[Clinicopathological and genetic characteristics of common lymphatic malformations in superficial soft tissues].

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features, classification, and genetic characteristics of common lymphatic malformation (CLM) in superficial soft tissue. Methods: A retrospective study of 110 patients with the diagnosis of CLM at the Henan Province People's Hospital, China from August 2019 to August 2022 was performed. The clinicopathological features, relevant immunohistochemical (IHC) staining results, and fluorescence quantitative PCR of PIK3CA mutation were analyzed, and patients were followed up. Results: Among the 110 CLM patients, there were 53 males and 57 females; 65 cases (65/110, 59.1%) were first detected when the patients were≤2 years old. The most common location was the head and neck in 41 cases (41/110, 37.3%). Clinically, 102 cases (102/110, 92.7%) were solitary, 83 cases (83/110, 75.5%) were skin-colored, 69 cases (69/110, 62.7%) had indistinct borders, and 10 cases (10/110, 9.1%) had diffuse and severe macroscopic manifestations. There were 52 macrocystic type (52/110, 47.3%), 23 microcystic type (23/110, 20.9%), and 35 combined type (35/110, 31.8%). The macrocystic CLM presented as soft, translucent masses with large cystic cavities on the cut surface, and histologically they were composed of large, irregularly dilated channels that were thicker with irregular smooth muscle and lymphocytic infiltration. Microcystic CLM showed wartlike projections or translucent blisters on the skin, with small honeycomb structures on the cut surface, and histologically consisted of round or angular dilated small lymphatic vessels with little or no smooth muscle. The combined CLM had both macrocystic and microcystic morphologies. IHC staining showed that the lymphatic endothelial cells were positive for LYVE-1, D2-40, PROX1, CD31, and VEGFR3 but negative for CD34; in the macrocystic and combined CLM vessel walls were positive for SMA. Eight of 13 CLM had PIK3CA mutation. All patients were followed up, and 24 (24/110, 21.8%) had relapses, which more frequently occurred in combined type, followed by microcystic type. Conclusions: CLM is a congenital vascular malformation composed of dilated, abnormal lymphatic channels, with PIK3CA mutation. There are significant differences in clinicopathological characteristics among the different types. Since microcystic and combined CLM are prone to recurrence, accurate pathological subtyping is necessary to guide treatment and to predict prognosis.

[Glomuvenous malformation: a clinicopathological analysis of 31 cases].

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features of glomuvenous malformation (GVM). Methods: Thirty-one cases of GVM diagnosed at the Henan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2011 to December 2021 were collected. Their clinical and pathological features were analyzed. The expression of relevant markers was examined using immunohistochemistry. The patients were also followed up. Results: There were 16 males and 15 females in this study, with an average age of 11 years (range, 1-52 years). The locations of the disease included 13 cases in the limbs (8 cases in the upper limbs, 5 cases in the lower limbs), 9 cases in the trunks, and 9 cases in the foot (toes or subungual area). Twenty-seven of the cases were solitary and 4 were multifocal. The lesions were characterized by blue-purple papules or plaques on the skin surface, which grew slowly. The lumps became larger and appeared to be conspicuous. Microscopically, GVM mainly involved the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, with an overall ill-defined border. There were scattered or clustered irregular dilated vein-like lumens, with thin walls and various sizes. A single or multiple layers of relatively uniform cubic/glomus cells were present at the abnormal wall, with scattered small nests of the glomus cells. The endothelial cells in the wall of abnormal lumen were flat or absent. Immunohistochemistry showed that glomus cells strongly expressed SMA, h-caldesmon, and collagen IV. Malformed vascular endothelial cells expressed CD31, CD34 and ERG. No postoperative recurrence was found in the 12 cases. Conclusions: GVM is an uncommon type of simple venous malformation in the superficial soft tissue and different from the classical glomus tumor. Morphologically, one or more layers of glomus cells grow around the dilated venous malformation-like lumen, which can be combined with common venous malformations.

[The joint effects of major lifestyle factors on stomach cancer risk among Chinese men: a prospective cohort study].

Objective: To investigate the combined impact of lifestyle factors on stomach cancer risk. Methods: We analyzed the data from the Shanghai Men's Health Study (SMHS) (2002-2013). The SMHS was conducted in eight neighborhood communities of urban Shanghai. From 2002 through June 2006, 61 480 residents aged 40 to 74 years old with no history of cancer were recruited. Failure time was the date of stomach cancer incidence, death or date of the last follow-up (December 31, 2013). The first two in-person follow-up surveys were conducted in 2004-2008, and 2008-2011, respectively. Using data on lifestyle, the healthy lifestyle index (HLI) was developed. The following lifestyle factors were included: smoking, alcohol consumption, diet habit, overweighted and physical activity. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the association of stomach cancer risk with lifestyle factors and HLI. Results: Over 9.28 years' follow-up, 477 incident cases of stomach cancer were identified from 59 503 study participants. Participants with zero, one, two, three, four, and five favorable lifestyle behaviors accounted for 3.44% (n=2 045), 18.14% (n=10 793), 33.68% (n=20 041), 29.43% (n=17 511), 12.82% (n=7 627), and 2.50% (n=1 486), respectively. Among all the five lifestyle factors, smoking and alcohol use were significantly related to stomach cancer risk. The relative risk of stomach cancer was 0.71 (95%CI: 0.57-0.87) for those who never smoked or quitted smoking for no less than 10 years and 0.70 (95%CI: 0.55-0.90) for those who consumed alcohol no more than 14 drinks per week. For each increment of healthy lifestyle index, the relative risk of stomach cancer was 0.86 (95%CI: 0.79-0.95). Compared to men with none or one healthy lifestyle factor, the relative risk for those with four or five was 0.62 (95%CI: 0.46-0.83). When we rebuilt HLI using more categories of each lifestyle factors, the HLI ranged from 0 to 11. For each point increase, the relative risk of stomach cancer was 0.93 (95%CI: 0.89-0.97). Compared those with 0 to 3 points, the relative risk of those with 8 to 11 points was 0.64 (95%CI: 0.47-0.87). Conclusion: In the SMHS, only a small proportion of men adhered to all the five healthy lifestyle factors. Compared to those with none or one healthy lifestyle behaviors, those with five may prevent about 1/3 stomach cancer incidence and the HLI was inversely associated with stomach cancer risk.

Characterization of runoff from various urban catchments at different spatial scales in Beijing, China.

In order to investigate the characterization of runoff in storm sewer from various urban catchments, three monitoring systems at different spatial scales have been installed separately. They have been held since July 2010 in urban area of Beijing (China). The monitoring data revealed that chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and NH(3)-N values significantly exceed the Class V surface water quality standard developed by Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China (MEP). A surface solids buildup and wash off model for small watershed was adopted to analyze and discuss the process of a runoff pollutant discharge. More than a half of pollutant parameters presented a good fit to the model. However, a slightly worse-fit to the wash off model appeared in less than half of the data. Due to the influence of sewer sediments, sewer system characteristics, catchment characteristics, and other reasons, first flush was seldom observed in storm sewer runoff from these three survey areas. Meanwhile, the correlation between TSS and any other pollutant was analyzed according to cumulative load of pollutants in runoff events. An event mean concentrations (EMCs) approach was adopted to quantify the pollution of runoff. EMCs of various pollutants in storm sewer runoff between different rainfall events were slightly higher than the typical values observed in similar areas at home and abroad, according to other studies reported in literature. Based on quantitative analysis, it can be concluded that urban non-point source pollution is recognized as the major causes of quality deterioration in the receiving water bodies. This is after the point source pollution has been controlled substantially in Beijing. An integrated strategy, which combines centralized and decentralized control, along with the conditions of meteorology, hydrology, urban planning, existing drainage system, etc., will be an effective and economic approach to urban runoff pollution control.

MiR-150 suppressed cell viability, invasion and EMT via HMGA2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 90% of head and neck cancers, and its 5-year overall survival is very poor. MiR-150 is usually downregulated and acts as tumor suppressor in multiple cancers. The aim of our study is to explore the functions of miR-150 in OSCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Expressions of miR-150 and HMGA2 mRNA in OSCC tissues and cells were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) and transwell assays were conducted to assess the cell viability and invasive abilities. Western blot was conducted to assess the protein levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Luciferase reporter assay was carried out to verify miR-150 directly binding to HMGA2 in SCC25 cells. RESULTS: MiR-150 was low expressed and HMGA2 was highly expressed in OSCC tissues and cells. Downregulation of miR-150 or upregulation of HMGA2 predicted poor prognosis of OSCC patients. MiR-150 overexpression inhibited the abilities of viability, invasive and the EMT by targeting HMGA2 in OSCC cells. HMGA2 was a target gene of miR-150 and its expression was regulated by altering the expression of miR-150 in OSCC cells. HMGA2 reversed partial roles of miR-150 on cell viability and invasion in OSCC. CONCLUSIONS: MiR-150 impaired cell viability, invasion and EMT via binding to HMGA2 of OSCC. Our research demonstrates that miR-150 plays a critical role in the progression of OSCC. miR-150 might be a candidate molecular marker and a novel therapy target for OSCC patients.

LncRNA PRNCR1 aggravates the malignancy of oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating miR-326/FSCN1 axis.

OBJECTIVE: The important regulatory mechanism of lncRNA PRNCR1 has been emphasized in malignant tumors. However, the role of lncRNA PRNCR1 remains unclear in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The purpose of this study is to reveal the role of lncRNA PRNCR1 in OSCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: RT-qPCR was used to detect mRNA expression. The functional mechanism of lncRNA PRNCR1 in OSCC was investigated by CCK-8, transwell and Luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS: LncRNA PRNCR1 was upregulated in OSCC and promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion. LncRNA PRNCR1 directly binds to miR-326. The mutual inhibition between the expressions of lncRNA PRNCR1 and miR-326 was identified in OSCC. In addition, miR-326 restrained cell proliferation, migration and invasion in OSCC. Further, miR-326 directly targets FSCN1. FSCN1 expression was positively regulated by lncRNA PRNCR1 in OSCC. And FSCN1 promoted the progression of OSCC and aggravated the carcinogenic effect of lncRNA PRNCR1 in OSCC. CONCLUSIONS: LncRNA PRNCR1 promotes the progression of OSCC by functioning as a miR-326 'sponge' to upregulate FSCN1 expression.

Development of Faraday rotation measurements on Keda Reconnection eXperiment (KRX) device.

The Faraday-effect based polarimeter and interferometer are developed for non-perturbation magnetic field and density measurements on the Keda Reconnection eXperiment (KRX) device. The magnetic reconnection is externally driven by a pair of parallel current plates. To design this instrument and provide an alternative way to facilitate theory-experiment comparisons via forward modeling of the diagnostics process with full plasma dynamics given by simulation, we develop a synthetic diagnostics based on 2D photonic integrated circuit simulation for magnetic reconnection on the KRX. The view-line geometry is optimized and wavelengths (1 mm) of the polarimeter and interferometer are selected to ensure the sensitivity of measurement on the KRX. We have simulated magnetic reconnection on the x-line (x-z plane) with horizontal viewing and vertical viewing for line of sight measurements. It is found that the current sheet width and indicator of magnetic reconnection can be inferred directly from the dynamics of Faraday rotation even with the line-integrated character of polarimeter-interferometer diagnostics.

Genetic control of chloroform toxicity in mice.

Mouse strain differences suggest intermediate or multifactorial gentic control of chloroform-induced renal toxicity and death. The chloroform dose lethal to 50 percent of animals was four times higher in C57BL/6J males than in DBA/2J males. Twice as much chloroform accumulated in the kidneys of the sensitive as the resistant strain. First generation offspring were midway between parental strains for both parameters.

MiRNA-93 functions as an oncogene in glioma by directly targeting RBL2.

OBJECTIVE: Glioma is a tumor of the brain. Although the clinical regimens and surgical techniques for glioma have improved, therapies of advanced glioma remain challenging, carrying dismal overall survival and therapeutic success rates. Evidence has shown that miRNAs played important roles in glioma development. The current study aimed at investigating the function of a novel cancerogenic miRNA, miR-93, in glioma progression by investigating the expression and mechanism of it. PATIENTS AND METHODS: qRT-PCR was conducted to assess the miR-93 expression and the mRNA expression of target gene in glioma tissues and cells. The invasion and migration abilities of the glioma cells were determined by transwell assays. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm the target of miR-93. RESULTS: The results indicated that miR-93 expression in glioma tissues and cells was increased significantly than that in normal brain tissues and cells. Furthermore, miR-93 promoted glioma cell migration and invasion. RBL2 was recognized as a direct target of miR-93 in glioma cells, and overexpression of RBL2 could reverse the stimulative effect of miR-93 in glioma cell. CONCLUSIONS: The above findings suggested that miR-93 together with RBL2 could be diagnostic targets and novel prognostic markers for glioma.

2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity in human mammary tumors and its potential correlation with tumor growth or hormonal responsiveness.

Since interferon inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2,5An) synthetase activity is present in a wide variety of cells and is affected by various hormonal conditions, primary human mammary tumor extracts were examined for the constitutive presence of this enzyme and its possible relationship with the various hormonal receptor levels in these tissues. Further, since 2,5An synthetase has been implicated as a possible factor controlling cell replication, we assayed DNA polymerases in these same tumor extracts to determine any correlation between 2,5An synthetase activity and growth potential. A survey of the soluble extracts from 24 different surgically removed human mammary tumor specimens for 2,5An synthetase activity indicated that this enzyme was indeed present in all extracts but in widely varying amounts of activity (31-2,666 nmol adenosine 5'-phosphate incorporated/mg protein). The 2,5An synthesized in the enzymic reactions ranged in size from di- to hexamers, with trimers being the abundant 2,5An in the majority of tumors. A comparison of the assay results for estrogen and progestin receptors with 2,5An synthesis indicated that high 2,5An synthetase activity was found in both estrogen or progestin positive and negative tumors. Thus, 2,5An synthetase activity was unrelated (r = 0.329 and 0.077, respectively, for estrogen and progestin receptors) to the hormonal receptor content of these tumors. A similar comparison was made between 2,5An synthesis and assay results for the activities of DNA polymerase alpha, regarded as the principal DNA replicating enzyme, and DNA polymerase beta, regarded as the DNA repair enzyme. Although the activity of the polymerases were also quite varied, the majority of tumor extracts demonstrated higher alpha polymerase activity with no parallel difference between the alpha and beta enzymes. There was, however, a weak correlation (r = 0.751) between 2,5An synthetase activity and DNA polymerase alpha activity among the tumors examined. Less of a correlation existed with DNA polymerase beta activity (r = 0.600). These results suggested that the potential of the tumors to synthesize 2,5An was unrelated to their hormonal responsiveness and only weakly related to their growth potential reflected by DNA polymerase alpha activity.

Intranuclear dynamics of DNA polymerase alpha differs between the transplanted R3230AC mammary adenocarcinomas and the host mammary gland depending on lactation cycle.

DNA polymerase alpha activity was markedly higher in all nuclear subfractions, including nuclear matrix, from transplanted R3230AC mammary adenocarcinomas than in the analogous fractions from mammary gland of same tumor-bearing pregnant or lactating rats. Changes in host lactational status had no significant effect on subnuclear distribution of tumor DNA polymerase alpha activity, with the majority (60-75%) localized in soluble nucleoplasm and a significant amount (13-20%) retained in the nuclear matrix. In the host mammary gland, nuclear matrix-bound DNA polymerase alpha was highest, accounting for 48% of total nuclear activity, during late pregnancy when mammary cells undergo rapid raplication. During lactation, when cells in mammary gland cease to divide, only 8% of enzyme activity was in the nuclear matrix, while the majority (60-80%) of DNA polymerase alpha activity was localized in nucleoplasm. In both R3230AC tumor and mammary gland regardless of host's lactational status, the majority (60-80%) of DNA polymerase beta activity was localized in the high salt-soluble chromatin. These present data thus suggest that, regardless of host lactational status, R3230AC tumor has many cycling cells, each with a large pool of DNA polymerase alpha molecules maintaining maximal and constant replicative activity, while normal mammary gland cells have a smaller pool of DNA polymerase alpha which become primarily matrix-bound only during active cell replication during late pregnancy. A constant localization of nuclear DNA polymerase beta in chromatin in both mammary gland and the tumor suggest it is not important in mammary cell proliferation.

Isolation of ribonuclease-free intact polyribosomes from rat kidney.

High levels of RNAase present in rat kidney have prevented isolation of intact polyribosomes from this tissue. This problem has been circumvented by a thorough in situ arterial perfusion of rat kidney, coupled with homogenization of the perfused rat kidney in heparin and detergents-fortified high-speed supernatant prepared from rat liver. This procedure reduced RNAase activity in the homogenate by as much as 70%. Sedimentation of the polyribosomes from this homogenate through a layer of 2.0 M sucrose resulted in a 78--80% yield of polyribosomes from the rat kidney. The resulting polyribosomal pellet contained less than 8% of the RNAase activity present in polyribosomes from non-perfused rat kidney. The remaining RNAase activity was separated from the larger polyribomes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The majority of the polyribosomes were larger than tetramers. This procedure also incrased both the yield and size of polyribosomes from rat and mouse liver.

Ribonuclease H activity in rat mammary gland during the lactation cycle and in R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma.

RNAase H, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the RNA moiety of an RNA-DNA hybrid, was measured in the mammary gland of virgin, pregnant, lactating, and weaning Fischer rats and in the R3230AC mammary tumor grown in the same animals. In the normal mammary gland when DNA levels were low, as in the virgin state or during involution, RNAase H activity was also low. During pregnancy and lactogenesis when DNA levels increased, RNAase H activity, either on the basis of mammary gland weight or DNA content, also increased. During lactation when cellular proliferation ceases but rates of RNA and protein synthesis continue to reach peak values, RNAase H activity decreased. Compared to the corresponding enzyme from host glands, RNAase H from the R3230AC mammary tumor grown in pregnant and lactating hosts changes similarly, but to a lesser extent. The RNAase H activity which, ona tissue weight basis, was higher than in normal tissue also increased during pregnancy and directly after parturition, but decreased during lactation. During pregnancy these changes were accompanied by an increase in tumor DNA values. During lactation the tumor DNA values returned to the level seen in virgin hosts. These results are consistent with a role for RNAase H in DNA replication in rat mammary gland and in R3230Ac mammary tumor.

Augmentation of transgene expression in cold-preserved organs using vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-mediated adenoviral vector combined with hyperbaric oxygen.

Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer has been widely used in gene therapy for congenital metabolic, cardiovascular, and malignant diseases. It has been reported that a gene transfer technique into transplanted organs may suppress rejection reactions and inhibit preservation injury. However, the magnitude of transgene expression in organs preserved at a cold temperature remains to be determined. In this study, we compared the transgene expression using vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-mediated adenoviral vector at cold versus warm temperatures alone and combined with hyperbaric oxygen in cold-preserved organs. The transgene expression by porcine endothelial cells transduced with adenoviral vector was significantly higher after a 24 hour-incubation at warm temperature than after a 1 hour-incubation with warm or cold temperature. Moreover, the transgene expression of after a 1-hour incubation at cold temperature was significantly lower than a 1-hour incubation at warm temperature. The VEGFR-mediated adenoviral vector augmented transgene expression during a 1-hour incubation at cold temperature compared to the control vector. A/J skin graft survival in C3H mice was significantly prolonged compared to control or standard vector with CTLA4Ig cDNA using VEGFR-mediated adenoviral vector with CTLA4Ig cDNA in a 1-hour cold preservation. Furthermore, combined use of VEGFR-mediated adenoviral vector with CTLA4Ig cDNA plus FK506 showed an augmented effect on graft prolongation. It is concluded that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in 1-hour cold-preserved organ is difficult compared to that in the warm condition. However, VEGFR-mediated gene transfer can augment the transgene expression in 1-hour cold-preserved organs, followed by the effective suppression of rejection reactions in allogeneic transplantation.

Time of day determines modulation of synaptic transmission by adenosine in the rat hippocampal slices.

Adenosine, an endogenous modulator of synaptic transmission, has been implicated in regulation of sleep and arousal. The effect of adenosine on neuronal excitability depends on its concentration in the extracellular space. The present study shows that the state of activity of laboratory rats determines the level of tonic inhibition by adenosine in hippocampal slices prepared from these animals. Thus, slices taken at the end of the active period showed significantly more inhibition by adenosine, as determined by the effects of the A1 receptor blocker 8-CPT, in comparison to slices taken in the inactive state. The results support the proposed role of adenosine in regulation of sleep and arousal and point to the importance of the time of day at which slices for electrophysiological experiments are prepared.

Quantitative autoradiography of 125I-[Sar1, Ile8]-angiotensin II binding in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The brain contains its own angiotensin II (AII) system. To better understand the role of central AII in cardiovascular regulation, we used 125I-[Sar1, Ile8]-AII (125I-SI-AII), radioactive AII antagonist, to autoradiographically localize putative AII receptor binding in many parts of the central nervous system of the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. With 125I-SI-AII binding on brain membrane preparations. Scatchard analysis indicated that Kd values were from 0.10 +/- 0.04 nM to 0.13 +/- 0.05 nM, whereas Bmax values (femtomol/mg protein) were found to be from 6.95 +/- 1.60 to 15.52 +/- 4.99 among brain regions studied. Various SI-AII receptor binding activities among brain regions revealed in this study were therefore most likely due to differences in AII receptor density with high affinity binding of 125I-AII. Using 125I-SI-AII, specific binding for SI-AII was found in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), subfornical organ (SFO), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), area postrema, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX), and the nucleus of spinal tract of the trigeminal system (NSV). With quantitative receptor autoradiography in conjunction with radioactive standards, we have observed that the NTS possesses the highest SI-AII binding, followed by the PVN, SFO, NTS, DMX, and NSV. No significant differences were observed between the SHR and WKY rats in the SI-AII binding within the SFO, PVN and NTS. However, SHR at early hypertensive (7 weeks) and established hypertensive (16 weeks) stages contained significantly higher SI-AII bindings in the NSV, as compared to age-matched WKY rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Variation in nutrient intakes among women in Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: In 1997, we launched a large population-based cohort study, the Shanghai Women Health Study (SWHS), to investigate diet in relation to cancer risk among 74 943 Chinese women. Simultaneously, a dietary calibration study was conducted among 200 SWHS participants with biweekly 24-h dietary recall (24HDR) over a 1-y period in order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the SWHS food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the nature and magnitude of variances for intake of 26 nutrients among SWHS participants, and to estimate the number of 24HDR needed for estimate intake of the 26 nutrients examined in the study population. DESIGN: In all, 1-y biweekly 24HDR collected from 200 healthy, free-living women aged between 40 and 70 y, who participated in the SWHS dietary calibration study, was analyzed by mixed effects model and ratios of within-individual and between-individual dietary intake variances (sigma(w)(2)/sigma(b)(2)) were estimated. RESULTS: In agreement with reports from studies conducted in the US, we found that within-individual variances were larger than between-individual variances in dietary intake of most nutrients. The sum of all other variation (eg, weekday and weekend, seasonal, interviewer) accounted for less than 5% of total variation. Ratios of within- to between-individual variances (for log transformed data) ranged from 1.05 (carbohydrate) to 2.79 (fat) for macronutrient intake, 1.74 (niacin) to 8.48 (delta-tocopherol) for vitamin intake, and 1.35 (phosphorus) to 5.59 (sodium) for mineral intake. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that within- and between-individual differences in nutrient intake are the major sources of variation in this population of adult Chinese women. Cultural practices as well as seasonal supply and consumption patterns of vegetable intake are likely the major contributors to the variation. Implications of these results are discussed.

[Chemistry and antitumor activity of hainanensine analogues].

A synthetic analogue of hainanensine 2a was further modified in order to improve its antitumor activity. Six compounds 3-8, were obtained, and among these compounds 8 showed significant activity. The diastereomer (+/-)8B was resolved by (+) tartaric acid and (-)benzoyl-tartaric acid to the corresponding enantiomers (-)8B and (+)8B, respectively and their optical purities were determined by isotope dilution method as 93% and 96%. The antitumor activity of the newly obtained compounds were tested in vitro, and (-)8B was found to have an IC50 of 1.9 mol/L, eighteen times higher than the original compound 2a.