Structural basis for the tethered peptide activation of adhesion GPCRs.

Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are important for organogenesis, neurodevelopment, reproduction and other processes1-6. Many aGPCRs are activated by a conserved internal (tethered) agonist sequence known as the Stachel sequence7-12. Here, we report the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of two aGPCRs in complex with Gs: GPR133 and GPR114. The structures indicate that the Stachel sequences of both receptors assume an α-helical-bulge-ß-sheet structure and insert into a binding site formed by the transmembrane domain (TMD). A hydrophobic interaction motif (HIM) within the Stachel sequence mediates most of the intramolecular interactions with the TMD. Combined with the cryo-EM structures, biochemical characterization of the HIM motif provides insight into the cross-reactivity and selectivity of the Stachel sequences. Two interconnected mechanisms, the sensing of Stachel sequences by the conserved 'toggle switch' W6.53 and the constitution of a hydrogen-bond network formed by Q7.49/Y7.49 and the P6.47/V6.47φφG6.50 motif (φ indicates a hydrophobic residue), are important in Stachel sequence-mediated receptor activation and Gs coupling. Notably, this network stabilizes kink formation in TM helices 6 and 7 (TM6 and TM7, respectively). A common Gs-binding interface is observed between the two aGPCRs, and GPR114 has an extended TM7 that forms unique interactions with Gs. Our structures reveal the detailed mechanisms of aGPCR activation by Stachel sequences and their Gs coupling.

Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells: Competitive Crystallization Strategy and Synergistic Passivation.

Defects of perovskite (PVK) films are one of the main obstacles to achieving high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, the authors fabricated highly efficient and stable PSCs by introducing prolinamide (ProA) into the PbI2 precursor solution, which improves the performance of PSCs by the competitive crystallization and efficient defect passivation of perovskite. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that ProA forms an adduct with PbI2 , competes with free I- to coordinate with Pb2+ , leads to the increase of the energy barrier of crystallization, and slows down the crystallization rate. Furthermore, the dual-site synergistic passivation of ProA is revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental results. ProA effectively reduces non-radiative recombination in the resultant films to improve the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. Notably, ProA-assisted PSCs achieve 24.61% power conversion efficiency (PCE) for the champion device and the stability of PSCs devices under ambient and thermal environments is improved.

Fine mapping of qAHPS07 and functional studies of AhRUVBL2 controlling pod size in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and cash crop. Pod size is one of the major traits determining yield and commodity characteristic of peanut. Fine mapping of quantitative trait locus (QTL) and identification of candidate genes associated with pod size are essential for genetic improvement and molecular breeding of peanut varieties. In this study, a major QTL related to pod size, qAHPS07, was fine mapped to a 36.46 kb interval on chromosome A07 using F2 , recombinant inbred line (RIL) and secondary F2 populations. qAHPS07 explained 38.6%, 23.35%, 37.48%, 25.94% of the phenotypic variation for single pod weight (SPW), pod length (PL), pod width (PW) and pod shell thickness (PST), respectively. Whole genome resequencing and gene expression analysis revealed that a RuvB-like 2 protein coding gene AhRUVBL2 was the most likely candidate for qAHPS07. Overexpression of AhRUVBL2 in Arabidopsis led to larger seeds and plants than the wild type. AhRUVBL2-silenced peanut seedlings represented small leaves and shorter main stems. Three haplotypes were identified according to three SNPs in the promoter of AhRUVBL2 among 119 peanut accessions. Among them, SPW, PW and PST of accessions carrying Hap_ATT represent 17.6%, 11.2% and 26.3% higher than those carrying Hap_GAC，respectively. In addition, a functional marker of AhRUVBL2 was developed. Taken together, our study identified a key functional gene of peanut pod size, which provides new insights into peanut pod size regulation mechanism and offers practicable markers for the genetic improvement of pod size-related traits in peanut breeding.

Genome-Wide Identification of Auxin Response Factors in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Functional Analysis in Root Morphology.

Auxin response factors (ARFs) play important roles in plant growth and development; however, research in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is still lacking. Here, 63, 30, and 30 AhARF genes were identified from an allotetraploid peanut cultivar and two diploid ancestors (A. duranensis and A. ipaensis). Phylogenetic tree and gene structure analysis showed that most AhARFs were highly similar to those in the ancestors. By scanning the whole-genome for ARF-recognized cis-elements, we obtained a potential target gene pool of AhARFs, and the further cluster analysis and comparative analysis showed that numerous members were closely related to root development. Furthermore, we comprehensively analyzed the relationship between the root morphology and the expression levels of AhARFs in 11 peanut varieties. The results showed that the expression levels of AhARF14/26/45 were positively correlated with root length, root surface area, and root tip number, suggesting an important regulatory role of these genes in root architecture and potential application values in peanut breeding.

Production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through the alternative Δ8-desaturase pathway.

An important alternative source of fish oil is its production by plants through metabolic engineering. To produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in peanut through the alternative Δ8-pathway, a plant expression vector containing five heterologous genes driven by the constitutive 35S promoter respectively, namely, ∆9-elongase (Isochrysis galbana), ∆8-desaturase (Euglena gracilis), ∆5-desaturase (Mortierella alpina), ∆15-desaturase (Arabidopsis thaliana) and ∆17-desaturase (Phytophthora infestans) were transferred into peanut through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. The gas chromatography results indicated that the average content of EPA in the leaves of the transgenic lines was 0.68%, and the highest accumulation of EPA in an individual line reached 0.84%. This finding indicates that it is feasible to synthesize EPA in peanut through metabolic engineering and lays the foundations for the production of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) in peanut seeds.

The efficacy of polidocanol sclerotherapy in mucocele of the minor salivary gland.

OBJECTIVES: Mucocele of the minor salivary gland is usually caused when the duct is injured, mucus leaks into the tissue space and the mucous gland are obstructed, which lead to cystic lesion formation and dilatation. Currently, there are multiple therapeutic methods available with various outcomes. This study aims to provide clinical evidence of polidocanol sclerotherapy for the treatment of mucocele of the minor salivary gland. METHODS: In this study, we injected polidocanol into 112 patients who were diagnosed with mucocele of the minor salivary gland and evaluated the treatment efficacy and safety systematically. RESULTS: Of the 122 cases, 102 cases were cured, eight cases showed remarkable remission, and two cases had partial remission. No recurrence was found during follow-up, and none of the cases showed an invalid effect, resulting in a total cure rate of 91.07%. No severe side effects were observed during treatment or the follow-up period. No significant difference in efficacy between different genders was found (P = 0.490). Polidocanol sclerotherapy for mucocele on the lower lip was more effective compared to mucocele on the inferior surface of the lingual apex (P = 0.035). CONCLUSION: Polidocanol sclerotherapy showed satisfying curative effects for mucocele of the minor salivary gland without causing side effects of anesthesia, trauma, or severe pain.

Establishment and evaluation of a peanut association panel and analysis of key nutritional traits.

Breeding programs aim to improve the yield and quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.); using association mapping to identify genetic markers linked to these quantitative traits could facilitate selection efficiency. A peanut association panel was established consisting of 268 lines with extensive phenotypic and genetic variation, meeting the requirements for association analysis. These lines were grown over 3 years and the key agronomic traits, including protein and oil content were examined. Population structure (Q) analysis showed two subpopulations and clustering analysis was consistent with Q-based membership assignment and closely related to botanical type. Relative Kinship (K) indicated that most of the panel members have no or weak familial relatedness, with 52.78% of lines showing K = 0. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed a high level of LD occurs in the panel. Model comparisons indicated false positives can be effectively controlled by taking Q and K into consideration and more false positives were generated by K than Q. A preliminary association analysis using a Q + K model found markers significantly associated with oil, protein, oleic acid, and linoleic acid, and identified a set of alleles with positive and negative effects. These results show that this panel is suitable for association analysis, providing a resource for marker-assisted selection for peanut improvement.

Comparison of rabbit rib defect regeneration with and without graft.

Rib segment, as one of the most widely used autologous boneresources for bone repair, is commonly isolated with an empty left in the defect. Although defective rib repair is thought to be unnecessary traditionally, it's of vital importance actually to promote rib regeneration for patients with better postoperative recovery and higher life quality. Comparative investigations on rabbit rib bone regeneration with and without graft were reported in this article. A segmental defect was performed on the 8th rib of 4-month-old male New Zealand rabbits. The mineralized collagen bone graft (MC) was implanted into the defect and evaluated for up to 12 weeks. The rib bone repair was investigated by using X-ray at 4, 8 and 12 weeks and histological examinations at 12 weeks after surgery, which showed a higher bone remodeling activity in the groups with MC implantation in comparison with blank control group, especially at the early stage of remodeling.

Detection of Tumor Invasive Biomarker using a Peptamer of Signal Conversion and Signal Amplification.

Inspired by the structural and functional features of proteins in cell signaling, a switchable peptide is designed in this work. This switchable peptide is named a "peptamer," and it can react to ligand binding with conformational change and activation/deactivation of catalytic ability. The peptamer is constructed by elaborately integrating several different peptide motifs with targeting and catalytic abilities. Thus, targeted binding of the peptamer to an integrin can be regulated by a synthetic ligand. Moreover, the conformational rearrangement of the peptamer induced by both integrin and the synthetic ligand can resolve in altered affinity of the peptamer for a catalytic cofactor, cupric ion. This leads to greatly contrasted efficiency of catalysis in the presence/absence of integrin. This distinct switching on/off of catalytic activity also enables a bioassay of tissue integrin expression in clinical samples of thyroid carcinoma. Experimental results reveal that the detected integrin level parallels the state of lymph node metastasis. Therefore, this simple peptide model may help to understand the structural reconfiguration of proteins involved in cellular signal transduction, as well as to provide a new means to assess protein activity under pathological conditions such as cancer.

New features of triacylglycerol biosynthetic pathways of peanut seeds in early developmental stages.

The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the three most important oil crops in the world due to its high average oil content (50 %). To reveal the biosynthetic pathways of seed oil in the early developmental stages of peanut pods with the goal of improving the oil quality, we presented a method combining deep sequencing analysis of the peanut pod transcriptome and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) verification of seed oil-related genes. From the sequencing data, approximately 1500 lipid metabolism-associated Unigenes were identified. The RT-PCR results quantified the different expression patterns of these triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis-related genes in the early developmental stages of peanut pods. Based on these results and analysis, we proposed a novel construct of the metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis of TAG, including the Kennedy pathway, acyl-CoA-independent pathway and proposed monoacylglycerol pathway. It showed that the biosynthetic pathways of TAG in the early developmental stages of peanut pods were much more complicated than a simple, unidirectional, linear pathway.

Assembly of selective biomimetic surface on an electrode surface: a design of nano-bio interface for biosensing.

In nature, cellular molecule sensing is usually achieved at the environment/membrane interface. In the meantime, rapid growth of nanotechnology is increasingly pushing engineered nanomaterials to interact with biological surfaces. Herein, inspired by trans-membrane signal transduction, a nano-bio interface has been constructed in this work for biosensing application. The interface is formed between a selective biomembrane mimetic surface (SBMMS) and a function-oriented 2D nanohybrid. Based on the design, target recognition can be performed in a biologically favorable environment, and the nano-bio interaction can be transduced into amplified electrochemical readouts. Furthermore, this sensing platform can be used to analyze various kinds of targets, including proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules, just by changing the biorecognition element. Low detection limits and wide detection ranges can also be obtained. So, this nano-bio interface may provide a new platform for bioanalytical research in the future.

Report: Discussion on the development of nano Ag/TiO2 coating bracket and its antibacterial property and biocompatibility in orthodontic treatment.

This paper aims to explore the antibacterial property of nano Ag/TiO2 coating bracket for the common bacteria in oral cavity, and discuss its biocompatibility. Micro morphology in the surface of nano Ag/TiO2 coating bracket was detected by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and surface roughness of ordinary mental bracket, nano TiO2 coating bracket and nano Ag/TiO2 coating bracket were measured. First, antibacterial property of nano Ag/TiO2 coating bracket on the common bacteria in oral cavity was studied by sticking membrane method. Secondly, bonding strength of nano TiO2 coating and nano Ag/TiO2 coating bracket in groups were detected by scratching test. The result showed that, the synthetic nano Ag/TiO2 coating was nanogranular films with rigorous organizational structure, presenting as smooth and clean surface, and antibacterial rate of nano Ag/TiO2 coating for the common bacteria in oral cavity for 20 min was more than 79% in the dark. All the findings suggested that, nano Ag/TiO2 coating bracket not only has antibacterial effect but also has good biocompatibility, therefore, it can satisfy the clinical request of orthodontic treatment.

MicroRNA-409-3p functions as a tumor suppressor in human lung adenocarcinoma by targeting c-Met.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Dysregulation of microRNAs is correlated with tumor development. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of microRNA (miR)-409-3p and its tumor suppressor roles in lung adenocarcinoma (LAD). METHODS: Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect miR-409-3p expression in LAD tissues and corresponding noncancerous tissues. Additionally, the correlations of miR-409-3p expression with clinicopathologic factors and prognosis of patients were statistically analyzed. Next, we investigated whether miR-409-3p could function as a tumor suppressor in LAD cells via regulation of Akt signaling by targeting receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Met). RESULTS: MiR-409-3p was significantly downregulated in LAD tissues compared with corresponding noncancerous tissues. Low miR-409-3p expression was observed to be significantly correlated with poorer tumor differentiation, advanced pTNM stage and higher incidence of lymph node metastasis. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that miR-409-3p expression was an independent prognostic factor for LAD patients. Functional analyses indicated that miR-409-3p could inhibit growth, induce apoptosis, reduce migration and invasion in LAD cells via inactivation of Akt signaling by targeting c-Met. CONCLUSIONS: MiR-409-3p was an independent prognostic factor and functioned as a tumor suppressor in LAD via regulation of Akt signaling by targeting c-Met.

M3YOLOv5: Feature enhanced YOLOv5 model for mandibular fracture detection.

BACKGROUND: It is very important to detect mandibular fracture region. However, the size of mandibular fracture region is different due to different anatomical positions, different sites and different degrees of force. It is difficult to locate and recognize fracture region accurately. METHODS: To solve these problems, M3YOLOv5 model is proposed in this paper. Three feature enhancement strategies are designed, which improve the ability of model to locate and recognize mandibular fracture region. Firstly, Global-Local Feature Extraction Module (GLFEM) is designed. By effectively combining Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Transformer, the problem of insufficient global information extraction ability of CNN is complemented, and the positioning ability of the model to the fracture region is improved. Secondly, in order to improve the interaction ability of context information, Deep-Shallow Feature Interaction Module (DSFIM) is designed. In this module, the spatial information in the shallow feature layer is embedded to the deep feature layer by the spatial attention mechanism, and the semantic information in the deep feature layer is embedded to the shallow feature layer by the channel attention mechanism. The fracture region recognition ability of the model is improved. Finally, Multi-scale Multi receptive-field Feature Mixing Module (MMFMM) is designed. Deep separate convolution chains are used in this modal, which is composed by multiple layers of different scales and different dilation coefficients. This method provides richer receptive field for the model, and the ability to detect fracture region of different scales is improved. RESULTS: The precision rate, mAP value, recall rate and F1 value of M3YOLOv5 model on mandibular fracture CT data set are 97.18%, 96.86%, 94.42% and 95.58% respectively. The experimental results show that there is better performance about M3YOLOv5 model than the mainstream detection models. CONCLUSION: The M3YOLOv5 model can effectively recognize and locate the mandibular fracture region, which is of great significance for doctors' clinical diagnosis.

Mineralised collagen regulated the secretion of adrenomedullin by macrophages to activate the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway to promote bone defect repair.

Biomaterials can affect the osteogenic process by regulating the function of macrophages and transforming the bone immune microenvironment. Mineralised collagen (MC) is an artificial bone that is highly consistent to the microstructure of the native osseous matrix. The studies have confirmed that MC can achieve effective regeneration of bone defects, but the potential mechanism of MC regulating osteogenesis is still unclear. This study confirmed that MC regulate the high expression of adrenomedullin (ADM) in macrophages and promote the osteogenic differentiation, proliferation and migration of BMSCs. Moreover, ADM activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, while the inhibition of PI3K/Akt hindered the proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs promoted by ADM. Additionally, the rat mandibular defect model confirmed that ADM promote the repair of mandibular defects, and the inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway hinders the osteogenic effect of ADM. Our study suggests that MC regulates ADM secretion by macrophages, creates an ideal bone immune microenvironment, activates the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, and promotes osteogenesis.

Macrophage exosomes modified by miR-365-2-5p promoted osteoblast osteogenic differentiation by targeting OLFML1.

In the bone immune microenvironment, immune cells can regulate osteoblasts through a complex communication network. Macrophages play a central role in mediating immune osteogenesis, exosomes derived from them have osteogenic regulation and can be used as carriers in bone tissue engineering. However, there are problems with exosomal therapy alone, such as poor targeting, and the content of loaded molecules cannot reach the therapeutic concentration. In this study, macrophage-derived exosomes modified with miR-365-2-5p were developed to accelerate bone healing. MC3T3-E1 cells were incubated with the culture supernatants of M0, M1 and M2 macrophages, and it was found that the culture medium of M2 macrophages had the most significant effects in contributing to osteogenesis. High-throughput sequencing identified that miR-365-2-5p was significantly expressed in exosomes derived from M2 macrophages. We incubated MC3T3-E1 with exosomes overexpressing or knocking down miR-365-2-5p to examine the biological function of exosome miR-365-2-5p on MC3T3-E1 differentiation. These findings suggested that miR-365-2-5p secreted by exosomes increased the osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1. Moreover, miR-365-2-5p had a direct influence over osteogenesis for MC3T3-E1. Sequencing analysis combined with dual luciferase detection indicated that miR-365-2-5p binded to the 3'-UTR of OLFML1. In summary, exosomes secreted by M2 macrophages targeted OLFML1 through miR-365-2-5p to facilitate osteogenesis.

Genome-wide characterization of the PP2C gene family in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and the identification of candidate genes involved in salinity-stress response.

Plant protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) play important roles in response to salt stress by influencing metabolic processes, hormone levels, growth factors, etc. Members of the PP2C family have been identified in many plant species. However, they are rarely reported in peanut. In this study, 178 PP2C genes were identified in peanut, which were unevenly distributed across the 20 chromosomes, with segmental duplication in 78 gene pairs. AhPP2Cs could be divided into 10 clades (A-J) by phylogenetic analysis. AhPP2Cs had experienced segmental duplications and strong purifying selection pressure. 22 miRNAs from 14 different families were identified, targeting 57 AhPP2C genes. Gene structures and motifs analysis exhibited PP2Cs in subclades AI and AII had high structural and functional similarities. Phosphorylation sites of AhPP2C45/59/134/150/35/121 were predicted in motifs 2 and 4, which located within the catalytic site at the C-terminus. We discovered multiple MYB binding factors and ABA response elements in the promoter regions of the six genes (AhPP2C45/59/134/150/35/121) by cis-elements analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis confirmed AhPP2C-A genes in protein binding, signal transduction, protein modification process response to abiotic stimulus through environmental information processing. Based on RNA-Seq data of 22 peanut tissues, clade A AhPP2Cs showed a varying degree of tissue specificity, of which, AhPP2C35 and AhPP2C121 specifically expressed in seeds, while AhPP2C45/59/134/150 expressed in leaves and roots. qRT-PCR indicated that AhPP2C45 and AhPP2C134 displayed significantly up-regulated expression in response to salt stress. These results indicated that AhPP2C45 and AhPP2C134 could be candidate PP2Cs conferring salt tolerance. These results provide further insights into the peanut PP2C gene family and indicate PP2Cs potentially involved in the response to salt stress, which can now be further investigated in peanut breeding efforts to obtain cultivars with improved salt tolerance.

CCGL-YOLOV5:A cross-modal cross-scale global-local attention YOLOV5 lung tumor detection model.

BACKGROUND: Multimodal medical image detection is a key technology in medical image analysis, which plays an important role in tumor diagnosis. There are different sizes lesions and different shapes lesions in multimodal lung tumor images, which makes it difficult to effectively extract key features of lung tumor lesions. METHODS: A Cross-modal Cross-scale Clobal-Local Attention YOLOV5 Lung Tumor Detection Model (CCGL-YOLOV5) is proposed in this paper. The main works are as follows: Firstly, the Cross-Modal Fusion Transformer Module (CMFTM) is designed to improve the multimodal key lesion feature extraction ability and fusion ability through the interactive assisted fusion of multimodal features; Secondly, the Global-Local Feature Interaction Module (GLFIM) is proposed to enhance the interaction ability between multimodal global features and multimodal local features through bidirectional interactive branches. Thirdly, the Cross-Scale Attention Fusion Module (CSAFM) is designed to obtain rich multi-scale features through grouping multi-scale attention for feature fusion. RESULTS: The comparison experiments with advanced networks are done. The Acc, Rec, mAP, F1 score and FPS of CCGL-YOLOV5 model on multimodal lung tumor PET/CT dataset are 97.83%, 97.39%, 96.67%, 97.61% and 98.59, respectively; The experimental results show that the performance of CCGL-YOLOV5 model in this paper are better than other typical models. CONCLUSION: The CCGL-YOLOV5 model can effectively use the multimodal feature information. There are important implications for multimodal medical image research and clinical disease diagnosis in CCGL-YOLOV5 model.

Cerium-Doped Indium Oxide as a Top Electrode of Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells.

Semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) play a very important role in high-efficiency tandem solar cells and building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). One of the main challenges for high-performance ST-PSCs is to obtain suitable top-transparent electrodes by appropriate methods. Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films, as the most widely used transparent electrodes, are also adopted in ST-PSCs. However, the possible ion bombardment damage during the TCO deposition and the relatively high postannealing temperature usually required for high-quality TCO films is not conducive to improving the performance of the perovskite solar cells with low ion bombardment and temperature tolerances. Herein, cerium-doped indium oxide (ICO) thin films are prepared by reactive plasma deposition (RPD) at substrate temperatures below 60 °C. A high carrier mobility of 50.26 cm2 V-1 s-1, a low resistivity of 7.18 × 10-4 Ω·cm, and an average transmittance of 86.53% in the wavelength range of 400-800 nm and 87.37% in the wavelength range of 800-1200 nm are achieved. The RPD-prepared ICO film is used as a transparent electrode on top of the ST-PSCs (band gap ∼1.68 eV), and photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.96% is achieved on the champion device.

Fabrication and evaluation of 3D printed poly(l-lactide) copolymer scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

The application of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) in tissue engineering is limited due to its brittleness and uncontrollable degradation rate. In this study, the flexible p-dioxanone (PDO) and highly reactive glycolide (GA) units were introduced into PLLA segments by chemical modification to prepare poly(l-lactide-ran-p-dioxanone-ran-glycolide) (PLPG) copolymers. The copolymers were then processed into the PLPG scaffold by a 3D printing technology. The physicochemical properties of the PLPG copolymers were studied by NMR, DSC, XRD, GPC, and SEM. Furthermore, the mechanical properties, degradation properties, and biocompatibility of the PLPG scaffolds were also studied. The results showed that introducing PDO and GA units disrupted the regularity of PLLA, decreasing the crystallinity of the PLPG copolymers. However, introducing PDO and GA units could effectively improve the mechanical and degradation properties of the PLLA scaffolds. In vitro cell culture experiments indicated that the PLPG scaffolds supported proliferation, growth, and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The PLPG scaffolds reported herein, with controllable degradation rates and mechanical performance, may find applications in bone tissue engineering.