoing high-dose, long-term (several years) isotretinoin therapy for disorders of cornification. The effect of short-term (4-5 months) therapy at the lower dose recommended for acne on bone development in younger, growing adolescent (12-17 years) patients has not been well studied. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of a standard, single course of isotretinoin (Accutane) therapy on bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and hip in adolescents ages 12 to 17 years with severe, recalcitrant, nodular acne. METHODS: In this open-label, multicenter study, 217 adolescents (81 girls) with severe, recalcitrant, nodular acne were enrolled and treated with isotretinoin twice daily with food at the recommended total dose of approximately 1 mg/kg for 16 to 20 weeks. BMD in the lumbar spine and hip was measured at baseline and at the end of therapy by dual energy radiograph absorptiometry. RESULTS: There was no clinically significant mean change in BMD measured at the lumbar spine (+1.4%, range: -4.9% to +12.3%) or total hip (-0.26%, range: -11.3% to +15.0%). Hyperostosis was not observed in any patient. Typical efficacy expected in the treatment of acne was observed. CONCLUSIONS: A 16- to 20-week course of isotretinoin treatment at the recommended dose for severe acne has no clinically significant effect on lumbar spine and total hip BMD in the adolescent (12-17 years) population.

Effective treatment of actinic keratosis with 0.5% fluorouracil cream for 1, 2, or 4 weeks.

New therapeutic options would benefit patients with actinic keratosis (AK), a precancerous condition that is a significant health concern. The efficacy and safety of a microsphere-based formulation of 0.5% fluorouracil cream were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group study. Patients (N= 177) were randomized to receive 0.5% fluorouracil or vehicle once daily for 1, 2, or 4 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by lesion counts and clearance. Safety was evaluated by monitoring adverse events, including facial irritation. Significant improvements were seen from baseline to posttreatment follow-up in all efficacy variables for all fluorouracil regimens compared with vehicle. Patients treated for one week experienced significant improvements compared with vehicle, although efficacy increased with increasing treatment duration. Most patients experienced mild to moderate facial irritation of predictable onset and duration. Once-daily administration of 0.5% fluorouracil cream for 1, 2, or 4 weeks is safe and effective for the treatment of AKs.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the lidocaine/tetracaine patch for induction of local anesthesia prior to minor dermatologic procedures in geriatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Topical anesthetics offer a noninvasive method of anesthesia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the lidocaine/tetracaine patch, a 1:1 (wt:wt) eutectic mixture of lidocaine and tetracaine, for local anesthesia before minor dermatologic procedures in geriatric patients. METHODS: In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 79 patients over the age of 65 years received a 30-minute application of either the lidocaine/tetracaine patch or placebo immediately before a shave biopsy or superficial excision. The primary measure of efficacy was patient assessment of procedural pain using the visual analog scale (VAS). Secondary efficacy end points included patient, investigator, and independent observer assessments. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference (p = .041) in patient ratings of pain by VAS score in the active group (9.5 mm) compared with the placebo group (22.5 mm). None of the secondary end points showed a statistically significant difference between groups. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: The lidocaine/tetracaine patch is a safe and effective method for noninvasive induction of local anesthesia for minor dermatologic procedures in patients over the age of 65 years.

Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis is not associated with an increase in cutaneous infections.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of cutaneous infection in patients with atopic dermatitis treated with tacrolimus ointment. METHODS: Data for 1554 patients with atopic dermatitis, treated with tacrolimus ointment in 5 clinical trials, were analyzed. RESULTS: In 3 controlled studies, the 12-week adjusted incidence of all cutaneous infections in patients treated with the vehicle, 0.03%, and 0.1% tacrolimus ointment, respectively, was 18.0%, 24.8%, and 17.7% for adult patients, and 20.9%, 19.6%, and 23.6% for pediatric patients. The incidence of any individual cutaneous infection was not significantly higher in the tacrolimus group than in the vehicle group, with the exception of folliculitis in adults. In two open-label studies, there was no evidence of an increased risk of cutaneous infections with long-term use of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment (up to 1 year), based on the incidence of adverse events, incidence by cumulative length of exposure, or hazard rates. CONCLUSION: Treatment with tacrolimus ointment (0.03% or 0.1%) does not increase the risk of cutaneous bacterial, viral, or fungal infections in patients with atopic dermatitis.

Subcutaneously administered efalizumab (anti-CD11a) improves signs and symptoms of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: Phase I and Phase II studies in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis demonstrated that intravenous (IV) efalizumab improved clinical signs and symptoms and was well tolerated. OBJECTIVE: To determine if subcutaneous (SC) delivery of efalizumab improves chronic plaque psoriasis and demonstrates an acceptable safety profile. METHODS: This was a Phase I, open-label, single- and multiple-dose, escalating-dose study. Subjects received a single dose of efalizumab (0.3 mg/kg/wk SC) or escalating multiple doses of efalizumab (0.50-2.0 mg/kg/wk SC). Effectiveness was assessed using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), target lesion assessment, and Physician's Global Assessment (PGA). Safety was assessed by evaluating adverse events, clinical laboratory test results, physical examination results, immunologic responses, and vital signs. RESULTS: PASI score, target lesion assessment, and PGA showed improvement of approximately 40%-60% in signs and symptoms of plaque psoriasis by day 56. Mean PASI scores were still declining at the end of the eight-week dosing period, suggesting that longer duration of treatment would be more effective. By day 91, mean PASI scores were 16.2 vs. 14.6 at day 56 in the 0.5-1.0-mg/kg/wk group and 11.7 vs. 10.1 in the 1.0-2.0-mg/kg/wk group. This demonstrates that, on average, patients maintained their treatment benefit during the 42-day followup period. Overall, there were considerably fewer adverse events than in previous IV studies. These consisted principally of mild to moderate headache, pain, and rhinitis. No allergic reactions were observed. Antibodies to efalizumab were observed in only one subject (2%) and did not have any clinical relevance. CONCLUSION: The SC administration of eight weekly doses of efalizumab improves signs and symptoms of psoriasis. The treatment was safe and very well tolerated. In comparison to previously published results with IV efalizumab, SC administration of efalizumab improves overall safety and tolerability, with the additional advantage of greater convenience.