Regulatory effects of noncoding RNAs on the interplay of oxidative stress and autophagy in cancer malignancy and therapy.

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulation of various diseases including cancer has been extensively studied. Reactive oxidative species (ROS) elevated by oxidative stress are associated with cancer progression and drug resistance, while autophagy serves as an ROS scavenger in cancer cells. However, the regulatory effects of ncRNAs on autophagy and ROS in various cancer cells remains complex. Here, we explore how currently investigated ncRNAs, mainly miRNAs and lncRNAs, are involved in ROS production through modulating antioxidant genes. The regulatory effects of miRNAs and lncRNAs on autophagy-related (ATG) proteins to control autophagy activity in cancer cells are discussed. Moreover, differential expression of ncRNAs in tumor and normal tissues of cancer patients are further analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. This review hypothesizes links between ATG genes- or antioxidant genes-modulated ncRNAs and ROS production, which might result in tumorigenesis, malignancy, and cancer recurrence. A better understanding of the regulation of ROS and autophagy by ncRNAs might advance the use of ncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets in cancer therapy.

TMEM211 Promotes Tumor Progression and Metastasis in Colon Cancer.

Colon cancer is the third most important cancer type, leading to a remarkable number of deaths, indicating the necessity of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colon cancer patients. Several transmembrane proteins (TMEMs) are associated with tumor progression and cancer malignancy. However, the clinical significance and biological roles of TMEM211 in cancer, especially in colon cancer, are still unknown. In this study, we found that TMEM211 was highly expressed in tumor tissues and the increased TMEM211 was associated with poor prognosis in colon cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We also showed that abilities regarding migration and invasion were reduced in TMEM211-silenced colon cancer cells (HCT116 and DLD-1). Moreover, TMEM211-silenced colon cancer cells showed decreased levels of Twist1, N-cadherin, Snail and Slug but increased levels of E-cadherin. Levels of phosphorylated ERK, AKT and RelA (NF-κB p65) were also decreased in TMEM211-silenced colon cancer cells. Our findings indicate that TMEM211 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition for metastasis through coactivating the ERK, AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways, which might provide a potential prognostic biomarker or therapeutic target for colon cancer patients in the future.

Comparative clinical significance and biological roles of PFKFB family members in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Cancer cells promote glycolysis, which supports rapid cell growth and proliferation. Phosphofructokinase-fructose bisphosphatases (PFKFBs), a family of bidirectional glycolytic enzymes, play key roles in the regulation of glycolysis in many types of cancer. However, their roles in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common type of oral cancer, are still unknown. METHODS: We compared the gene expression levels of PFKFB family members and analyzed their clinical significance in oral cancer patients, whose clinical data were obtained the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Moreover, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, assays for cell viability, cell cycle, cell migration and viability of cell spheroid were performed in scramble and PFKFB-silenced cells. RESULTS: We discovered that PFKFB3 expression in tumor tissues was slightly higher than that in tumor adjacent normal tissues but that PFKFB4 expression was significantly higher in the tumor tissues of oral cancer patients. High PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 expression had different effects on the prognosis of oral cancer patients with different clinicopathological outcomes. Our data showed that PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 play different roles; PFKFB3 is involved in cell viability, G2/M cell cycle progression, invasion, and migration, whereas PFKFB4 is involved in the drug resistance and cancer stemness of OSCC cells. Furthermore, oral cancer patients with co-expressions of PFKFB3/cell cycle or EMT markers and PFKFB4/stemness markers had poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 play different biological roles in OSCC cells, which implying that they might be potential prognostic biomarkers for OSCC patients with certain clinicopathological outcomes.

ATG4B and pS383/392-ATG4B serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Autophagy related protease 4B (ATG4B) is a protease required for autophagy processing, which is strongly implicated in cancer progression.  Phosphorylation of ATG4B is crucial for activation of its protease activity.  However, little is known about the relationship of ATG4B and its phosphorylated form at Ser 383 and 392 sites (pS383/392-ATG4B), with clinical outcomes, particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: The ATG4B gene expression in CRC patients was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to analyze its clinical relevance. Tissue microarrays composed of 118 CRC patient specimens were used to determine the associations of ATG4B and pS383/392-ATG4B protein levels with prognosis. The biological functions of ATG4B in CRC cells were inspected with cell proliferation, mobility and spheroid culture assays. RESULTS: ATG4B gene expression was elevated in tumor tissues of CRC patients compared to that in adjacent normal tissues and high level of ATG4B expression was associated with poor survival. Similarly, protein levels of ATG4B and pS383/392-ATG4B were highly correlated with worse overall survival and disease-free survival. Stratification analysis results showed that high level of ATG4B had significantly higher risk of mortality in males and elderly patients compared to those female patients and patients 60 years or younger. In contrast, multivariate Cox's regression analysis indicated that high level of pS383/392-ATG4B was significantly linked to unfavorable overall survival and disease-free survival of males and elderly patients, whereas, it had no correlation with female patients and patients 60 years or younger. Moreover, high level of ATG4B was positively associated with increased mortality risk in patients with advanced AJCC stages (III and IV) and lymph node invasion (N1 and N2) for both overall survival and disease-free survival. Nevertheless, high level of pS383/392-ATG4B was positively correlated with increased mortality risk in patients with early AJCC stages (I and II) and without lymph node invasion (N0). In addition, silencing ATG4B attenuated migration, invasion, and further enhanced the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs in two and three-dimensional cultures of CRC cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that ATG4B and pS383/392-ATG4B might be suitable biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CRC.

The Controversial Roles of Areca Nut: Medicine or Toxin?

Areca nut (AN) is used for traditional herbal medicine and social activities in several countries. It was used as early as about A.D. 25-220 as a remedy. Traditionally, AN was applied for several medicinal functions. However, it was also reported to have toxicological effects. In this review article, we updated recent trends of research in addition to acquire new knowledge about AN. First, the history of AN usage from ancient years was described. Then, the chemical components of AN and their biological functions was compared; arecoline is an especially important compound in AN. AN extract has different effects caused by different components. Thus, the dual effects of AN with pharmacological and toxicological effects were summarized. Finally, we described perspectives, trends and challenges of AN. It will provide the insight of removing or modifying the toxic compounds of AN extractions for enhancing their pharmacological activity to treat several diseases in future applications.

Suppression of TGFß-Induced Interleukin-6 Secretion by Sinulariolide from Soft Corals through Attenuation of the p38-NF-kB Pathway in Carcinoma Cells.

Sinulariolide (SC-1) is a natural product extracted from the cultured-type soft coral Sinularia flexibilis and possesses anti-inflammation, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory in several types of cancer cells. However, the molecular pathway behind its effects on inflammation remains poorly understood. Since inflammatory cytokines such as TGFß, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 activate transcription factors such as Smads, NF-κB, STAT3, Snail, Twist, and Zeb that drive the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in this study, we focus on the investigation in effects of SC-1 on TGFß-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) releases in an in vitro cell culture model. We showed that both intracellular IL-6 expression and secretion were stimulated by TGFß and associated with strong upregulation of IL-6 mRNA and increased transcription in A549 cells. SC-1 blocked TGFß-induced secretion of IL-6 while showing no effect on the induction of fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 genes, indicating that SC-1 interferes with only a subset of TGFß activities. In addition, SC-1 inhibits TGFß-induced IL-6 by suppressing p38 MAPK signaling and subsequently inhibits NF-κB and its nuclear translocation without affecting the canonical Smad pathway and receptor turnover. Overall, these data suggest that p38 may involve in the inhibition of SC-1 in IL-6 release, thus illustrating an inhibitory effect for SC-1 in the suppression of inflammation, EMT phenotype, and tumorigenesis.

MAP3K11 facilitates autophagy activity and is correlated with malignancy of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Autophagy-related 4B (ATG4B) is a protease required for core machinery of autophagy. Phosphorylation of ATG4B promotes autophagy and is correlated with poor outcome of cancer. However, little is known about the upstream kinases for ATG4B phosphorylation and their association with clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Through siRNA library screening, MAP3K11 was identified as a potential kinase that phosphorylates ATG4B and increases its proteolytic activity. Ablation of MAP3K11 attenuated pS383/392-ATG4B protein levels and autophagic flux in oral cancer cells. Moreover, loss of MAP3K11 inhibited oral cancer cell growth, migration/invasion, and synergized starvation-reduced cell viability. MAP3K11 knock-out cancer cells also showed growth inhibition in vivo. Furthermore, the protein level of MAP3K11 was higher in tumor tissues than that in adjacent normal tissues in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), comprising 179 buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma (BMSCC) and 249 tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). MAP3K11 protein levels were positively correlated with ATG4B and pS383/392-ATG4B levels in patients with OSCC, particularly in TSCC. In addition, high coexpression of MAP3K11 and ATG4B was associated with poor disease-specific survival in BMSCC and TSCC, while high coexpression of MAP3K11 and pS383/392-ATG4B was associated with unfavorable disease-free survival in BMSCC and TSCC. Taken together, our results indicated that MAP3K11 stimulated activity of ATG4B and autophagy, which may confer to malignancy of cancer cells. The expression of MAP3K11 and ATG4B was further associated with poor survival of OSCC, suggesting MAP3K11 could serve as a theranostic target of patients with OSCC.

Highly educated patients have lower dental compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly changed medical habits, and dental clinics have been forced to adapt. This study explored the pandemic-induced changes in patient utilization of dental services to assist practitioners in responding efficiently to similar public crises as references in the future. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the correlation between patient profiles and dental visits attendance within 2 months before and during the outbreak. RESULTS: A total of 332 patients, 210 women and 122 men (total number of visits: 1068) were enrolled in this study. A significantly lower attendance rate was noted during the COVID-19 period (70.3%) than prior to the pandemic (83.4%). The rate of return visits for patients with a high education level during the COVID-19 period was significantly reduced from 96.5 to 93.1%. In addition, the number of days between two visits significantly increased during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that, during the pandemic period, the attendance rates of return dental appointments decreased, and the rate of missed appointments for patients with a high educational levels was higher than that of patients with a low educational level. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preventive management of these patients who are easy to miss dental appointments may enable more effective use of medical resources.

Tribulus terrestris fruit extract inhibits autophagic flux to diminish cell proliferation and metastatic characteristics of oral cancer cells.

Elevated autophagy is highly associated with cancer development and progression. Fruit extracts of several plants inhibit activity of autophagy-related protease ATG4B and autophagy activity in colorectal cancer cells. However, the effects of these plant extracts in oral cancer cells remain unclear. In this study, we found that the extracted Tribulus terrestris fruit (TT-(fr)) and Xanthium strumarium fruit had inhibitory effects on autophagy inhibition in both SAS and TW2.6 oral cancer cells. Moreover, the fruit extracts had differential effects on cell proliferation of oral cancer cells. In addition, the fruit extracts hampered cell migration and invasion of oral cancer cells, particularly in TT-(fr) extracts. Our results indicated that TT-(fr) extracts consistently inhibited autophagic flux, cell growth and metastatic characteristics of oral cancer cells, suggesting TT-(fr) might contain function ingredient to suppress oral cancer cells.

Fluoroquinolones Suppress TGF-ß and PMA-Induced MMP-9 Production in Cancer Cells: Implications in Repurposing Quinolone Antibiotics for Cancer Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are potent antimicrobials with multiple effects on host cells and tissues. Although FQs can attenuate cancer invasion and metastasis, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has functional roles in tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis, and is associated with cancer progression and poor prognosis, suggesting that inhibitors of MMP-9 activity and transcription are prime candidates for cancer therapy. Despite numerous preclinical data supporting the use of MMP-9 inhibitors as anticancer drugs, the few available examples are not therapeutically useful due to low specificity and off-target effects. We examined the effects of FQs on MMP-9 production in cancer cells following transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES: Using confluent cultures of HepG2 and A549 cells, the effects of FQs (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, and enrofloxacin) on TGF-ß and PMA-induced MMP-9 mRNA expression and production were studied in RNA extracts and culture supernatants, respectively. FQs specifically abrogated TGF-ß and PMA-induced MMP-9 levels and activity in a concentration and time-dependent manner, without affecting other MMPs or proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Additionally, FQs inhibited TGF-ß and PMA-induced cell migration via p38 and cyclic AMP signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Overall, we demonstrated that FQs inhibit cancer cell migration and invasion by downregulating MMP-9 expression and revealed the cellular mechanisms underlying their potential value in cancer treatment.

Effect of EGFR on SQSTM1 Expression in Malignancy and Tumor Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common types of malignant tumor. Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) serves as an adaptor of autophagy for degrading protein aggregates. The regulation of autophagy by EGFR and its clinical impacts are indicated in various types of cancer. However, the association of EGFR and SQSTM1 in OSCC is still unknown. Our results show that the expression levels of SQSTM1 and EGFR proteins are higher in tumor tissues than in the corresponding tumor-adjacent (CTAN) tissues of OSCC patients. The expression levels of SQSTM1 were positively associated with the EGFR expression level. High co-expression of SQSTM1 and EGFR is associated with poor prognosis in OSCC patients. Moreover, SQSTM1 expression is decreased in EGFR-knockdown cells. Cell growth and invasion/migration are also decreased in cells with single/combined knockdowns of EGFR and SQSTM1 or in SQSTM1-knockdown cells without EGFR kinase inhibitor Lapatinib treatment compared to that in scrambled cells. However, cell growth and invasion/metastasis were not significantly different between the scrambled cells and SQSTM1-knockdown cells in the presence of Lapatinib. This study is the first to indicate the biological roles and clinical significance of SQSTM1 regulation by EGFR in OSCC.

Prognostic role of RECK in pathological outcome-dependent buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Buccal mucosal squamous cell carcinoma (BMSCC) is an aggressive oral cancer. Moreover, reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) is a well-known tumor suppressor in many cancers. Our aim was to investigate the association of RECK expression with prognosis in BMSCC patients with different clinicopathological features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression level of RECK was determined by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays containing specimens from 193 BMSCC patients. The association of RECK expression with outcomes in BMSCC patients stratified by different clinicopathological features was analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: The low expression level of RECK was associated with shorter disease-specific survival, especially in patients with age >40 years, moderate or poor cell differentiation, advanced pathological stage, and history of postoperative radiotherapy. However, the low expression level of RECK was not associated with poor disease-free survival, except in BMSCC patients with age ≦40 years, advanced pathological stage and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, RECK-knockdowned cells showed higher cell viability and abilities of invasion/migration, indicating that RECK might be a tumor suppressor for tumor progression in oral cancer. CONCLUSION: The low expression of RECK might be a potential prognostic biomarker for pathological outcome-dependent BMSCC patients.

Guanylate-binding protein 6 is a novel biomarker for tumorigenesis and prognosis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Guanylate-binding protein 6 (GBP6) is a member of the guanylate-binding protein family, and its role in cancer has not yet been reported. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of GBP6 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Next-generation sequencing was applied for analyzing differential gene expression profiling between corresponding tumor adjacent normal (CTAN) and tumor tissue from two paired OSCC patients. Real-time PCRs (RT-PCRs) were used to investigate the gene expression level of GBP6 of CTAN and tumor tissue samples from 14 TSCC patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the protein expression level of GBP6 in tumor tissues and paired CTAN tissues from 488 OSCC patients, including 183 buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma (BMSCC), 245 tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), and 60 lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patients. RESULTS: Compared with CTAN tissues of OSCC patients, GBP6 is identified as a downregulated gene using the NGS platform, which was confirmed in 14 OSCC patients by RT-PCR. Moreover, protein expression level of GBP6 in tumor tissues was lower than that in CTAN tissues and the low GBP6 expression was correlated with poor cell differentiation/lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. In addition, TSCC patients with low expression levels of GBP6 had poor disease-specific survival rate. CONCLUSION: The low expression of GBP6 was associated with tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in OSCC patients, especially in TSCC patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: GBP6 may serve as a novel favorable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in TSCC patients.

Probing 3D genome by CRISPR/Cas9.

CRISPR/Cas9 system has significant advantages in gene editing strategy, offering cost-effective and efficient means to modify and edit the genomes of animals, plants, and microorganisms. Three-dimensional (3D) genome is an emerging and interdisciplinary field catapulted by combined technological breakthroughs of chromosome conformation capture with next-generation sequencing and live imaging with super-resolution microscopy. An important aspect of 3D genomics is to model structural variations and label specific genomic fragments to investigate the effects of manipulation of genomic elements on gene expression regulation, cell development and differentiation, and spatial location of chromosomal regions. Therefore, CRISPR/Cas9 system and its derivative technologies of DNA-fragment editing are excellent toolboxes for investigating dynamics and functions of the higher-order chromatin organization and three-dimensional genome structure. In this review, we describe the opportunities and challenges of CRISPR as well as its derivative technologies in 3D genome research, thereby providing some critical references and future research directions in the field.

Differential clinical significance of COL5A1 and COL5A2 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Type V collagen (COL5), in the functional heterotrimer [α1(V)2 α2(V)] isoform, participates in the malignancies of various cancers. However, its role in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression levels of COL5A1 and COL5A2 polypeptide chains were examined using the tissue microarray from 245 TSCC patients with immunohistochemistry. Paired t test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were performed for comparisons among the groups. Survival rates were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with log-rank tests. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the impact of protein expression level on survival rate. RESULTS: Expression level of COL5A1 was significantly increased in tumor tissues (P < 0.001) compared to that in corresponding adjacent normal tissues. High expression level of COL5A1 was associated with advanced pathological stage (III, IV, P = 0.015) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.005) of TSCC patients. High expression level of COL5A1 was also correlated with poor disease-specific survival (DSS, P = 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS, P = 0.003) in TSCC patients. However, high expression level of COL5A2 was correlated with better DFS in TSCC patients (P = 0.043). Moreover, co-expression level of high (COL5A1)2 /low (COL5A2) heterotrimer was correlated with worse DSS (P = 0.004) and DFS (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: COL5A1 is an unfavorable factor for tumorigenesis, clinicopathological outcomes, and prognosis, whereas COL5A2 is only a favorable factor for prognosis in TSCC. The co-expression of high (COL5A1)2/low (COL5A2) heterotrimer is a more potential unfavorable factor for prognosis in TSCC.

Ablation of ATG4B Suppressed Autophagy and Activated AMPK for Cell Cycle Arrest in Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: ATG4B is a cysteine protease required for autophagy, which is a cellular catabolic pathway involved in energy balance. ATG4B expression is elevated during tumor growth in certain types of cancer, suggesting that ATG4B is an attractive target for cancer therapy. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which ATG4B deprivation suppresses the growth of cancer cells. METHODS: Cancer cells were transfected with either siRNA against ATG4B or an expression vector encoding wild-type ATG4BWT or encoding catalytic mutant ATG4BC74A to determine cell cycle progression by propidium iodide staining or by BrdU incorporation assay using flow cytometry. The GFP-MAP1LC3-II puncta and protein levels in the cells were determined by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, respectively. RESULTS: Knockdown of ATG4B blocked cell proliferation, particularly at the G1-S phase transition, in various cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of ATG4B or overexpression of the ATG4BC74A catalytic mutant reduced both autophagic flux and ATP levels and increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the cancer cells. Nevertheless, knockdown of ATG4B had only a minor effect on AMPK activation and G1 phase arrest in liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-deficient or AMPK-inhibited cancer cells. CONCLUSION: These results imply that targeting ATG4B might inhibit autophagy and trigger the LKB1-AMPK energy-sensing pathway, resulting in tumor growth suppression.

Lactobacillus acidophilus attenuates Salmonella-induced intestinal inflammation via TGF-ß signaling.

BACKGROUND: Salmonella is a common intestinal pathogen that causes acute and chronic inflammatory response. Probiotics reduce inflammatory cytokine production and serve as beneficial commensal microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract. TGF-ß (transforming growth factor ß)/SMAD and NF-κB signaling play important roles in inflammation in intestinal cells. However, the involvement of the signaling in regulating inflammation between Salmonella and probiotics is not fully understood. METHODS: L. acidophilus and prebiotic inulin were used to treat human intestinal Caco-2 cells prior to infection with Salmonella. The cells were harvested to examine the cytokines and MIR21 expression with immunoblotting and real-time PCR. NF-κB and SMAD3/4 reporter vectors were transfected into cells to monitor inflammation and TGF-ß1 signaling, respectively. RESULTS: In this study, we showed that the probiotic L. acidophilus decreased Salmonella-induced NF-κB activation in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Expression of the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-8, in L. acidophilus-pretreated cells was also significantly lower than that in cells infected with Salmonella alone. Moreover, TGF-ß1 and MIR21 expression was elevated in cells pretreated with L. acidophilus or synbiotic, a combination of inulin and L. acidophilus, compared to that in untreated cells or cells infected with S. typhimurium alone. By contrast, expression of SMAD7, a target of MIR21, was accordingly reduced in cells treated with L. acidophilus or synbiotics. Consistent with TGF-ß1/MIR21 and SMAD7 expression, SMAD3/4 transcriptional activity was significantly higher in the cells treated with L. acidophilus or synbiotics. Furthermore, TGF-ß1 antibody antagonized the SMAD3/4 and NF-κB transcriptional activity modulated by L. acidophilus in intestinal cells. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the TGF-ß1/MIR21 signaling pathway may be involved in the suppressive effects of L. acidophilus on inflammation caused by S. typhimurium in intestinal Caco-2 cells.

Selective cytotoxic effects of low-power laser irradiation on human oral cancer cells.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) is known to regulate cell proliferation and migration in clinical use. Recent studies have shown that LPLI induces cell death in some certain types of cancer cell lines. However, the cytotoxic selectivity of LPLI for cancer cells is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxic effects of LPLI in both human oral cancer OC2 cells and normal human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: LPLI at 810 nm with an energy density from 10 to 60 J/cm(2) was used to irradiate human oral cancer OC2 cells and normal HGF cells. RESULTS: We found that LPLI significantly diminished cell viability of human oral cancer OC2 cells due to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and the induction of cell death but that it had no or little effects on cell cycle progression and death in normal HGF cells. Moreover, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were elevated in human oral cancer OC2 cells compared with the un-irradiated cells. In contrast, these effects remained unchanged in normal HGF cells after exposure to LPLI. LPLI also induced apoptosis in caspase-3 dependent manner in human oral cancer OC2 cells, a mode of action that could be mediated by ROS and mitochondrial damage. CONCLUSION: Our findings imply LPLI might be a potential therapy for oral cancers.

The complete chloroplast genome of Polyspora axillaris (Theaceae).

Polyspora axillaris (Roxb. ex Ker Gawl.) Sweet 1825, is a shrub or tree that is about 9 meters tall in the Theaceae family, mainly distributed in China and Vietnam, and it is widely used as a green tree species in many regions owing to its rapid growth and good adaptability. It is rich in various beneficial extracts for humans, but there are limited studies on it. In this study, we sequenced and annotated the complete plastome of P. axillaris. The chloroplast genome length of P. axillaris is 156,770 bp, with a total of 132 genes, including 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes and 87 protein-coding genes. The complete chloroplast genome of P. axillaris contains two Inverted Repeats (IRs) of 26,077 bp, a Large Single-Copy (LSC) region of 86,286 bp and a Small Single-Copy (SSC) region of 18,330 bp. The overall G/C content in the chloroplast is 37.3%. Phylogenetic inference shows that P. axillaris formed a sister relationship with P. hainanensis, along with 10 Theaceae species. The research result of P. axillaris will contribute to the genetic preservation of the species and the phylogenetic study of Polyspora.

Association between prosthesis contour and peri-implantitis in patients compliant with supportive periodontal therapy: A retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Poor contour of the implant restoration causes plaque accumulation and increases the risk of peri-implantitis. This study aimed to investigate whether the prosthodontic components of dental implants were associated with the prevalence of peri-implantitis. METHODS: We enrolled 185 patients with 348 implants who underwent at least 1-year follow-up after the delivery of the prosthesis from February 2010 to January 2021. Demographic data of the patients and implants and the follow-up period were recorded. The emergence angle, type of cervical crown contour, and contour angle were analyzed using annual bite-wing radiographs. Peri-implantitis in this study was diagnosed if the peri-implant bone loss was greater than 2 mm between the bite-wing radiographs taken at baseline and the latest. Chi-square test, two-sample t-test, and multivariate logistic regression were used to investigate the differences and odds ratios between the peri-implantitis and non-peri-implantitis groups. RESULTS: The incidence of peri-implantitis was 14.9% during a follow-up period of 1509 days after the delivery of the prosthesis for at least 1-year. Based on the prevalence of non-peri-implantitis and after adjusting for confounding factors, the risk factors identified were bone types for implants (native bone vs. alveolar ridge preservation: adjusted odds ratio = 2.43, P = 0.04). Sex, arch, and guided bone regeneration vs. alveolar ridge preservation have the potential for a statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with implants at alveolar ridge preservation sites, implants in the native bone were more prone to peri-implantitis. Further randomized controlled trials are required to determine these associations.