Evaluation of the Hepatoprotective Properties of Traditional Formulations Based on Cochlospermum tinctorium Used in Benin.

Hepatic diseases represent a public health problem. Among the approaches to their management is the use of traditional treatments based on the use of medicinal plants. In Benin, several recipes based on Cochlospermum tinctorium are used in the treatment of hepatitis without a real scientific basis. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects and acute oral toxicity of 10 of these recipes. The variables studied were the variety of C. tinctorium (wild form vs. cultivated form), the species associated with C. tinctorium (Combretum micranthum vs. Chromolaena odorata), and the proportion of C. tinctorium in the recipe (1; 4/5; 1/2). The hepatoprotective effect of these extracts at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/bw was evaluated in Wistar rats subjected to hepatotoxicity induction through the administration of 5 g/kg of paracetamol. Acute oral toxicity was assessed following the OECD 423 protocol. The results revealed an absence of acute oral toxicity for the 10 recipes. The hepatoprotective tests conducted indicated that the hepatoprotective effect of C. tinctorium is dose dependent. The wild variety of C. tinctorium had a better hepatoprotective effect than the cultivated one. The association with C. micranthum enhances the hepatoprotective effect of C. tinctorium, unlike that with C. odorata. This study emphasizes that the combination of C. tinctorium with C. micranthum in the treatment of hepatitis is scientifically justified and it exhibits a dose-dependent hepatoprotective effect.

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Acute Toxicity Evaluation of Senna italica Extract Used in Traditional Medicine.

Medicinal plants such as Senna italica are increasingly used for their purgative virtues to treat stomach aches, fever, and jaundice. This study aims to screen the phytochemical compounds and to assess the antioxidant activity in vitro and the acute oral toxicity in vivo of Senna italica leaves. The plant was harvested, dried, pulverized, and preserved. Phytochemical screening was performed using different laboratory protocols. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts were, respectively, obtained by maceration and decoction technics. The assay for free radical scavenging was used to examine the antioxidant activity using DPPH. Acute oral toxicity was performed with aqueous and ethanolic extracts at 5000 mg/kg of body weight on female albinos Wistar rats, weighing 152.44 ± 3.68 g. Subjects were checked for any signs of mortality and macroscopy toxicity during the 14 days of the study. Biochemical and hematological parameters were measured to assess liver and kidney functions, and histological analysis of these organs was conducted. Phytochemical analysis highlighted the presence of total phenols, flavones, tannins, alkaloids, and quinone derivatives. Semiethanolic (78 µg/mL), ethanolic (9.7 µg/mL), and aqueous extract (9.2 µg/mL) showed an interesting antioxidant activity. Biochemical and hematological parameters were normal and not significantly different (p > 0.05). The plant extracts did not produce any toxic effect or mortality at the provided dose. Senna italica extracts induced an increase in the volume of liver and kidney tissues but no necrosis. Thus, lethal dose 50 of Senna italica leaf extract is probably higher than 5000 mg/kg.

[Prevalence and factors associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis in women admitted to the Zone Hospital of Mènontin (Bénin)]. / Prévalence et facteurs associés aux candidoses vulvovaginales chez les femmes admises en consultation à l'Hôpital de Zone de Mènontin (Bénin).

Introduction: vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) are cosmopolitan affections, very frequent and recurrent, condition due to disruption in vaginal balance and local immunity system. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and factors associated with VVCs in women admitted to the Mènontin Hospital. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology over the period March - August 2020. Sociodemographic, medical and gynecological data were collected from the medical records of 1336 subjects. Candida species were identified by conventional microbiological tests. Results: the prevalence of candidiasis was 56.25% in women with leucorrhea. It was not associated with sociodemographic factors such as age, marital status and BMI. Gestational age; the colour of the cervix and the amount and consistency of leucorrhoea were related to the occurrence of candidiasis. The most common species included Candida dubliniensis (36.11%) and Candida albicans (29.17%). Conclusion: eight species of candida are responsible for VVC in southern Benin. Knowing the associated factors allows for the implementation of appropriate control strategies.

Ethnobotanical survey on plants used in the treatment of candidiasis in traditional markets of southern Benin.

BACKGROUND: Candidiasis, an opportunistic cosmopolitan disease is nowadays like bacterial infections which is a real public health problem. In view of the emergence of Candida strains resistant to existing antifungal agents, alternative solutions should be considered. This is the purpose of this ethnobotanical survey, which aims to identify the medicinal plant species traditionally used to treat candidiasis in traditional markets of southern Benin. METHODS: The study was performed from October 2015 to January 2018 in the traditional markets of Southern-Benin. Data were collected by two complementary methods: triplet purchase of medicinal recipes (ATRM) from herbalists markets and semi-structured interview (ISS) from traditional healers. RESULTS: A total of 109 species of medicinal plants belonging to 44 families have been listed and identified. The most frequently cited species were Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. & Diels, Lantana camara L., Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob, Ocimum gratissimum L. and Lippia multiflora Moldenke with respectively 43.84, 39.73 and 34.25% citation frequencies for the last three species respectively. Leguminosae (20.18%), Euphorbiaceae (5.50%) and Apocynaceae (5.50%) were the most represented botanical families. Leafy stems were more used than other plant organs. The decoction and the oral route were the most appropriate methods of preparation and administration reported by traditional healers. CONCLUSION: Benin's plant cover is made up of a wide variety of medicinal plant species used in the traditionnal treatment of candidiasis and which may constitute new sources of medicines to be developed.

Lassa fever in Benin: description of the 2014 and 2016 epidemics and genetic characterization of a new Lassa virus.

We report two outbreaks of Lassa fever that occurred in Benin in 2014 and 2016 with 20 confirmed cases and 50% (10/20) mortality. Benin was not previously considered to be an endemic country for Lassa fever, resulting in a delay to diagnose the disease and its human transmission. Molecular investigations showed the viral genomes to be similar to that of the Togo strain, which is genetically very different from other known strains and confirms the existence of a new lineage. Endemic circulation of Lassa virus in a new territory and the genetic diversity thus confirm that this virus represents a growing threat for West African people. Given the divergence of the Benin strain from the prototypic Josiah Sierra Leone strain frequently used to generate vaccine candidates, the efficacy of vaccine candidates should also be demonstrated with this strain.

Treatment of hypercholesterolemia: screening of Solanum macrocarpon Linn (Solanaceae) as a medicinal plant in Benin.

OBJECTIVE: Hypercholesterolemia is the greatest risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The present study is conducted to evaluate the lipid lowering activity of leaves and fruits of Solanum macrocarpon, a vegetable, on Wistar rats experimentally rendered hypercholesterolemic by Triton X-100. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The leaves and fruits were administered (p.o.) for 7 days to rats at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg of body weight. Atorvastatin was used as reference treatment drug. The data were analyzed by the Brown-Forsythe ANOVA, Dunnett's T3 multiple comparison test, and Dunnett's t test. All tests were done at the 5% significance level. RESULTS: Administration of S. macrocarpon (fruits as well as leaves) resulted in a statistically significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides in the treated groups compared with the untreated hypercholesterolemic group, regardless of the administrated doses. A significant increase in HDL-cholesterol was observed in the treated groups. Hepatic disorders due to the Triton have been corrected by S. macrocarpon. CONCLUSIONS: This vegetable effectively suppresses experimental hypercholesterolemia in Wistar rats, suggesting a protective role in cardiovascular diseases. Its use by individuals at risk should be promoted.

Health-risk market garden production linked to heavy metals in irrigation water in Benin.

Heavy metals in the Benin market garden products: is irrigation water the first factor in question, and what is the level of health risk linked to the consumption of these vegetables? Such are the essential problems that this survey attempts to solve. Comparison of the level of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) pollution shows that all the vegetables taken from three market sites are differently contaminated, as well as their irrigation water and the soil. But establishing that water is the first factor responsible for the presence of heavy metals in market garden products is not so obvious. Otherwise, the health risk assessment revealed that the total daily exposure dose (DED) of Cd, namely 8.05µg/kg/day, is high compared to the daily dose defined by the WHO, which is 1µg/kg/day. Also, the ensuing quotient of danger (QD) is 8.05; such a value poses public health risks for the consumer.

[Presence of lead in leaves of Solanum macrocarpon cultivated in Cotonou (Benin): role of poorly composted poultry manure]. / Présence du plomb dans les feuilles de Solanum macrocarpon Linn cultivé à Cotonou (Bénin) : rôle des fientes de poulets mal compostées.

This work assesses the impact of the use of chicken manure and irrigation water on the toxicological quality of Solanum macrocarpon, a highly appreciated vegetable. A control site in Glo-Djigbé, gardeners' sites at Houéyiho, Fidjrossè, and Agongbomey were included in the study. Lead has been sought in the environment of S. macrocarpon culture by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Regarding the content of lead in the droppings, the averages in mg/kg varied between 0.696 and 3.618. The soil of Houéyiho (46.320±0.651mg/kg) was more contaminated with lead than that of the other sites. The irrigation water used in the study sites was slightly contaminated with lead with values ranging between 0.038 and 0.017mg/L. Leaves taken from the control site, Glo-Djigbé were contaminated with lead with a value of 0.936±0.070mg/kg compared to those of Agongbomey, Houéyiho and Fidjrossè. The leaves of S. macrocarpon were contaminated with lead at significantly values higher than those imposed by the FAO (0.1mg/kg). Consumption without precautions could expose people to diseases related to the accumulation of this metal.