Episodic versus thematic media framing of violence against social leaders and human rights defenders in Colombia.

Social leaders and human rights defenders (SLHRD) in Colombia have been under increasing attack for defending the rights of communities affected by violence. From 2016 to 2022, over 600 SLHRD were assassinated, resulting in a serious violation of both individual and community human rights. The media's portrayal of these attacks can shape public perceptions and influence efforts towards peacebuilding and promoting human rights. This study examines the media's framing of violence against SLHRD in Colombia between 2016 and 2020, a period marked by an escalation of violence after the signing of the 2016 peace accord between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). We analysed 1506 textual publications from seven media outlets using a lexicometric approach and identified two frames of news articles: episodic and thematic. Our findings suggest that the episodic media framing may present a simplistic and non-political perspective of the issue, which can impede peacebuilding efforts, while the thematic frame can raise awareness of violence against SLHRD and promote human rights defence. Our study highlights the media's significant role in shaping public opinion on violence against SLHRD, offering practical implications for advocacy and activism.

Smart Pasta Design: Tailoring Formulations for Technological Excellence with Sprouted Quinoa and Kiwicha Grains.

The pursuit of developing healthier pasta products without compromising technological properties involves a strategic approach via the customization of raw material formulations and the integration of grain germination and extrusion processes. This study explores the impact of incorporating sprouts from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and kiwicha (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) on the physicochemical properties of pasta by employing a centroid mixture design. The desirability function was utilized to identify the optimal ingredient proportions necessary to achieve specific objectives. The study identified optimal formulations for two pasta variations: pasta with the substitution of sprouted quinoa and cushuro powder (PQC), and pasta with partial substitution of sprouted kiwicha and cushuro powder (PKC). The optimal formulation for PKC was determined as 70% wheat flour (WF), 15% sprouted kiwicha flour (SKF), and 15% cushuro powder (CuP), with a desirability score of 0.68. Similarly, for PQC, the optimal formulation comprised 79% WF, 13% sprouted quinoa flour (SQF), and 8% CuP, with a desirability of 0.63. The optimized pasta formulation exhibited longer cooking times (10 and 8 min), increased weight gain (235% and 244%), and minimal loss of solids (1.4 and 1.2%) for PQC and PKC, respectively. Notably, firmness (2.8 and 2.6 N) and breaking strength values (2 and 2.7 N) for PQC and PKC pasta formulations, respectively, were comparable to those of the control sample (2.7 N and 2.6 N for firmness and fracturability, respectively). This research underscores the potential of tailored formulations and innovative processes to enhance the nutritional profile of pasta while maintaining key technological attributes.

Did Descriptive and Prescriptive Norms About Gender Equality at Home Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Cross-National Investigation.

Using data from 15 countries, this article investigates whether descriptive and prescriptive gender norms concerning housework and child care (domestic work) changed after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of a total of 8,343 participants (M = 19.95, SD = 1.68) from two comparable student samples suggest that descriptive norms about unpaid domestic work have been affected by the pandemic, with individuals seeing mothers' relative to fathers' share of housework and child care as even larger. Moderation analyses revealed that the effect of the pandemic on descriptive norms about child care decreased with countries' increasing levels of gender equality; countries with stronger gender inequality showed a larger difference between pre- and post-pandemic. This study documents a shift in descriptive norms and discusses implications for gender equality-emphasizing the importance of addressing the additional challenges that mothers face during health-related crises.

Relationships between maternal ethnicity, gestational age, birth weight, weight gain, and severe retinopathy of prematurity.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an algorithm that allows advanced identification of infants requiring treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective observational study was performed at 2 tertiary neonatal units serving a multiethnic population in the UK, using data on 929 infants eligible for ROP screening. The relationships between study variables and the risk of developing ROP requiring treatment were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: After applying exclusion criteria, data from 589 infants were analyzed; of these, 57 required laser treatment. The proportion of treated infants was 5.9% of those born to black mothers, 9.39% of those born to white mothers, and 12.8% of those born to Asian mothers (P = .047). Multiple logistic regression showed that gestational age, birth weight, maternal ethnicity, and early weight gain were predictors for the development of ROP requiring treatment, with maternal ethnicity having greater predictive power compared with early weight gain. We developed an algorithm for predicting the development of ROP requiring treatment with sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 100%, 65.7%, 23.8%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Gestational age, birth weight, early weight gain, and maternal ethnicity are important predictors for the development of ROP requiring treatment. In a multiethnic population, an algorithm to predict development of ROP requiring treatment should include maternal ethnicity. If confirmed through prospective studies, this algorithm could reduce the number of opthalmologic examinations performed for ROP screening.

Enhancing Nutritional Profile of Pasta: The Impact of Sprouted Pseudocereals and Cushuro on Digestibility and Health Potential.

We hypothesized that optimizing the formulation of pasta by incorporating sprouted pseudocereal flours, specifically quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) or kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus L.) and cushuro (Nostoc sphaericum Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault) flours, could offer the potential to simultaneously enhance nutritional quality and health-promoting properties in pasta. In this study, our objective was to optimize the formulation of composite flour (a ternary blend of wheat, sprouted pseudocereal, and cushuro flours) using a mixture composite design to maximize total soluble phenolic compounds (TSPC), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), antioxidant activity, and mineral bioaccesilability by reducing phytic acid (PA) content. Two optimal formulations were identified: one consisting of 79% wheat flour (WF), 13% SQF, and 8% CuF (oPQC), and the other composed of 70% WF, 15% SKF, and 15% CuF (oPKC). These optimized pastas exhibited reduced starch content and notably higher levels of total dietary fiber (1.5-3.61-fold), protein (1.16-fold), fat (1.3-1.5-fold), ash (2.2-2.7-fold), minerals (K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mg, Mn, and Ca), PA (3-4.5-fold), TSPC (1.3-1.9-fold), GABA (1.2-2.6-fold), and ORAC (6.5-8.7-fold) compared to control pasta (100% WF). Notably, the glycemic index of oPQC (59.8) was lower than that of oPKC (54.7) and control pasta (63.1). The nutritional profile of the optimized pasta was largely retained after cooking, although some significant losses were observed for soluble dietary fiber (18.2-44.0%), K (47.5-50.7%), Na (42.5-63.6), GABA (41.68-51.4%), TSPC (8-18%), and antioxidant activity (45.4-46.4%). In vitro digestion of cooked oPQC and oPKC demonstrated higher bioaccessible content of GABA (6.7-16.26 mg/100 g), TSPC (257.7-261.8 mg GAE/100 g), Ca (58.40-93.5 mg/100 g), and Fe (7.35-7.52 mg/100 g), as well as antioxidant activity (164.9-171.1 µmol TE/g) in intestinal digestates compared to control pasta. These findings suggest that the incorporation of sprouted pseudocereals and cushuro flour offers a promising approach to enhance the nutritional quality and bioactive content of wheat-based pasta, potentially providing health benefits beyond traditional formulations.

Social Support as a Mediator of the Relationship between Identity Fusion and Psychological Well-Being in South-South Migrant Populations.

The present study provides evidence of how perceived social support is a mechanism by which identity fusion with the country of origin is associated with psychological well-being in a migrant population. The study design was cross-sectional. We use intentional sampling based on the accessibility of the participants and using the snowball strategy through an online survey. This study included 323 Venezuelan migrants, of whom 176 (54.5%) were women, all residents of the city of Santiago, Chile. The variables assessed were perceived social support, identity fusion, and psychological well-being. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the proposed mediation model. The estimation method used was robust weighted least squares estimation. The estimated models indicated that perceived social support has a mediating effect on the positive relationship between identity fusion and psychological well-being of Venezuelan migrants residing in Chile. According to these results, feeling a sense of fusion with the country of origin and the perception of having sources of care and protection are factors that may help to improve the psychological well-being of Venezuelan migrants living in Chile. Implications and limitations of these results are discussed.

Improving Nutritional and Health Benefits of Biscuits by Optimizing Formulations Based on Sprouted Pseudocereal Grains.

A mixture design (MD) was used to evaluate the effect of replacing wheat flour (WF) with sprouted cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen), kiwicha (Amarathus caudatus L.), and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) flours (SCF, SKF, and SQF, respectively) on the content of phytic acid (PA), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), total soluble phenolic compounds (TSPC), and antioxidant activity (AA) in biscuits. Generally, sprouted pseudocereal flours contained lower amounts of starch and protein, comparable fat, ash, PA content, and increased levels of bioactive compounds (GABA and TSPC) and AA compared with wholegrain flours. Moreover, it was confirmed that sprouted pseudocereal flours were nutritionally superior to refined WF. MD allowed the modeling of target parameters showing that PA, GABA, TSPC, and AA were positively influenced by the proportion of flours in the biscuit. The models that better described the variation in nutritional parameters as a function of the formulation displayed typically linear and binary interactions terms. SKF exerted the highest influence on the increased content of PA. Therefore, to increase mineral bioavailability, the use of SCF and SQF in the formulation of biscuits was suggested. SCF and SQF positively influenced in GABA, TSPC, and AA in biscuits. The optimal ternary blends of flours that maximize the content of bioactive compounds and AA of biscuits and simultaneously minimize PA content were identified. To study the fate of biscuits in digestion, the optimal formulation for biscuits containing SQF/SCF was selected. For this type of baked product, reduced starch digestibility and glycemic index was observed compared with the control (100% WF). Moreover, the amounts of bioaccessible GABA, TSPC, and AA were higher in gastric and intestinal digests compared with control biscuit. Overall, these results highlighted the nutritional and health benefits of incorporation of flours from sprouted Andean grains in the production of biscuits.

Reformulating Bread Using Sprouted Pseudo-cereal Grains to Enhance Its Nutritional Value and Sensorial Attributes.

Sprouting is an effective treatment for improving nutritional and bioactive properties as well as lowering the anti-nutritional compounds in pseudo-cereals. Enhancing nutritional properties when using sprouted pseudo-cereals flours as a baking ingredient requires tailored formulation. Simplex centroid designs and response surface methodology has been applied in the present study to define the ideal proportions of ternary blends of sprouted kiwicha (SKF), cañihua (SCF) and wheat flours (WF) to simultaneously enhance the content in bioactive compounds (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA, total soluble phenolic compounds and TSPC), as well as sensory (odor, color, taste and texture) and functional attributes (antioxidant activity, AA) while reducing phytic acid (PA) content of bread. The effect of gastric and intestinal digestion on bioactive compounds, AA, PA and starch hydrolysis was also evaluated. Mixture design allowed for the identification of optimal formulation (5% SKF, 23.1% SCF, 71.9% WF) that can be used to obtain breads with higher content of GABA, TSPC, AA, overall sensorial acceptability (scores > 7) and reduced PA content and glycemic index. Moreover, this study demonstrated that these nutritional and health benefits provided by the replacement of WF by sprouted pseudo-cereal flours remained upon digestion. The results of this study indicated that WF replacement with SKF and SCF is sensory acceptable and improved the nutritional quality of bread.

The Role of Psychology in Media During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-National Study.

Dealing with COVID-19 and with the preventative measures that have been taken to mitigate the transmission of the virus causing the pandemic has posed a great challenge to the population. While psychologists have expertise with regard to preventive behavior change and to dealing with the mental health impact of measures, their expertise needs to be effectively communicated to the public. Mass media play a critical role in times of crisis, in many cases being the only source of information. While most research focuses on the importance of information content as a factor affecting psychological responses to a collective traumatic event, the way information is framed in the media is likely to influence the way health professionals are perceived as trustworthy. This study aimed to analyze the media framing of information from psychology during the COVID-19 pandemic in six countries from America and Europe, identifying the most recurrent topics in the news (n news items = 541) related to psychology and mental health. In all six countries the media address the psychological needs of the population, which vary depending on the imposed restrictions. The news content is influenced by the scientific sources used by the media. While the most prevalent topics focus on psychological risk and the need to seek mental health care, the least prevalent topics relate to counseling and behavioral guidelines for managing the psychological consequences of the pandemic. The study findings provide insight into how psychological knowledge contributes to the understanding and mitigation of COVID-19 consequences in different countries and identified fields where psychologists were consulted to respond to a health emergency. They also show a preference to consult other experts when searching for contextual or more macro-social explanations of critical situation.

Resveratrol/Hydrazone Hybrids: Synthesis and Chemopreventive Activity against Colorectal Cancer Cells.

A series of resveratrol/hydrazone hybrids were obtained and elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. All compounds were evaluated against colorectal cancer cells (SW480 and Sw620) and nonmalignant cell lines (HaCaT and CHO-K1) to establish the selectivity index. Among the hybrids evaluated, compounds 6e and 7 displayed the highest cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of = 6.5 ± 1.9 µM and 19.0 ± 1.4 µM, respectively, on SW480 cells. In addition, hybrid 7 also exhibited activity on SW620 cells with an IC50 value of 38.41 ± 3.3 µM. Both compounds were even more toxic against these malignant cells in comparison to the nonmalignant ones, as evidenced by higher selectivity indices 48 h after treatment. These compounds displayed better activity and selectivity than parental compounds (PIH and Resveratrol) and the reference drug (5-FU). In addition, it was observed that both compounds caused antiproliferative activity probably exerted by cell cycle arrest at the G2/M or G0/G1 phases, with the formation of cells in the subG0/G1 phase. Furthermore, it was noticed that compound 7 induced mitochondrial depolarization in SW480 cells and positive staining for propidium iodide in both cancer cell lines, suggesting cell membrane damage involving either apoptosis or other processes of death.

Synthesis and Chemopreventive Potential of 5-FU/Genistein Hybrids on Colorectal Cancer Cells.

A series of 5-FU-Genistein hybrids were synthesized and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The chemopreventive potential of these compounds was evaluated in human colon adenocarcinoma cells (SW480 and SW620) and non-malignant cell lines (HaCaT and CHO-K1). Hybrid 4a displayed cytotoxicity against SW480 and SW620 cells with IC50 values of 62.73 ± 7.26 µM and 50.58 ± 1.33 µM, respectively; compound 4g induced cytotoxicity in SW620 cells with an IC50 value of 36.84 ± 0.71 µM. These compounds were even more selective than genistein alone, the reference drug (5-FU) and the equimolar mixture of genistein plus 5-FU. In addition, hybrids 4a and 4g induced time- and concentration-dependent antiproliferative activity and cell cycle arrest at the S-phase and G2/M. It was also observed that hybrid 4a induced apoptosis in SW620 cells probably triggered by the extrinsic pathway in response to the activation of p53, as evidenced by the increase in the levels of caspases 3/8 and the tumor suppressor protein (Tp53). Molecular docking studies suggest that the most active compound 4a would bind efficiently to proapoptotic human caspases 3/8 and human Tp53, which in turn could provide valuable information on the biochemical mechanism for the in vitro cytotoxic response of this compound in SW620 colon carcinoma cell lines. On the other hand, molecular dynamics (MD) studies provided strong evidence of the conformational stability of the complex between caspase-3 and hybrid 4a obtained throughout 100 ns all-atom MD simulation. Molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) analyses of the complex with caspase-3 showed that the interaction between the ligand and the target protein is stable. Altogether, the results suggest that the active hybrids, mainly compound 4a, might act by modulating caspase-3 activity in a colorectal cancer model, making it a privileged scaffold that could be used in future investigations.

Performance of Thermoplastic Extrusion, Germination, Fermentation, and Hydrolysis Techniques on Phenolic Compounds in Cereals and Pseudocereals.

Bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, are phytochemicals found in significant amounts in cereals and pseudocereals and are usually evaluated by spectrophotometric (UV-VIS), HPLC, and LC-MS techniques. However, their bioavailability in grains is quite limited. This restriction on bioavailability and bioaccessibility occurs because they are in conjugated polymeric forms. Additionally, they can be linked through chemical esterification and etherification to macro components. Techniques such as thermoplastic extrusion, germination, fermentation, and hydrolysis have been widely studied to release phenolic compounds in favor of their bioavailability and bioaccessibility, minimizing the loss of these thermosensitive components during processing. The increased availability of phenolic compounds increases the antioxidant capacity and favor their documented health promoting.

Andean Sprouted Pseudocereals to Produce Healthier Extrudates: Impact in Nutritional and Physicochemical Properties.

The tailored formulation of raw materials and the combination of grain germination and extrusion processes could be a promising strategy to achieve the desired goal of developing healthier expanded extrudates without compromising sensory properties. In this study, modifications in the nutritional, bioactive profile and physicochemical properties of corn extrudates as influenced by the complete or partial replacement by sprouted quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) were investigated. A simplex centroid mixture design was used to study the effects of formulation on nutritional and physicochemical properties of extrudates, and a desirability function was applied to identify the optimal ingredient ratio in flour blends to achieve desired nutritional, texture and color goals. Partial incorporation of sprouted quinoa flour (SQF) and cañihua flour (SCF) in corn grits (CG)-based extrudates increased phytic acid (PA), total soluble phenolic compounds (TSPC), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and oxygen radical antioxidant activity (ORAC) of the extrudates. Sprouted grain flour usually results in an deleterious effect physicochemical properties of extrudates, but the partial mixture of CG with SQF and SCF circumvented the negative effect of germinated flours, improving technological properties, favoring the expansion index and bulk density and increasing water solubility. Two optimal formulations were identified: 0% CG, 14% SQF and 86% SCF (OPM1) and 24% CG, 17% SQF and 59% SCF (OPM2). The optimized extrudates showed a reduced amount of starch and remarkably higher content of total dietary fiber, protein, lipids, ash, PA, TSPC, GABA and ORAC as compared to those in 100% CG extrudates. During digestion, PA, TSPC, GABA and ORAC showed good stability in physiological conditions. Higher antioxidant activity and amounts of bioaccessible TSPC and GABA were found in OPM1 and OPM2 digestates as compared to those in 100% CG extrudates.

Indicators of Identity and Psychological Well-Being in Immigrant Population.

Multiple research has indicated that group identity processes are critical to understanding the dynamics of psychological well-being linked to migration. However, few studies have analyzed the relationship between identity from different theoretical perspectives, and the mental health of migrants in the Latin-American context. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between several identity indicators such as ethnic identity, collective self-esteem, identity fusion (with the country of origin and the host country) simultaneously, and different dimensions of psychological well-being of Colombian migrants living in Chile. The sample consisted of 887 Colombian migrants, of whom 435 (49%) were men and 452 (51%) were women. Participants were residents of the cities of Arica (n=204; 23%), Antofagasta (n=469; 52.9%), and Santiago (n=214; 24.1%) in Chile. The results revealed by structural equation modeling indicate that collective self-esteem and ethnic identity show positive relationships with almost all dimensions of psychological well-being, while identity fusion with Colombia only showed a positive relationship with the dimension positive relationships and identity fusion with Chile only showed a positive relationship with the dimension autonomy. Implications and limitations of these results are discussed at the end.

Psychosocial rehabilitation experiences of women victims of armed conflict in Montes de María, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: After 9 years of the ground-breaking social policy Law 1448 of 2011 -Victims Law- and its extension until 2030, the Colombian State and other stakeholders have made several efforts towards granting the right of integral reparation for more than 9 million victims that are recognized in the Colombian transitional context. Psychosocial rehabilitation is a Victims Law's reparation measure whose objective is to re-establish the psychosocial, physical and mental health welfare in the individual, familiar and community levels. This study aims to understand the experiences of psychosocial rehabilitation of women victims of armed conflict in Montes de Maria and the underlying social intervention paradigms that guide the Law's implementation. METHODS: Based on a qualitative design with a phenomenological approach, narrative tools and thematic network analysis permitted to give voice to the women participants. Individual narrative interviews were conducted with 12 women victims and a focus group with eight of them was used as a triangulation strategy. RESULTS: Although the Victims Law is oriented by a sociopolitical intervention paradigm, the stories of the women's victims of Montes de María mainly evidenced non-sociopolitical interventions with humanitarian assistance towards revictimization and State abandonment. As a coping mechanism towards the State negligence encountered, women strive to overcome psychosocial trauma by developing agency and community resources for the resignification of the traumatic experiences and peacebuilding. CONCLUSIONS: For the Victims Law to achieve its integrality aim, the psychosocial approach should be implemented through all its measures but remains absent in Montes de Maria. The diversity of victim's individual and collective initiatives that were found, can contribute towards transformative and participatory psychosocial intervention with community's resources. Women victims can perform as advisors and collaborators in the implementation of individual and collective reparation, which remains as an opportunity for psychosocial rehabilitation and peacebuilding. Further monitoring and evaluation of the law with a territorial and differential perspective is required to respond to the victim's needs.

[Occupational safety and health management of COVID-19 at a company in the Peruvian fishing sector]. / Gestión de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo frente al Covid-19 en una empresa del sector pesquero peruano.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occupational safety and health management of COVID-19 at a company in the Peruvian fishing sector Methods: The independent variable was occupational safety and health management, defined as the implementation of preventive and control measures in response to COVID-19. The dependent variable was defined as the number of detected COVID-19 cases and test positivity rate. We used a pre- (implementation phase) and post-test (following the implementation phase) study design. We performed a non-parametric inferential analysis to identify any significant pre- and post-test differences and any associations between the variables. RESULTS: The company initiated a strategy to detect positive cases through the use of serological tests. During the first stage, 2329 tests were conducted, yielding a positivity rate of 71%. Once prevention and control actions were implemented, the positivity rate in August 2020 had decreased to 15.65%,, a statistically significant decrease (p<0.05), as well as its relationship to the measures implemented. CONCLUSIONS: This occupational safety and health intervention significantly reduced the number of COVID-19 cases and positivity rate in this group of workers in the Peruvian fishing sector.

Objetivo: Evaluar la gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo de una empresa del sector pesquero peruano frente al Covid-19 Métodos: La variable independiente fue la gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo respecto a la implementación de acciones preventivas y de control frente al Covid-19. La variable dependiente se midió a través del número de casos detectados y la tasa de positividad de Covid-19. Se utilizó un diseño preexperimental con una preprueba, durante la implementación en proceso y una post prueba, con información recopilada al finalizar las acciones preventivas y de control. Se realizó un análisis inferencial no paramétrico para establecer diferencias significativas entre la preprueba y la post prueba y el grado de asociación entre las variables. Resultados: La empresa inició una estrategia de detección de casos positivos a través del uso de pruebas serológicas. Durante la primera etapa, se realizaron 2329 pruebas que arrojaron un 71% de positividad. Una vez que se implementaron las acciones de prevención y control la tasa de positividad se redujo a un 15.65% durante agosto del 2020. Las pruebas inferenciales mostraron un nivel de significación (p<0.05) en la reducción obtenida, así como en la relación de esta con las medidas adoptadas. Conclusiones: Una adecuada gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo frente al Covid-19 redujo de manera significativa el número de casos detectados y la tasa de positividad del Covid-19 en trabajadores del sector pesquero peruano.

[Alpha diversity patterns in three fragmented forests of Northern Andes, Colombia]. / Patrones de diversidad alfa en tres fragmentos de bosques montanos en la región norte de los Andes, Colombia.

Diversity studies in forests are useful for conservation management. We analyzed the patterns of alpha diversity in three protected forests along an altitudinal gradient in the Northern part of the Central Mountain Range, Colombia. The study was based on six permanent plots of 1 ha (two per area). According to plant size, two main categories were used: canopy (diameter at breast height > or = 10 cm) and understory (1 cm < or = diameter at breast height < 10 cm). Species-area curves showed differences in species richness by size category in all regions. Instead, species-individual curves were independent of the size in Anorí and Angelópolis, but not in Belmira. Diversity patterns, as measured by Fisher's alpha index, showed a strong tendency to reach a plateau for sample sizes larger than 1000 individuals. Neither species-area curves nor species-individual curves showed an asymptote; however, the species accumulation rate in Belmira was very low (0.05) when compared to Anorí and Angelópolis (0.25). Fisher's alpha index is a very useful tool to understand the extent of relative differences in diversity among regions or forest types along altitudinal gradients, even when sample size is relatively small. Our results support dispersal limitation as the main mechanism structuring species assemblages at very fine scales, and the monotonic increment of density-dependence processes determining the tree community structure at larger spatial scales. Likewise, we found that density-dependence tends to increase with altitude.

Thirty Years of Psicothema: A Bibliometric Analysis (1989-2018).

BACKGROUND: This study presents a bibliometric analysis of Psicothema as a commemoration for its 30 years of publishing (1989-2018). METHODS: A year-, sex-, and publication language-based analysis of the journal's characteristics was carried out based on the sample of 2,396 publications. Based on that data, Lotka's law was assessed, Lawani and Subramanyam indices and cooperation networks were estimated, the Pratt index was calculated, the concentration of papers according to thematic areas and research methods was described, and citations and impact indicators were obtained according to the original articles indexed in Web of Science (1993-2018). RESULTS: The results indicated greater participation by male authors, increased publication in English, compliance with Lotka's law, and a greater inter-institutional contribution in recent decades. There was a higher percentage of methodology/psychometrics-related work, and most of these publications used quantitative methods. The impact factor and the amount of citations reached its peak in 2018. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of Psicothema, which is a model of scientific communication of psychology in the international context, are discussed in this study.

Collective Effervescence, Self-Transcendence, and Gender Differences in Social Well-Being During 8 March Demonstrations.

8 March (8M), now known as International Women's Day, is a day for feminist claims where demonstrations are organized in over 150 countries, with the participation of millions of women all around the world. These demonstrations can be viewed as collective rituals and thus focus attention on the processes that facilitate different psychosocial effects. This work aims to explore the mechanisms (i.e., behavioral and attentional synchrony, perceived emotional synchrony, and positive and transcendent emotions) involved in participation in the demonstrations of 8 March 2020, collective and ritualized feminist actions, and their correlates associated with personal well-being (i.e., affective well-being and beliefs of personal growth) and collective well-being (i.e., social integration variables: situated identity, solidarity and fusion), collective efficacy and collective growth, and behavioral intention to support the fight for women's rights. To this end, a cross-cultural study was conducted with the participation of 2,854 people (age 18-79; M = 30.55; SD = 11.66) from countries in Latin America (Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador) and Europe (Spain and Portugal), with a retrospective correlational cross-sectional design and a convenience sample. Participants were divided between demonstration participants (n = 1,271; 94.0% female) and non-demonstrators or followers who monitored participants through the media and social networks (n = 1,583; 75.87% female). Compared with non-demonstrators and with males, female and non-binary gender respondents had greater scores in mechanisms and criterion variables. Further random-effects model meta-analyses revealed that the perceived emotional synchrony was consistently associated with more proximal mechanisms, as well as with criterion variables. Finally, sequential moderation analyses showed that proposed mechanisms successfully mediated the effects of participation on every criterion variable. These results indicate that participation in 8M marches and demonstrations can be analyzed through the literature on collective rituals. As such, collective participation implies positive outcomes both individually and collectively, which are further reinforced through key psychological mechanisms, in line with a Durkheimian approach to collective rituals.

[Beliefs about the adversary, political violence and peace processes]. / Creencias sobre el adversario, violencia política y procesos de paz.

The aim of this study is to test in a real political context whether or not a change in the beliefs which were fueling the political violence in question is required during the advent of a peace process. Two hypothesis are considered: a) in the case of these beliefs not being modified, there will be difficulties to reach an atmosphere of trust between both parts and the process will fail, and b) if this happens, the groups will develop more extreme beliefs against the opponent. The results obtained through a textual analysis support both hypotheses. During the failure of the peace process, neither the strategy of the delegitimization of the opponent nor the identities in conflict were modified. Consequently, when the process failed, responsibility for this failure was attributed to the opponent, and, at the same time, delegitimization against the opponent intensified.