Revision of the Old World Sobarocephala (Diptera: Clusiidae).

The Old World Sobarocephala Czerny, 1903 are revised, with 16 of the 29 known species described here as new: S. anonymos spec. nov., S. apoxys spec. nov., S. cycla spec. nov., S. doryphoros spec. nov., S. insolata spec. nov., S. kapnikos spec. nov., S. laticrinis spec. nov., S. magna spec. nov., S. myllolabis spec. nov., S. nebulosa spec. nov., S. nimbipennis spec. nov., S. orientalis spec. nov., S. paksana spec. nov., S. recava spec. nov., S. secaperas spec. nov., and S. triangula spec. nov. Species are mostly Oriental and Afrotropical in distribution, but species also occur in Japan, Nepal and northern Australia. Species mostly belong to the exclusively Old World S. plumicornis species group, but there are also representatives from the predominantly New World S. flava and S. flaviseta groups. Sobarocephala is described for the first time from Australia, China, Laos, Sri Lanka, Madagascar and West Africa. A key and illustrations are provided.

Japanagromyza Sasakawa (Diptera: Agromyzidae) of Africa.

The African Japanagromyza Sasakawa are revised, including a key and genitalic illustrations, and the limits of the genus are discussed. Nine species are recognized, which include four previously described species and four newly described species: J. crinicolis spec. nov.; J. dolobrata spec. nov.; J. laureata spec. nov.; J. nesiota spec. nov. The ninth species ("female 1") is described but not formally named as it is known only from females. Japanagromyza salicifolii is known from Palaearctic Africa on Populus and Salix. The remaining eight species are known from the Afrotropical Region; of these, only Japanagromyzaparvula Spencer has a known host association [Fabaceae-Crotalaria].

Manual of North American Agromyzidae (Diptera, Schizophora), with revision of the fauna of the "Delmarva" states.

Тhe agromyzid (Diptera: Schizophora: Agromyzidae) fauna of America north of Mexico is described in the first part of this publication, including a genus key and discussions on morphology, life history and classification. The second part is a species-level revision of the family in the "Delmarva" states of the United States of America, that is, of the District of Columbia and the surrounding states of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia. The fauna of this region includes 156 species. This study presents 346 new state and provincial records and 23 new country records, two of which are new continental records (Agromyza abiens Zetterstedt and A. apfelbecki Strobl). Liriomyza endiviae Hering is no longer considered to occur in North America. Fifteen species are newly described: Agromyza echinalis sp. nov., Melanagromyza brunkei sp. nov., M. eoflacensis sp. nov., M. glyptos sp. nov., M. rutella sp. nov., Ophiomyia capitolia sp. nov., O. cuprea sp. nov., O. galiodes sp. nov., O. heleios sp. nov., O. kalia sp. nov., O. laticolis sp. nov., Cerodontha (Poemyza) ungulasp. nov., Phytomyza avicursa sp. nov., P. catenula sp. nov., and P. winkleri sp. nov. Four new species-level synonyms and one genus-level synonym are provided: Agromyza marmorensis Spencer syn. nov. is included as a synonym of A. aristata Malloch; Melanagromyza fastosa Spencer, syn. nov. is included as a junior synonym of Ophiomyia tiliae (Couden); Melanagromyza verbesinae Spencer is considered a synonym of M. vernoniana Steyskal; Phytomyza ranunculoides Spencer, syn. nov. is included as a junior synonym of Phytomyza loewii Hendel; the genus Liomycina Enderlein, syn. nov. is included as a junior synonym of Phytobia Lioy. Ophiomyia ultima (Spencer), comb. nov. is recombined from Melanagromyza. Euhexomyza albicula Spencer, stat. reinst., comb. nov. is resurrected from synonymy with E. winnemanae (Malloch). New host records are given.

Thirteen new species of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from the United States, with new host and distribution records for 32 additional species.

We present novel rearing records of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from throughout the United States. We describe leaf mines or other larval habits for 27 species, plus five others whose identification is tentative, and another five that are identified only to genus due to the absence of male specimens. We review host and distribution data for the known species, reporting 26 new host species records (including the first rearing records for Phytomyza flexuosa Spencer, P. notopleuralis Spencer, and (tentatively identified) Ophiomyia frosti Spencer) and 25 new state records (including the first USA records for P. krygeri Hering, P. thermarum (Griffiths), and (tentatively identified) Liriomyza cracentis Lonsdale). We also describe and provide natural history information for the following 13 new species: Haplopeodes loprestii Eiseman Lonsdale, Liriomyza euphorbivora Eiseman Lonsdale, L. hypopolymnia Eiseman Lonsdale, Melanagromyza arnoglossi Eiseman Lonsdale, M. gentianivora Eiseman Lonsdale, M. hieracii Eiseman Lonsdale, M. rudbeckiae Eiseman Lonsdale, M. urticae Eiseman Lonsdale, M. verbenivora Eiseman Lonsdale, Ophiomyia nabali Eiseman Lonsdale, O. rugula Eiseman Lonsdale, Phytomyza flavilonicera Eiseman Lonsdale, and P. triostevena Eiseman Lonsdale.

Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora)-Definition, history and relationships.

The Acalyptratae are a diverse, heterogenous assemblage of dozens of families of "higher flies" in the Schizophora (Diptera). There are ten acalyptrate superfamilies, two of which are reviewed and redefined here at the family-group level: Diopsoidea and Nerioidea. The superfamily Diopsoidea includes seven families: Diopsidae (two subfamilies and two tribes), Gobryidae, Megamerinidae, Nothybidae, Psilidae (three subfamilies), Somatiidae and Syringogastridae. The superfamily Nerioidea also includes seven families: Cypselosomatidae, Fergusoninidae, Micropezidae (five subfamilies), Neriidae, Pseudopomyzidae, Tanypezidae and Strongylophthalmyiidae. All 14 families are redescribed, figured and keyed, including notes on subordinate family-level groups. Homologies for external and genitalic characters are established, and the superfamilies and their family-level groups are discussed. A morphological phylogenetic analysis is provided, including representatives from all family-level groups in both ingroup superfamilies, as well as twelve outgroup taxa from five other acalyptrate superfamilies. Both superfamilies were supported as monophyletic, although both the Diopsoidea and its basal branches were supported by highly homoplasious characters and are here only tentatively accepted; a relationship between Diopsidae, Syringogastridae and Megamerinidae is strongly supported. Nerioidea is a well-defined group divided into three lineages, including one containing Pseudopomyzidae, Cypselosomatidae and Fergusoninidae, the latter of which was previously considered to be related to the family Agromyzidae (Opomyzoidea). Diopsoidea and Nerioidea were not found to be related.

New State and Host Records for Agromyzidae (Diptera) in the United States, with the Description of Ten New Species.

We present novel rearing records of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from throughout the United States. We describe leaf mines or other larval habits for 14 species, plus three others that could not be confidently identified in the absence of male specimens. We review host and distribution data for the known species, reporting 14 new host species records (including the first rearing records for Cerodontha (Dizygomyza) magnicornis (Loew)) and 12 new state records (including the first USA record for Phytomyza prava Spencer). We also describe and provide natural history information for the following ten new species: Agromyza princei, Melanagromyza vanderlindeni, Ophiomyia antennariae, O. osmorhizae, Calycomyza smallanthi, Liriomyza euphorbiella, L. garryae, L. phloxiphaga, Phytomyza nemophilae, and P. salviarum.

Nine new species of Agromyzidae from North Carolina, USA, with new host and distribution records for additional species.

We present novel rearing records of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from three years of collecting in North Carolina, USA. These include the first reported host for Calycomyza novascotiensis Spencer (new to the USA) and new host records for Ophiomyia beckeri (Hendel) (new to North America), Liriomyza helianthi Spencer, L. schmidti (Aldrich), and Phytomyza plantaginis Robineau-Desvoidy, all of which are reported from North Carolina for the first time. We review host and distribution data for each of these species and describe their leaf mines. We describe the following nine new species: Agromyza arundinariae, A. indistincta, Calycomyza chrysopsidis, Cerodontha (Butomomyza) enigma, Cer. (Poemyza) arundinariella, Cer. (P.) saintandrewsensis, Liriomyza carphephori, L. polygalivora, and L. triodanidis. Seven host plant genera are new for world Agromyzidae: Carphephorus Cass., Chrysogonum L., Chrysopsis (Nutt.) Elliott, Krigia Schreb., Pyrrhopappus DC. (Asteraceae), Triodanis Raf. ex Greene (Campanulaceae), and Arundinaria Michx. s.s. (Poaceae). Host plants of the new species also include Bidens L., Mikania Willd. (Asteraceae), Dichanthelium (Hitchc. Chase) Gould (Poaceae), and Polygala L. (Polygalaceae).

Diptera of Canada.

The Canadian Diptera fauna is updated. Numbers of species currently known from Canada, total Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), and estimated numbers of undescribed or unrecorded species are provided for each family. An overview of recent changes in the systematics and Canadian faunistics of major groups is provided as well as some general information on biology and life history. A total of 116 families and 9620 described species of Canadian Diptera are reported, representing more than a 36% increase in species numbers since the last comparable assessment by JF McAlpine et al. (1979). Almost 30,000 BINs have so far been obtained from flies in Canada. Estimates of additional number of species remaining to be documented in the country range from 5200 to 20,400.

New state and host records for Agromyzidae (Diptera) in the United States, with the description of thirty new species.

We present rearing records of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from five years of collecting throughout the United States. We review host and distribution data, and describe leaf mines, for 93 species, plus 28 others that could not be confidently identified in the absence of male specimens. We report 147 new host species records, including the first rearing records for Agromyza bispinata Spencer, A. diversa Johnson, A. parca Spencer, A. pudica Spencer, A. vockerothi Spencer, Calycomyza michiganensis Steyskal, Ophiomyia congregata (Malloch), and Phytomyza aldrichi Spencer. Phytomyza anemones Hering and (tentatively identified) Cerodontha (Dizygomyza) iraeos (Robineau-Desvoidy) are new to North America; Agromyza albitarsis Meigen, Amauromyza shepherdiae Sehgal, Aulagromyza populicola (Walker), Liriomyza orilliensis Spencer, Phytomyza linnaeae (Griffiths), P. solidaginivora Spencer, and P. solidaginophaga Sehgal are new to the USA. We also present confirmed USA records for Calycomyza menthae Spencer (previous records were based only on leaf mines), Ophiomyia maura (Meigen) (reported from the USA in older literature but deleted from the fauna in the most recent revision (Spencer Steyskal 1986)), and Phytomyza astotinensis Griffiths and P. thalictrivora Spencer (previously only tentatively recorded from the USA). We provide 111 additional new state records. We describe the following 30 new species: Agromyza fission, A. soka, Melanagromyza palmeri, Ophiomyia euthamiae, O. mimuli, O. parda, Calycomyza artemisivora, C. avira, C. eupatoriphaga, C. vogelmanni, Cerodontha (Dizygomyza) edithae, Cer. (D.) feldmani, Liriomyza ivorcutleri, L. valerianivora, Phytomyza actaeivora, P. aesculi, P. confusa, P. doellingeriae, P. erigeronis, P. hatfieldae, P. hydrophyllivora, P. palmeri, P. palustris, P. sempervirentis, P. tarnwoodensis, P. tigris, P. triangularidis, P. vancouveriella, P. verbenae, and P. ziziae.

A survey of Agromyzidae (Diptera) reared from leafmines on Long Island, New York; host associations, distribution data, and the description and host association of a new species.

Leafmining Agromyzidae (Diptera) are both common and widespread, yet little is known of the host associations and distribution of most species. Here we report on a multi-year study of agromyzid diversity on Long Island, New York. We reared 45 species and identified for the first time a host plant for Agromyza masculina Sehgal and a likely host plant for Ophiomyia carolinensis Spencer. Of the 45 species, 17 are new records for New York State, for which fewer than 40 agromyzid species had previously been known. A new agromyzid species was reared from blotch mines on black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia sp. and an undetermined yellow garden composite, both in the Asteraceae; this species is described here.

Name-bearing type specimens in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids Nematodes (CNC): Blattodea, Dermaptera, Notoptera, Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Myriapoda, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Phthiraptera, Pseudoscorpiones, Psocoptera, Raphidioptera Siphonaptera.

A catalogue is provided for the name-bearing types of most of the less diverse arthropod groups deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids Nematodes (CNC). There are 90 name-bearing types of Myriapoda [Chilopoda (3 types), Diplopoda (2)], Arachnida [Pseudoscorpiones (1)], and Insecta [Blattodea (1), Dermaptera (1), Notoptera (3), Mecoptera (3), Megaloptera (2), Neuroptera (11), Odonata (2), Orthoptera (5), Phthiraptera (2), Psocoptera (10), Raphidioptera (1) and Siphonaptera (43)]. Three myriapod syntypes are represented by an unknown number of specimens. Holotypes for Plesiorobius canadensis Klimaszewski Kevan (Neuroptera) and Sphaeropsocoides canadensis Grimaldi Engel (Psocoptera) are amber-preserved fossils. Portions of the holotype of Chaetospania assamensis Sakai are considered lost, as are an unknown number of syntype specimens for the centipede species Ethopolys alaskanus Chamberlin and E. integer Chamberlin. Collembola types were treated in Stebaeva et al. (2016), and Araneae, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera will be treated in future catalogues, completing inventories for the orders without associated research staff in the CNC. Definitions of relevant type specimens are provided, as is a preliminary summary of all 16,710 name-bearing type specimens held by the CNC, including those of the more diverse orders for which there are associated research staff: Nematoda, Acari, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera/Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera.

Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site.

Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site. Even so, extrapolations based on our data indicate that with further sampling, the actual total for the site could be closer to 8000 species. Efforts to completely sample a site, although resource-intensive and time-consuming, are needed to better ground estimations of world biodiversity based on limited sampling.

Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest: Why inventory is a vital science.

Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurquí de Moravia, San José Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurquí), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month. All morphospecies from all 73 families recorded were fully curated by technicians before submission to an international team of 59 taxonomic experts for identification.        Overall, a Malaise trap on the forest edge captured 1,988 species or 51% of all collected dipteran taxa (other than of Phoridae, subsampled only from this and one other Malaise trap). A Malaise trap in the forest sampled 906 species. Of other sampling methods, the combination of four other Malaise traps and an intercept trap, aerial/hand collecting, 10 emergence traps, and four CDC light traps added the greatest number of species to our inventory. This complement of sampling methods was an effective combination for retrieving substantial numbers of species of Diptera. Comparison of select sampling methods (considering 3,487 species of non-phorid Diptera) provided further details regarding how many species were sampled by various methods.        Comparison of species numbers from each of two permanent Malaise traps from Zurquí with those of single Malaise traps at each of Tapantí and Las Alturas, 40 and 180 km distant from Zurquí respectively, suggested significant species turnover. Comparison of the greater number of species collected in all traps from Zurquí did not markedly change the degree of similarity between the three sites, although the actual number of species shared did increase.        Comparisons of the total number of named and unnamed species of Diptera from four hectares at Zurquí is equivalent to 51% of all flies named from Central America, greater than all the named fly fauna of Colombia, equivalent to 14% of named Neotropical species and equal to about 2.7% of all named Diptera worldwide. Clearly the number of species of Diptera in tropical regions has been severely underestimated and the actual number may surpass the number of species of Coleoptera.        Various published extrapolations from limited data to estimate total numbers of species of larger taxonomic categories (e.g., Hexapoda, Arthropoda, Eukaryota, etc.) are highly questionable, and certainly will remain uncertain until we have more exhaustive surveys of all and diverse taxa (like Diptera) from multiple tropical sites.        Morphological characterization of species in inventories provides identifications placed in the context of taxonomy, phylogeny, form, and ecology. DNA barcoding species is a valuable tool to estimate species numbers but used alone fails to provide a broader context for the species identified.

The Liriomyza (Diptera: Schizophora: Agromyzidae) of Canada & Alaska.

The Liriomyza (Diptera: Agromyzidae) of Canada and Alaska is revised, with species keyed and illustrated, and new host and geographic records provided. Eighty one species are recognized, including 24 new to science: L. agrios, L. albispina, L. anatolis, L. aphila, L. apilaca, L. aquapolis, L. arenarium, L. atrassimilis, L. bicolumbis, L. charada, L. cracentis, L. elevaster, L. emaciata, L. fumeola, L. gibsoni, L. griffithsi, L. hilairensis, L. limopsis, L. mesocanadensis, L. pilicornis, L. pistilla, L. rigaudensis, L. taraxanox, L. taraxanuda, L. tryssos. Ten species known from the United States are recorded as new to Canada: L. artemisiae Spencer, L. assimilis (Malloch), L. baccharidis Spencer, L. helianthi Spencer, L. merga Lonsdale, L. minor Spencer, L. sabaziae Spencer, L. temperata Spencer, L. violivora (Spencer) and L. virgo (Zetterstedt). Palaearctic species new to North America include L. wachtli Hendel and L. flaveola (Fallén); while the latter species has been recorded in North America before, all previous records represent misidentifications. Hosts are recorded for the first time for L. balcanicoides Sehgal, L. minor Spencer, L. orilliensis Spencer and L. socialis Spencer. Galiomyza Spencer syn. nov. is included as a junior synonym of Liriomyza Mik, resulting in six new combinations.

World Catalogue of the Druid Flies (Diptera: Schizophora: Clusiidae).

Family-, genus- and species-level groups in the family Clusiidae (Diptera: Schizophora) are catalogued, providing reference to occurrences of these taxa in the literature, including all those relevant to nomenclature. Full synonymies are provided, including generic combinations for species, and the collection locality, depository and sex of primary type specimens. Published species distributions are provided, noting country and biogeographic region; specimen data representing new country records for species are listed. The Clusiidae are known from 636 species in 14 genera and three subfamilies, with many additional species expected. Nearly half of all described species are Sobarocephala, with 269 species, followed by the clusiodine genera Heteromeringia (86 species), Allometopon (68), Hendelia (53 species), Czernyola (50 species) and Clusiodes (31 species); the remaining eight genera (seven extant, one fossil) are smaller, consisting of 1 to 16 species. Two other fossil genera, Acartophthalmites Hennig and Xenanthomyza Hennig, are also treated here, but are unlikely to belong to the family. Taxa formerly considered Clusiidae are listed. Tranomeringia scutellata Sasakawa is transferred to Heteromeringia, n. comb. Czernyola is maintained as the replacement name for Craspedochaeta, following Bezzi (1907), McAlpine (1971) and Lonsdale, et al. (2010), resulting in the following new combinations: Czernyola amazonensis (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. apsilutea (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. argoniae (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. biloba (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. brunneivibrissa (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. candida (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. chauliodon (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. chela (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. concinna (Williston) n. comb.; C. feminea (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. loreto (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. maai (Sasakawa) n. comb.; C. melanosoma (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. novaeguinea (Soós) n. comb.; C. pacaraima (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. parva (Sasakawa) n. comb.; C. phaios (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. pilosa (Sasakawa) n. comb.; C. pleuralis (Williston) n. comb.; C. pollostos (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. protomis (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. quinquespinula (Sasakawa) n. comb.; C. sasakawai (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. spinulifera (Sasakawa) n. comb.; C. unguicauda (Sasakawa) n. comb.; C. varicolor (Sueyoshi) n. comb.; C. vietnamensis (Sasakawa) n. comb.; C. weemsi (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. xanthonotum (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.; C. xanthopleura (Sasakawa) n. comb.; C. zongo (Lonsdale & Marshall) n. comb.

Revision of the genus Allometopon Kertész (Diptera: Clusiidae).

The genus Allometopon Kertész is revised, recognizing 68 species, including 5 undescribed species known only from females. The genus is mostly known from the Australian (30 spp.) and Oriental Regions (33 spp.-only one unnamed female is found in both Australian and Oriental Regions), but also the Afrotropical (5 spp.) and Palaearctic Regions (1 sp.). Most Allometopon are new to science, with 40 new species described here: A. acum, A. asylum, A. atribatum, A. bharetum, A. bivittatum, A. cavernosium, A. cheiris, A. conopeum, A. eotoxon, A. fumihalteratum, A. fuscinum, A. gaimarii, A. giallo, A. glochis, A. gracile, A. hauseri, A. hesperotoxon, A. hirsutum, A. horridum, A. infernum, A. juxtum, A. kokodensis, A. lunatum, A. lux, A. macalpinei, A. machaeroges, A. magnum, A. monstrum, A. nyx, A. phenomena, A. philomela, A. platystylum, A. plicatum, A. procne, A. selenis, A. solare, A. suspirium, A. tenebrae, A. tetrathrix, and A. trilobellum. Calometopon Frey syn. nov. (subgenus of Allometopon with type species A. nobile Frey, by original designation) is included as a junior synonym of Allometopon. Sobarocephala geniculata Sasakawa is recombined as Allometopon geniculatum comb. nov. A key, illustrations and photographs are provided for species.

Catalogue of type materials of springtails (Hexapoda, Collembola) in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids & Nematodes.

The catalogue assembles and updates all data concerning the type material of Collembola kept in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids & Nematodes in Ottawa (CNC). Information is provided for type material of 69 species. Included are holotypes of 31 species (together with 5 ones from Cretaceous amber), syntypes of 26 species (four of them are presently considered to be junior synonyms) and paratypes of 32 species (one of which is considered a junior synonym). Essential label data, references to original descriptions, and modern status including synonyms are given.

World catalogue of the family Tanypezidae (diptera: Schizophora).

Family, genus and species group names in the family Tanypezidae (Diptera: Schizophora) are catalogued, providing references to occurrence in the literature and nomenclature. Full synonymies are provided, including generic combinations for species, type localities, and repositories and sex for name-bearing types. Species distributions by country are provided, noting biogeographic region(s). The Tanypezidae are known from 28 species in two genera (Tanypeza Fallén and Neotanypeza Hendel).