Parents' willingness to vaccinate themselves and their children with the booster vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A cross-sectional study in Puyang city, China.

We aimed to investigate the hesitancy and willingness of parents to vaccinate themselves and their children with a booster dose against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and related factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Puyang city, China. The information was collected, including demographic characteristics, willingness to receive a booster dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, and attitudes and concerns toward COVID-19 and vaccines. Vaccine hesitancy was assessed in individuals completing the first two doses and booster eligible, while vaccine willingness was assessed in those completing the first two doses and not yet booster eligible. Among the participants completing two primary doses while not meeting the booster criteria, 95.4% (1465/1536) and 95.0% (1385/1458) had a willingness to a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine for themselves and their children, respectively. Among the participants who met the booster criteria, 40.3% had vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness tended to occur in people who were younger, less educated, less healthy, and with unsureness of vaccines' efficacy and adverse events (AE). The younger age of children, children in poorer health, and concern about the efficacy and AE of vaccines contributed to the participants' unwillingness to vaccinate their children. We observed a high willingness to the booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine both for the parents and their children, regardless of the eligibility to a booster dose. However, 40% of people had delayed vaccination behaviors. The promotion of scientific knowledge of vaccines' effectiveness and safety is needed, especially for people in poor health and parents with young children. Timely disclosure of AE caused by COVID-19 vaccines and proper aiding offered to people encountering AE are suggested.

Impact of influenza virus infection on lung microbiome in adults with severe pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial and viral infections are commonly implicated in the development of pneumonia. We aimed to compare the diversity and composition of lung bacteria among severe pneumonia patients who were influenza virus positive (IFVP) and influenza virus negative (IFVN). METHODS: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens were procured from patients diagnosed with severe pneumonia to investigate the microbiome utilizing 16S-rDNA sequencing. The alpha diversity of the microbiome was evaluated employing Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indexes, while the beta diversity was assessed using principal component analysis and principal coordinate analysis. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was employed to determine the taxonomic differences between the IFVP and IFVN groups. RESULTS: A total of 84 patients with 42 in the IFVP group and 42 in the IFVN group were enrolled. Slightly higher indexes of Shannon and Simpson were observed in the IFVP group without statistically significant difference. The dominant bacterial genera were Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia-Shigella in the IFVN group and Acinetobacter, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus in the IFVP group. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii were the most abundant species in the IFVN and IFVP groups, respectively. LEfSe analysis indicated a greater abundance of Klebsiella in the IFVN group. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with severe pneumonia infected with IFV exhibit heightened susceptibility to certain bacteria, especially Acinetobacter baumannii, and the underlying mechanism of the interaction between IFV and Acinetobacter baumannii in the progression of pneumonia needs further investigation.

A review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology and clinical presentation of coxsackievirus A6 causing hand-foot-mouth disease in China and global implications.

Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) has been associated with increasingly occurred sporadic hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) cases and outbreak events in many countries. In order to understand epidemiological characteristics of CV-A6, we collected the information describing HFMD caused by CV-A6 to describe the detection rate, severe rate and onychomadesis rate, which is defined as one or more nails defluvium, caused by CV-A6 from 2007 to 2017. The results showed that there was an outbreak of CV-A6 every other year, and overall trend of the epidemic of CA6-associated HFMD was increasing in China. The detection rate of CV-A6 in other countries was 32.0% (95% CI: 25.0%~40.0%) before 2013 and 28.0% (95% CI: 20.0%~36.0%) after 2013, respectively. Although the severe rate of HFMD caused by CV-A6 was low (0.10%, 95% CI: 0.01%~0.20%), CV-A6 can cause a high incidence of onychomadesis (28.0%, 95%CI: 21.9%-34.3%). Thus, it would be worthwhile to research and develop an effective multivalent vaccine for CV-A6 to achieve a more powerful prevention of HMFD.

Parental characteristics and the risk of schizophrenia in a Chinese population: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Genetic studies have provided convergent results indicating that schizophrenia is a polygenic disorder with a heritability estimate of ∼60-80%. The propensity for schizophrenia is ∼10 times higher in individuals with first-degree relatives with schizophrenia when compared to the general population. AIM: To identify associations between parental characteristics and the risk of schizophrenia in a Chinese population. METHODS: Participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were recruited along with healthy controls (HCs) matched for age and gender from Weifang, China. Logistic regression models and generalized linear models were used to explore the associations between parental characteristics with the risk and age at onset of schizophrenia. In total, 414 cases and 639 HCs were recruited for the study. RESULTS: We observed an inverse association between levels of paternal and maternal education and risk of schizophrenia after controlling for potential confounders (Paternal: OR = 1.525, 95% CI: 1.080-2.153, p = .017; Maternal: OR = 1.984, 95% CI: 1.346-2.924, p = .001). Younger paternal and maternal childbearing age were associated with a higher risk of diagnosis of schizophrenia. We furtherly observed that individuals with earlier age at onset of schizophrenia had fewer siblings (p = .007) and had higher rates of parental marital disharmony (p = .033). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that parental years of education and age of childbearing are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia in a Chinese population. Age of onset of schizophrenia was positively associated with a greater number of siblings and negatively associated with parental marital disharmony.

[Orthogonal Experiment for Optimization of the Sample Pretreatment Conditions for the Serum Cholesterol and Markers Determination by GC-MS].

The objective is to use orthogonal experiment to optimize the pretreatment on the determination of serum cholesterol and its markers by GC-MS. And then the method is evaluated in a methodological perspective. The methodis to Use L16(211) orthogonal experiment design to observe the influence of three key steps，althogether seven factors of pretreatment, which are saponification (KOH ethanol solution concentration, temperature and time), extraction (dose) and derivatization (temperature , time and dose). As for the results，the conditions of optimal pretreatment are as follows：the ethanol solution is 1 mol·L-1 KOH, the saponification temperature is 70 ℃;the saponification time is 60 min;the Solvent quantity is 2 mL;the derivatization temperature is 70 ℃;the derivatization time is 60 min，and the derivatization agent is 100 µL. Through the optimization by orthogonal design and methodological evaluation, the determination of serum cholesterol and its markers by GC-MS is excellent in terms of accuracy and precision, and methodological evaluation indexes are better than those reported in other papers.

Effects of lutein and lycopene on carotid intima-media thickness in Chinese subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of lutein and lycopene supplementation on carotid artery intima-media thickness (CAIMT) in subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis. A total of 144 subjects aged 45-68 years were recruited from local communities. All the subjects were randomly assigned to receive 20 mg lutein/d (n 48), 20 mg lutein/d+20 mg lycopene/d (n 48) or placebo (n 48) for 12 months. CAIMT was measured using Doppler ultrasonography at baseline and after 12 months, and serum lutein and lycopene concentrations were determined using HPLC. Serum lutein concentrations increased significantly from 0·34 to 1·96 µmol/l in the lutein group (P< 0·001) and from 0·35 to 1·66 µmol/l in the combination group (P< 0·001). Similarly, serum lycopene concentrations increased significantly from 0·18 to 0·71 µmol/l in the combination group at month 12 (P< 0·001), whereas no significant change was observed in the placebo group. The mean values of CAIMT decreased significantly by 0·035 mm (P= 0·042) and 0·073 mm (P< 0·001) in the lutein and combination groups at month 12, respectively. The change in CAIMT was inversely associated with the increase in serum lutein concentrations (P< 0·05) in both the active treatment groups and with that in serum lycopene concentrations (ß = - 0·342, P= 0·031) in the combination group. Lutein and lycopene supplementation significantly increased the serum concentrations of lutein and lycopene with a decrease in CAIMT being associated with both concentrations. In addition, the combination of lutein and lycopene supplementation was more effective than lutein alone for protection against the development of CAIMT in Chinese subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis, and further studies are needed to confirm whether synergistic effects of lutein and lycopene exist.

[Effects of lead exposure on 18 elements in blood and excretions in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of lead exposure on lead and other metal elements contents in rats. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into control group and several experiment groups of different doses. The rats were exposed to lead acetate through intragastric administration every other day for 5 times. The whole blood, urine and feces of all the rats were collected. The concentrations of lead and 18 metal elements in these samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atom emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). RESULTS: No significant difference among the groups was found for body weight and organ-body ratios of the rats after lead exposure (P>0.05). With the increase of exposure dose, lead content in blood, total lead in urine and feces tended to increase, while the total lead in urine no longer increased in the high dose group. Significant differences among the groups (P<0.05) were observed for the sodium, magnesium, potassium, strontium, antimony, thallium and bismuth contents in the whole blood, the potassium, iron and antimony contents in the urine, and the calcium, iron, zinc, copper, thallium, bismuth and rare earth elements contents in the feces. CONCLUSION: The effect of lead on the metabolism of divalent metal ions, namely calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper and strontium ion, may be due to the competition of lead with the ions for common delivery carrier. Lead exposure induces the excretion of light rare earth elements and toxic elements (thallium and bismuth), and changes the antimony, sodium and potassium contents in rats. But there is no effect of lead on molybdenum and cadmium in rats.

Tasquinimod enhances the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by regulating the Nur77-Bcl-2 apoptotic pathway.

BACKGROUND: Resistance to cisplatin (DDP) in ovarian cancer therapy has been a major clinical barrier. Drug-resistant cancers have been shown to downregulate the proapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) to inhibit apoptosis. Therefore, we explored whether tasquinimod could modulate resistance to DDP through apoptotic pathways. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore the relationship between tasquinimod, Nur77-Bcl-2 apoptosis pathway and sensitivity of the ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV3 and the DDP-resistant strain SKOV3/DDP cells to DDP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: First, SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells were treated with 2 µg/mL DDP or 40 µM tasquinimod. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were then used to analyze the expression of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), Nur77, Bcl-2 (BH3 domain-specific), and caspase-3. Flow cytometry, scratch-wound assay and immunofluorescence were used to detect apoptosis, migration rate, and related expression of Nur77 and Bcl-2 (BH3 domain-specific). Subsequently, 5×107 SKOV3 or SKOV3/DDP cells cultured with 2 µg/mL DDP were injected into 4-week-old female BALB/c nude mice. Then, the mice were administered 4 mg/kg DDP and 50 mg/kg tasquinimod every 3 days. Finally, the changes in tumor diameter and weight were measured. RESULTS: After treatment of SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells with tasquinimod, cell migration and HDAC4 expression levels were significantly reduced, while Nur77 expression was increased. Tasquinimod treatment enhanced the expression of Nur77 and caspase-3, and cells transfected with si-Nur77 showed the opposite result. Transfection of si-Nur77 reduced the expression of caspase-3 and Nur77 in the SKOV3/DDP cells that were treated with both DDP and tasquinimod. After injection of SKOV3/DDP cells into the mice, the tumor diameter, mass and in vivo HDAC4 level were significantly decreased by tasquinimod. Meanwhile, the levels of Nur77 and Bcl-2 (BH3 domain-specific) were increased. CONCLUSIONS: Tasquinimod upregulated the Nur77/Bcl-2 pathway to induce apoptosis in SKOV3/DDP cells and enhanced the anti-tumor effect of DDP in SKOV3/DDP xenografts. Therefore, tasquinimod can be expected to find clinical applications in enhancing DDP resistance.

Association between indoor residual spraying and the malaria burden in Zambia and factors associated with IRS refusals: a case-control study in Vubwi District.

BACKGROUND: Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been implemented to prevent malaria in Zambia for several decades, but its effectiveness has not been evaluated long term and in Vubwi District yet. This study aimed to assess the association between IRS and the malaria burden in Zambia and Vubwi District and to explore the factors associated with refusing IRS. METHODS: A retrospective study was used to analyze the association between IRS and malaria incidence in Zambia in 2001-2020 and in Vubwi District in 2014-2020 by Spearman correlation analysis. A case-control study was used to explore the factors associated with IRS refusals by households in Vubwi District in 2021. A logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with IRS refusals. RESULTS: The malaria incidence reached its peak (391/1000) in 2001 and dropped to the lowest (154/1000) in 2019. The annual percentage change in 2001-2003, 2003-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2018 and 2018-2020 was - 6.54%, - 13.24%, 5.04%, - 10.28% and 18.61%, respectively. A significantly negative correlation between the percentage of population protected by the IRS against the total population in Zambia (coverage) and the average malaria incidence in the whole population was observed in 2005-2020 (r = - 0.685, P = 0.003) and 2005-2019 (r = - 0.818, P < 0.001). Among 264 participants (59 in the refuser group and 205 in the acceptor group), participants with specific occupations (self-employed: OR 0.089, 95% CI 0.022-0.364; gold panning: OR 0.113, 95% CI 0.022-0.574; housewives: OR 0.129, 95% CI 0.026-0.628 and farmers: OR 0.135, 95% CI 0.030-0.608 compared to employees) and no malaria case among household members (OR 0.167; 95% CI 0.071-0.394) had a lower risk of refusing IRS implementation, while those with a secondary education level (OR 3.690, 95% CI 1.245-10.989) had a higher risk of refusing IRS implementation compared to those who had never been to school. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing coverage with IRS was associated with decreasing incidence of malaria in Zambia, though this was not observed in Vubwi District, possibly because of the special geographical location of Vubwi District. Interpersonal communication and targeted health education should be implemented at full scale to ensure household awareness and gain community trust.

Mass immunisation to eradicate Japanese encephalitis: Real-world evidence from Guizhou Province in 2005-2021.

Objectives: To explore epidemiological changes of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in a long-time span and evaluate the impact of mass immunisation. Method: Data on JE cases from hospitals and the county Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Guizhou Province was collected between 2005 and 2021. Epidemiological changes were analyzed according to a series of policy implementations and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Results: A total of 5138 JE cases and 152 deaths were reported in Guizhou Province during 2005-2021. The average incidence and case fatality rates were 0.83/100,000 and 2.96%, respectively. The JE prevalence showed a declining trend over the years with the reduced incidence gap between age groups and narrowing of the high-epidemic regions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the JE activity reached its nadir in 2020. The inclusion in the Expanded Program on Immunization of the JE vaccine and catch-up immunisations showed a significant impact on the JE declining incidence rate. Conclusions: The implementation of JE immunisation programs has played a crucial role in controlling its spread. Continued efforts should be made to maintain high coverage of the JE vaccine and strengthen disease surveillance systems, ensuring JE effective control and eventual elimination.

Polymorphisms of angiotensin converting enzyme and nitric oxide synthase 3 genes as risk factors of high-altitude pulmonary edema: a case-control study and meta-analysis.

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a non-cardiogenic type of pulmonary edema developing altitudes > 2,500 m. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) play important roles in regulating pulmonary vascular tone. To assess associations between genetic variants in the ACE and NOS3 genes and HAPE risk, 27 HAPE patients and 108 matched controls were genotyped and analyzed. The indicated HAPE association of the NOS3 G894T (Glu298Asp) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), which may change NO production, was further evaluated by a meta-analysis of six studies involving 399 HAPE patients and 495 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined with fixed-effects models. Stratification analyses of ethnicity and geographic location were performed. Significant associations were observed for the dominant model in two ACE tag SNPs influencing serum ACE concentrations (rs8066114 polymorphism: GG+CG vs. CC; rs4461142 polymorphism: TT+CT vs. CC). Furthermore, Single-locus analysis indicated significantly different distributions of G allele frequency between the cases (29.63%) and controls (17.13%) for the ACE rs8066114 polymorphism. The case-control distributions of genotype frequencies and T allele frequency of NOS3 G894T (Glu298Asp) polymorphism were significantly higher in the cases than controls, and the NOS3 G894T (Glu298Asp) SNP showed elevated HAPE risk under the dominant model (TT+GT vs. GG). Meta-analysis showed overall association of NOS3 G894T SNP with HAPE risk under the allele contrast and dominant genetic models, which remained significant for Asians. In conclusion, ACE rs8066114 and rs4461142 and NOS3 rs1799983 (G894T) polymorphisms may be associated with increased HAPE risk in Asians.

Effectiveness of indoor residual spraying on malaria control: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is one of the key interventions recommended by World Health Organization in preventing malaria infection. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of global studies about the impact of IRS on malaria control. METHOD: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus for relevant studies published from database establishment to 31 December 2021. Random-effects models were used to perform meta-analysis and subgroup analysis to pool the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Meta-regression was used to investigate potential factors of heterogeneity across studies. RESULTS: Thirty-eight articles including 81 reports and 1,174,970 individuals were included in the meta-analysis. IRS was associated with lower rates of malaria infection (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.27-0.44). The significantly higher effectiveness was observed in IRS coverage ≥ 80% than in IRS coverage < 80%. Pyrethroids was identified to show the greatest performance in malaria control. In addition, higher effectiveness was associated with a lower gross domestic product as well as a higher coverage of IRS and bed net utilization. CONCLUSIONS: IRS could induce a positive effect on malaria infection globally. The high IRS coverage and the use of pyrethroids are key measures to reduce malaria infection. More efforts should focus on increasing IRS coverage, developing more effective new insecticides against malaria, and using multiple interventions comprehensively to achieve malaria control goals.

Oseltamivir Treatment for Influenza During the Flu Season of 2018-2019: A Longitudinal Study.

Background: Oseltamivir resistance in influenza virus (IFV) has been of widespread concern. An increase in the frequency of viruses with reduced inhibition was observed. Whether oseltamivir is effective is uncertain. We conducted this study to understand the real-world situation in northern China and the clinical efficacy for patients with IFV infection after the use of oseltamivir. Methods: The longitudinal study was performed on influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in a tertiary general hospital in Beijing, China during the flu season of 2018-2019. All ILI cases (≥18 years) were recruited into the study. We analyzed the effect of the oseltamivir therapy on the number of clinic visits, hospitalization frequency, and the duration of fever and cough. Results: A total of 689 ILI patients were recruited in this study with 355 in the oseltamivir therapy group and 334 in the supportive therapy group. Among the ILI patients, 388 patients were detected for IFV infection (364 IFV-A and 24 IFV-B) and divided into two groups with or without the oseltamivir therapy (302 vs. 86). There were no significant differences in the basic characteristics between the oseltamivir and supportive therapy groups in the ILI patients or in the IFV positive patients (all p < 0.05). After adjusting for the potential confounders, oseltamivir therapy reduced the times of clinic visits in the ILI and IFV positive patients (p = 0.043 and p = 0.011). No effectiveness with oseltamivir therapy was observed in the outcomes of hospitalization frequency, and the duration of fever and cough. Conclusion: Oseltamivir use may reduce the times of clinic visits. However, we did not observe the differences in the duration of fever, cough, and the frequency of hospitalization between oseltamivir therapy and supportive therapy.

[Regional effect research of blood lead concentrations and isotopic fingerprints in four cities by ICP-MS].

Blood lead is a reflection of environment lead in vivo, its concentration could be used to assess lead exposure of environment quantitatively, and its isotopic ratio could be used to fingerprint environment source qualitatively. In the present study, concentrations and isotopic ratios of blood lead (BPb) of four cities in China were measured by ICP-MS for the first time. The regional effects of BPb in four Chinese cities were observed in our study. The BPb levels of industrial cities (Taiyuan and Chengdu) are higher than that of non-industrial cities (Suzhou and Beijing), indicating that industrial pollution remains primary lead contamination factor. The BPb isotopic ratios are diverse with the different character of environment the individuals live in. Food-borne lead probably has replaced the air-borne lead to be the major source of BPb in Beijing. Besides, regional effect of BPb in some developed cities is partly weakened by diversity of vast majority of imported resources.

[Determination of 5 heavy metals in Chinese traditional medicines and extraction liquid containing mineral materials].

Chinese traditional medicine (CTM) containing realgar may contain high levels of toxic metals, such as arsenic, etc. The monitoring of trace elements, especially the harmful elements, is closely related to the quality control of the CTM. Three kinds of CTM containing realgar were digested by microwave method and electric heating plate method, and As, Hg, Cu, Cd and Pb were determined using ICP-MS and ICP-AES. In addition, this research determined the content of soluble heavy metals in the human gastrointestinal solution. The results showed that three kinds of CTM contained As of 24 350-68 627 mg x kg(-1); Hg of 0.26-122 313.6 mg x kg(-1); Cu of 2.04-6.95 mg x kg(-1); Cd of 0.02-1.46 mg x kg(-1); Pb of 0.42-40.60 mg x kg(-1). In comparison, the contents of soluble heavy metals in the human gastrointestinal solution are: As of 81-618 mg x L(-1); Hg of 0.34-216 mg x L(-1); Cu of 1.08-215 mg x L(-1), and Pb, Cd were not detected.

The changes of Lp-PLA2 in patients with gestational diabetes and its clinical significance.

ABSTRACT: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy and associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of lipoprotein-associated phospholipaseA2 (Lp-PLA2) level and its correlation with biochemical indexes in patients with GDM.This observational cross-sectional study was performed among 52 GDM and 48 healthy pregnant women. Automatic biochemical analyzer was employed to test the biochemical indexes, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The lipoprotein-associated phospholipaseA2 (Lp-PLA2) level was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated.The levels of FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, TG, TC and LDL-C were significantly increased while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was significantly decreased in the GDM group when compared with those in the control group. Lp-PLA2 level in maternal blood in the GDM group was significantly higher than that in the control group (199.125 ±â€Š23.494 vs165.825 ±â€Š15.576 ng/mL, P < .05) and logistic regression analysis further confirmed the association of Lp-PLA2 levels with GDM. Furthermore, Lp-PLA2 positively correlated with HOMA-IR, TC, and LDL-C.Our results confirmed the association of Lp-PLA2 with GDM. This broadens our knowledge on the pathophysiology of GDM and provides insights into the development of new targets for the prevention and treatment of GDM.

Vaccination willingness, vaccine hesitancy, and estimated coverage at the first round of COVID-19 vaccination in China: A national cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become an important public health solution. To date, there has been a lack of data on COVID-19 vaccination willingness, vaccine hesitancy, and vaccination coverage in China since the vaccine has become available. METHODS: We designed and implemented a cross-sectional, population-based online survey to evaluate the willingness, hesitancy, and coverage of the COVID-19 vaccine among the Chinese population. 8742 valid samples were recruited and classified as the vaccine-priority group (n = 3902; 44.6%) and the non-priority group (n = 4840; 55.4%). RESULTS: The proportion of people's trust in the vaccine, delivery system, and government were 69.0%, 78.0% and 81.3%, respectively. 67.1% of the participants were reportedly willing to accept the COVID-19 vaccination, while 9.0% refused it. 834 (35.5%) reported vaccine hesitancy, including acceptors with doubts (48.8%), refusers (39.4%), and delayers (11.8%). The current coverage was 34.4%, far from reaching the requirements of herd immunity. The predicted rate of COVID-19 vaccination was 64.9%, 68.9% and 81.1% based on the rates of vaccine hesitancy, willingness, and refusal, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 vaccine rate is far from reaching the requirements of herd immunity, which will require more flexible and comprehensive efforts to improve the population's confidence and willingness to vaccinate. It should be highlighted that vaccination alone is insufficient to stop the pandemic; further efforts are needed not only to increase vaccination coverage but also to maintain non-specific prevention strategies.

Outbreak of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 in a Kindergarten from China, 2018.

Objective We reported an outbreak of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) in a kindergarten and explored the genetic characteristics of HPIV1 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) genes to provide more evidence about HPIV1 outbreaks. Methods Suspected cases were the children with an influenza-like illness during June 20 to 26, 2018. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and screened to determine the presence of respiratory pathogens by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The HN and F gene sequences of HPIV-positive samples were further amplified and sequenced to confirm the HPIV genotype and identify genetic characteristics. A phylogenetic tree, based on the HN and F genes, was reconstructed by maximum likelihood method. Results Fourteen children in the outbreak were diagnosed as upper respiratory tract infection. The most common symptom was cough (10/14), followed by rhinorrhea (5/14), sore throat (4/14), headache (1/14), and abdominal pain (1/14). Eight patients were positive for HPIV1 and negative for other pathogens. Phylogenetic tree demonstrated that the eight strains from the year 2018 in our study located in the clade 2.3. Two specific substitutions (N333S and I509M) in the amino acids of the F protein and two substitutions (V19A and L436I) in the HN protein were different from other strains in the clade 2. Conclusion HPIV1 was attributed to the outbreak, which may be related to the genetic variations of HPIV1.

[Comparison of 51 element contents in normal human lung tissue over twenty years].

Changes in content and distribution of elements in human tissues may reflect changes in environmental backgrounds, and are closely related to human health. To investigate the change in element background in normal lung tissue in different stage, we used ICP-MS, ICP-AES and GFAAS to determine 51 element contents in normal human lung samples of 1982-83 year (n = 7) and compare with those of 2004-05 year (n = 16). Samples were from healthy male adults who died suddenly, and were treated with microwave digestion and wet digestion method. The results show that the contents of 23 elements (Na, Mg, P, K, As, Mo, Ag, Ba, Bi, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) are significantly higher, and 6 elements (Zn, Ga, Ge, Se, Au and Zr) are significantly lower in the 2004-05 samples than those in the 1982-83 samples. This difference would be related to the changes in environmental backgrounds and people's living habit during twenty years. The distinctive decrease in contents of the 2004-05 samples for most measured rare earth elements (REEs) may be due to more rational usage of REEs in present, while were the soil and corps were largely abused in 1980s in China. The significant increase in contents of some useful micro-elements (Zn and Se ) in the present samples maybe because of the increased intake of these elements as people own more health consciousness. Besides, the increased contents of heavy metal Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in the present samples may be related to the deterioration of air quality as industrialization course. More than half of measured elements have been significantly changed over twenty years, indicating that some normal value ranges of element contents should be adjusted according to the difference.

[Character study of content and correlativity of elements in Radix Astragali obtained from different regions].

OBJECTIVE: To study the characters of concentration of 42 elements in Radix Astragali and make an attempt at looking for relationship between the element concentration and regions where samplers are obtained. METHOD: Determining the content of elements in 40 Radix Astragali samples from 7 different provinces by ICP-MS, AFS and ASS. Analyzing the correlation of elements in Radix Astragali using statistic software (Spss). RESULT: Firstly, similar lines of element concentration have been acquired in our research. Secondly, it is observed that the content of elements in the samples shows regional diversity. Thirdly, there are 346 correlative element pairs in correlate analysis. And some of them indicate remarkable correlativity. CONCLUSION: With the aid of obtained results, it is concluded that element content in Radix Astragali display special distributing line. Remarkable correlation is presented in some element pairs. The quality of Radix Astragali gained from Neimeng, Shanxi and Gansu are better than those from other regions.