Not all core knowledge systems are created equal, and they are subject to revision in both children and adults.

Core knowledge systems play an important role in theories of cognitive development. However, recent studies suggest that fundamental principles of the object and agent systems can be revised by adults and preschoolers, when given small amounts of counterevidence. We argue that not all core knowledge systems are created equal, and they may be subject to revision throughout development.

[Concerns of Performance Evaluation on Central Nervous System Infection Pathogen Metagenome Sequencing Reagent].

From the perspective of the performance evaluation, concerns of the range of pathogens, establishment of enterprise reference material, reaction system study and analytical performances evaluation of central nervous system infection pathogen metagenome sequencing reagent are briefly described, including study methods and quality control requirements. This study is intended to increase the research and development efficiency of products, and contribute to the development of associated industry.

Hybrid Blood Purification in the Treatment of Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Following a Wasp Attack.

Severe wasp sting symptoms can progress rapidly, often causing multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and, in some cases, even death. Early and comprehensive treatment is needed to avoid these outcomes. Here, we report the case of a patient with MODS due to severe wasp stings. The patient received conventional treatment combined with glucocorticoids, plasma exchange, hemoperfusion, and continuous renal replacement therapy and had a successful recovery. MODS is a serious potential complication of wasp stings. Early local wound treatment, antiallergy interventions, antishock therapy, fluid replacement, glucocorticoid administration, and blood purification treatments are required to treat MODS secondary to wasp stings. Our results suggest that a hybrid blood purification method involving plasma exchange combined with hemoperfusion and continuous renal replacement therapy is more clinically effective than the single blood purification method. Early use of high-dose glucocorticoids combined with a hybrid blood purification treatment method had a positive effect in managing our patient and may improve the prognosis of other patients with MODS.

miR-6718-5p and miR-4329 can be used as potential biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: The prevention and prognosis of the onset or recurrence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a difficult problem in contemporary research. METHODS: In this study, peripheral blood samples were collected from seven patients with AMI and nine healthy adults, and exosome microRNAs (miRNAs) were extracted. The miRNA differential expression profiles of serum exosomes in patients with AMI were obtained by using the next-generation sequencing technology combined with bioinformatics analysis. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to verify the primary screening of differential exosome miRNAs to reveal the possible mechanism of their action on AMI. RESULTS: Compared with healthy individuals, 544 miRNAs were upregulated and 518 miRNAs were downregulated in AMI patients preoperatively. Among these miRNAs, we selected miR-6718 and miR-4329 for qPCR verification. The expression of miR6718 and miR-4329 in patients with myocardial infarction was significantly lower than that in normal controls.

[Analysis of Cut Off Value or Reference Interval of in Vitro Diagnostic Reagents].

The cut off value or reference interval is significant in clinical testing and diagnosis. If there is no scientific and reasonable cut off value or reference interval for in vitro diagnostic reagents, clinicians can not make medical decisions on patients through the results. The test will be meaningless, so the cut off value or reference interval study is an important part of the preclinical study of in vitro diagnostic reagents. In this article, combined to the review experience of related product, we discuss the establishment and verification of the cut off value and reference interval to provide a reference for relevant manufacturers.

Comparison and application of different immunoassay methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.

The detection data of IgM and IgG antibodies in 169 patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) were analyzed to evaluate differences in clinical performance between the colloidal gold method and chemiluminescence method. In this study, chemiluminescence detection of IgM antibody showed a positive conversion earlier (about 1-2 days earlier), positive conversion rates higher in different stages of disease, and a trend of declining positive rate later than colloidal gold method. For IgG antibody, the chemiluminescence method showed a positive conversion earlier and the positive rate climbing more quickly than the colloidal gold method. No obvious negative-converting tendency of IgG detection was observed within 35 days after the onset of disease. Although colloidal gold method is generally less sensitive than chemiluminescence method, it shows advantages of shorter turn-around time, more simple procedure, and no special equipment required. The two methodologies can be chosen according to different laboratory conditions. A reasonable understanding of the performance of reagents with different methodologies can help in clinical disease diagnosis effectively and assist in the diagnosis of the progression of COVID-19, for which the dynamic changes of antibody will provide reliable evidence.

[Study on the Related Issues of the Registration Declaration Information of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Antibody Detection Kit].

Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody detection kits are used as one important mean of auxiliary diagnosis of tuberculosis, and their detection accuracy is of great concern. Here, we discussed three important technical data of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody detection kits registration declaration information (main raw material research, performance evaluation data and clinical test data), to provide reference for registrants. Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody detection kits, main raw material research data, performance evaluation data.

Highly photoactive Ir(III)-Pt(IV) heterometallic conjugates for anticancer therapy.

For the first time, this study reported the photoactivatable activity of Ir(III)-Pt(IV) heterometallic conjugates, which were stable in the dark and activated to release oxaliplatin and Ir within 3 min of irradiation. The conjugates induced apoptosis and immunologic cell death through Pt-DNA binding and reactive oxygen species generation upon irradiation. This work developed photoactivatable heterometallic agents for anticancer therapy.

Retargeting NK-92 for anti-melanoma activity by a TCR-like single-domain antibody.

The efficacy of immunotherapy based on natural killer (NK) cells is hampered by intrinsic non-specific cytotoxicity and insufficient activation of NK cells. Here, we confer the T-cell receptor-like (TCR-like) specificity on NK cells, taking advantage of both the innate and adaptive immune arms of the immune response to generate enhanced anti-melanoma activity. The TCR-like antibody (Ab) GPA7 was selected against melanoma-associated gp100/human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 complex and then fused to intracellular domain of CD3-ζ chain. This fusion construct was incorporated into NK-92MI cell line and expressed as a chimeric antigen receptor on the surface of the cell. The anti-tumour activity of the transgenic NK-92MI-GPA7-ζ cell line was assessed against melanoma in vitro and in vivo. The engineered NK-92MI-GPA7-ζ cells could recognize melanoma cells in the context of HLA-A2 and showed enhanced killing of both melanoma cell lines and primary melanoma. Furthermore, adoptively transferred NK-92MI-GPA7-ζ cells significantly suppressed the growth of human melanoma in a xenograft model in mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the TCR-like Ab, GPA7, could redirect NK cells to target the intracellular antigen gp100 and enhance anti-melanoma activity, providing a promising immunotherapeutic strategy to prevent and treat melanoma.

Diversity vs. ingroup: How children generalize for the common good.

How do children generalize for the common good? The present study investigated whether children are more likely to use the preference of their ingroup (ingroup rationale) or that of a diverse group (diversity rationale) as a basis for generalization about the broader community. In a series of studies, five-year-olds from two different cultures (US and China), yet living in environments with analogous ingroup majority-outgroup minority structure, were asked to generalize either the preference of a diverse sample or the preference of an ingroup sample to the majority. We found that children from both cultures have a default strategy to generalize from their ingroup (Study 1). However, Studies 2-4 show that this ingroup default is amenable to change, suggesting that children mostly use this strategy because ingroup members were salient and conveniently available. When ingroup was removed or reduced (Study 2), or when primed with photos of diverse populations (Studies 3 & 4), children changed their strategies and were more likely to use the diversity-rationale. In both cultures, the intergroup structure of children's living environment exerts similar pressures, resulting in analogous outcomes in generalizing for the common good.

Exosomal miR­152­5p/ARHGAP6/ROCK axis regulates apoptosis and fibrosis in cardiomyocytes.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a fatal cardiovascular disease with a high mortality rate. The discovery of effective biomarkers is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of AMI. In the present study, miRNA sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques revealed that the expression of exosome derived miR-152-5p was significantly downregulated in patients with AMI compared with healthy controls. A series of functional validation experiments were then performed using H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Following transfection of the cardiomyocytes using an miR-152-5p inhibitor, immunofluorescence staining of a-smooth muscle actin revealed a marked increase in fibrosis. Western blotting revealed that the expression levels of the apoptotic protein Bax, TNF-α and collagen-associated proteins were significantly increased, whereas those of the apoptosis-inhibiting factor Bcl-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor A were significantly decreased. Furthermore, the binding of Rho GTPase-activating protein 6 (ARHGAP6) to miR-152-5p was predicted using an online database and verified using a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. The transfection of cardiomyocytes with miR-152-5p mimics was found to inhibit the activation of ARHGAP6 and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase 2 (ROCK2). These results suggest that miR-152-5p targets ARHGAP6 through the ROCK signaling pathway to inhibit AMI, which implies that miR-152-5p may be a diagnostic indicator and potential target for treatment of myocardial infarction.

Leaf-venation-directed cellular alignment for macroscale cardiac constructs with tissue-like functionalities.

Recapitulating the complex structural, mechanical, and electrophysiological properties of native myocardium is crucial to engineering functional cardiac tissues. Here, we report a leaf-venation-directed strategy that enables the compaction and remodeling of cell-hydrogel hybrids into highly aligned and densely packed organizations in predetermined patterns. This strategy contributes to interconnected tubular structures with cell alignment along the hierarchical channels. Compared to randomly-distributed cells, the engineered leaf-venation-directed-cardiac tissues from neonatal rat cardiomyocytes manifest advanced maturation and functionality as evidenced by detectable electrophysiological activity, macroscopically synchronous contractions, and upregulated maturation genes. As a demonstration, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived leaf-venation-directed-cardiac tissues are engineered with evident structural and functional improvement over time. With the elastic scaffolds, leaf-venation-directed tissues are assembled into 3D centimeter-scale cardiac constructs with programmed mechanical properties, which can be delivered through tubing without affecting cell viability. The present strategy may generate cardiac constructs with multifaceted functionalities to meet clinical demands.

Learning about others and learning from others: Bayesian probabilistic models of intuitive psychology and social learning.

How do infants and young children reason about other people? What inferences do they make when they learn from teachers and whom do they choose to learn from? Past research in developmental psychology has demonstrated infants' and young children's competence in making these inferences. However, the mechanisms underlying these inferences and how these mechanisms change across development are less clear. In this chapter, we review a growing body of Bayesian probabilistic models on intuitive psychology and social learning. We integrate these models with past and new empirical studies within the framework of rational constructivism. These models showed that infants and children have intuitive theories about others (agents, teachers, and informants). When given new evidence, they rationally update their beliefs about others and their beliefs about the world based on these intuitive theories. Developmental changes can be explained by advances in children's intuitive theories. Finally, we propose future directions for both empirical and modeling work in these domains.

From entrepreneurial cognition to entrepreneurial intention and behavior: The case of higher educational institutions in China.

Entrepreneurship has been called "high quality employment" in China. Therefore, universities have paid more attention to entrepreneurship education, which is a crucial element for entrepreneurial success. Based on the theory of "informed intentions" planned behavior and dual cognitive processing theory, this manuscript studies the relationship among entrepreneurial cognition, entrepreneurial intention, recognition perception of university entrepreneurship education, and entrepreneurial behavior from the perspective of mass innovation and mass entrepreneurship in China. The hypotheses are tested using a hierarchical linear regression model based on data from 786 valid questionnaires from more than 400 universities across China. This study finds that student's entrepreneurial cognition positively affects their entrepreneurial behavior, and entrepreneurial intention plays a mediating role by positively strengthening the relationship between these two, and that the recognition perception of university entrepreneurship education strengthens the positive relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behavior. These findings provide a new perspective and framework for studying the entrepreneurial cognitive education of university students, and they have certain practical implications for the reform of entrepreneurship education in China.

Generation of universal natural killer cells from a cryopreserved cord blood mononuclear cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cell library.

Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in innate immunity and are regarded as a promising candidate for cellular immunotherapy. Natural killer cells may be generated from different sources, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); these stem cells produce an abundant amount of NK cells to meet the needs of a wide range of clinical applications. Autologous iPSCs are expensive and labor-intensive to prepare, while allogeneic iPSCs require human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matched cells to avoid the risk of immune rejection. In the current study, we prepared HLA-matched iPSCs using HLA common haplotype homozygous (HLAh) donors from cryopreserved human cord blood (CB) sourced from the Tianjin Cord Blood Public Bank. This approach was designed to generate a CB-derived iPSC library from HLAh donors and use it to produce off-the-shelf NK cells. Starting with readily available cryopreserved CB mononuclear cells (cryoCBMCs), we produced cryoCBMC-derived iPSCs (cryoCB-iPSCs). These cryoCB-iPSCs were induced to generate embryoid bodies (EBs) using an improved 3D suspension culture method, and induced NK (iNK) cells were differentiated from EBs. iNK cells expressed specific surface markers of NK cells, exhibited cytotoxicity comparable with NK cells generated from CB (CB-NK) and peripheral blood (PB-NK), and expressed lower levels of KIRs and HLA-DR compared to CB-NK and PB-NK. Taken together, we have shown that an iPSC library can be established from HLAh cryoCBMCs, and cryoCB-iPSCs can be used to generate a large number of 'universal' NK cells for future clinical applications.

New-onset crescent IgA nephropathy following the CoronaVac vaccine: A case report.

RATIONALE: Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a global threat, administering effective and safe vaccines is currently the most promising strategy to curb the ongoing pandemic and decrease the number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. However, there remains some uncertainty regarding the safety of vaccines for patients with kidney disease. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 58-year-old man presented at our institution with gross hematuria 48 hours after receiving his first dose of the CoronaVac (Sinovac) vaccine. DIAGNOSES: Analysis of a renal biopsy sample led to the diagnosis of crescentic immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), which we considered an adverse event of receiving the CoronaVac vaccine in China. INTERVENTIONS: The patient's serum creatinine and albumin levels were 1.20 mg/dL and 31.3 g/L, respectively; as such, he was administered a diuretic. His serum creatinine level had risen to 7.45 mg/dL 1 month later, and he developed high blood pressure. The patient then received conventional doses of hormone therapy but developed recurrent fever, which led to the suspicion of active tuberculosis (which he had a history of) and suspension of the hormone therapy. OUTCOMES: The patient's renal function deteriorated further, and he ultimately underwent dialysis. LESSONS: The patient's course of events of apparent IgAN exacerbation should prompt nephrologists to closely follow patients with glomerular disease after they receive a COVID-19 vaccine, especially if persistent gross hematuria occurs.

China's NMPA perspective on the clinical performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen test reagents.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread all over the world. In the process of emergency use authorization, the Center for Medical Device Evaluation of the China National Medical Products Administration issued 'Key Points of Technical Review for the Registration of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen/Antibody Detection Reagents' as the guidance of registration of antigen and antibody test reagents for the industry. In this document, clinical evaluation requirements of antigen detection reagents are elaborated. Based on the Key Points document and the authors' review practice, this article explains the evaluation methods and requirements of clinical performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests, then analyzes the application scenarios and intended use of antigen detection reagents.

The Effects of Institution-Driven Entrepreneurial Education in Chinese Universities: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis Approach.

Purpose: This study aims to explore the effects of entrepreneurship education by examining the influences of the curriculum system, teaching team, design of practical programs, and the institutional systems on universities' entrepreneurial education performance. Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper employs a case-based approach-Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Data were collected from 12 universities that were typical cases in the implementation of entrepreneurial education. The four dimensions of entrepreneurship education are applied as conditional indicators. fsQCA3.0 software is used to analyze the necessary conditions and condition combination of the truth table. Findings: There are three sets of condition combinations of the intermediate solution that results in a high level of entrepreneurial education performance: (1) when the credit ratio of entrepreneurship courses is higher and there are more practical platform platforms, even if the entrepreneurship education system and mechanism is less mature, the level of entrepreneurial education performance is high; (2) with a higher credit ratio of entrepreneurship courses, higher quality of teaching teams, and higher standard of practical platforms, the level of entrepreneurial education performance is high; (3) with a higher level of credit ratio of entrepreneurship courses and more practical platforms, as well as mature entrepreneurship education system and mechanism, even if the quality of the teaching team is lower, the level of entrepreneurial education performance is satisfied. Research Limitations/Implications: The dimensions of entrepreneurship education can be expanded; additionally, given that there are many other factors affecting entrepreneurial performance, it is necessary to identify and integrate other possible factors on an ongoing basis. Practical Implications: This study offers practical implications for universities and policy makers that can promote the transformation of theoretical knowledge into practice in the field of entrepreneurship in colleges and universities. Social Implications: This study is one of the first to empirically examine the effect of institutional-driven entrepreneurship education in developing countries. The enhancement of entrepreneurship education can benefit the development of individuals and schools, and even has a potential impact on the progress of the country and society as a whole. Originality/Value: This study emphasizes the significance of viewing the entrepreneurial education as a multi-dimensional concept by targeting different kinds of players. Furthermore, it employs a case-based approach to identify configurations of the antecedent attributes of the curriculum system, teaching team, design of practical programs, and the institutional systems, and their influence on universities' entrepreneurial education performance.

China NMPA perspective on clinical evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antibody test reagents in the process of emergency approval.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing an important supplement to nucleic acid testing. In the process of emergency approval, the Center for Medical Device Evaluation of the China National Medical Products Administration released The Key Points of Technical Review for the Registration of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen/Antibody Detection Reagents. The Clinical Study Requirement section of the Key Point has put forward requirements in terms of reference methods and subject enrolment among others, which can ensure that the test results can meet the clinical needs. This article draws on the experience of the China NMPA in evaluating diagnostic reagents used to supplement the gold standard test method in the early stage of an epidemic of an infectious disease, as well as to serve as reference for clinicians and regulators.

COMBODY: one-domain antibody multimer with improved avidity.

Antibodies (Abs) have been engineered into small antigen-binding fragments and rebuilt into multivalent high-avidity molecules for improving in vivo pharmacokinetics and efficacy in clinical use. To increase the avidity of a T-cell receptor-like single-domain Ab (sdAb) specific for HLA-A2 complex, we fused the sdAb to a coiled-coil peptide derived from human cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP48) to make an sdAb multimer, termed combody. The combody improved the binding avidity of sdAb significantly, whereas the specificity for the targeted cells was retained. The strategy was also expanded to create a bispecific combody by fusing an sdAb to the N-terminal and an anti-CD3 single-chain variable fragment to the C-terminal of COMP48. The dual-specific combody was able to efficiently mediate cytotoxicity against the target cells in vitro. Taken together, the strategy to make combody could be widely adopted to increase the avidity of Ab fragment for further application.