Why is the H3+ hot spot above Jupiter's Great Red Spot so hot?

Recent observations of Jupiter's Great Red Spot indicate that the thermosphere above the storm is hotter than its surroundings by more than 700 K. Possible suggested sources for this heating have thus far included atmospheric gravity waves and lightning-driven acoustic waves. Here, we propose that Joule heating, driven by Great Red Spot vorticity penetrating up into the lower stratosphere and coupling to the thermosphere, may contribute to the large observed temperatures. The strength of Joule heating will depend on the local inclination angle of the magnetic field and thus the observed emissions and inferred temperatures should vary with planetary longitude as the Great Red Spot tracks across the planet. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Advances in hydrogen molecular ions: H3+, H5+ and beyond'.

Influence of C60 co-deposition on the growth kinetics of diindenoperylene-From rapid roughening to layer-by-layer growth in blended organic films.

We investigated the growth of the two phase-separating materials diindenoperylene (DIP) and buckminsterfullerene C60 with different mixing ratio in real-time and in situ by X-ray scattering experiments. We found that at room temperature, mixtures with an excess of DIP show a growth mode which is very close to the perfect layer-by-layer limit with DIP crystallites forming over the entire film thickness. An unexpected increase in the island size is observed for these mixtures as a function of film thickness. On the other hand, equimolar and C60 dominated mixtures grow with poor crystallinity but form very smooth films. Additionally, it is observed that higher substrate temperatures lead to an increase in the length scale of phase separation with film thickness.

Evidence for kinetically limited thickness dependent phase separation in organic thin film blends.

We present depth-resolved grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, grazing incidence small angle scattering and x-ray reflectivity studies on the structure of mixed C(60) and diindinoperylene (DIP) films as a function of the mixing ratio. We observe enhanced out-of-plane order and smoothing of the mixed films compared to pure films upon coevaporation of DIP:C(60) thin films (in different mixing ratio) which otherwise phase separate. The mixing ratio of molecules can be tuned to alter the in-plane crystallite size as well as the interisland distances of the mixing molecules. Real-time in situ grazing incidence x-ray diffraction measurements show the kinetics and thickness dependence of phase separation, which appears to proceed only after a certain thickness. The crystallite grain size of the individual phase separated components is significantly larger at the top of the film than at the bottom with implications for the understanding of devices.

Structure formation in perfluoropentacene:diindenoperylene blends and its impact on transient effects in the optical properties studied in real-time during growth.

We discuss the result of the competing effects of favourable intermolecular interactions and steric incompatibilities due to the size mismatch of perfluoropentacene (PFP) and diindenoperylene (DIP) on the structure formation and associated optical properties in mixed films. Using real-time grazing incidence X-ray diffraction we investigate the size of coherently scattering islands l(s) as a function of film thickness and mixing ratio. We find that for PFP:DIP 1:2 blends l(s) is by a factor of ~4 smaller than in pure DIP films, while l(s) of the PFP:DIP 2:1 blends is not significantly reduced compared with pure PFP. Yet, we observe an increase in l(s) with film thickness for all of the samples, independent on the mixing ratio. In parallel with the structural characterization we investigate the evolution of the absorption spectra in the visible spectral range and its dependence on l(s) in situ during film growth using differential reflectance spectroscopy. We observe a surprisingly strong effect of changes in the structural order on the shape of ε(2, xy)(E), evident by a pronounced evolution of characteristic peaks in the thickness range from 1.6 nm to 9.6 nm. The combined results of the real-time experiments allow to identify the thickness dependent crystal grain size as the origin of the observed transient effects in the absorption spectra.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia of Burkitt's type (L-3 ALL) lacking surface immunoglobulin and the 8;14 translocation.

A 25-year-old man developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia, morphologically of Burkitt's type (L3-ALL, F.A.B. classification) but with immunologic and cytogenetic features not previously reported. The leukemic blasts were B1+, CALLA+, OKT3-, and OKT11-. Surface immunoglobulin and cytoplasmic IgM were not detected, but cytoplasmic IgG lambda was present. Karyotypic analysis of 20 metaphases was normal at presentation but abnormal after relapse. At that time, the predominant karyotype was 47XY, 1q-, 7q-, 12p-, M1. This case illustrates the following: (1) Burkitt cell morphology may accompany some uncommon pre-B-cell lymphoblastic leukemias, and (2) rearrangements involving chromosomes 14, 2 or 22 may not be found in all cases of L-3 ALL.