Nanoparticle Tracking in Single-Antiresonant-Element Fiber for High-Precision Size Distribution Analysis of Mono- and Polydisperse Samples.

Accurate determination of the size distribution of nanoparticle ensembles remains a challenge in nanotechnology-related applications due to the limitations of established methods. Here, a microstructured fiber-assisted nanoparticle tracking analysis (FaNTA) realization is introduced that breaks existing limitations through the recording of exceptionally long trajectories of rapidly diffusing polydisperse nanoparticles, resulting in excellent sizing precision and unprecedented separation capabilities of bimodal nanoparticle mixtures. An effective-single-mode antiresonant-element fiber allows to efficiently confine nanoparticles in a light-guiding microchannel and individually track them over more than 1000 frames, while aberration-free imaging is experimentally confirmed by cross-correlation analysis. Unique features of the approach are (i) the highly precise determination of the size distribution of monodisperse nanoparticle ensembles (only 7% coefficient of variation) and (ii) the accurate characterization of individual components in a bimodal mixture with very close mean diameters, both experimentally demonstrated for polymer nanospheres. The outstanding performance of the FaNTA realization can be quantified by introducing a new model for the bimodal separation index. Since FaNTA is applicable to all types of nano-objects down to sub-20 nm diameters, the method will improve the precision standard of mono- and polydisperse nanoparticle samples such as nano-plastics or extracellular vesicles.

Composed Multicore Fiber Structure for Extended Sensor Multiplexing with Fiber Bragg Gratings.

A novel multicore optical waveguide component based on a fiber design optimized towards selective grating inscription for multiplexed sensing applications is presented. Such a fiber design enables the increase in the optical sensor capacity as well as extending the sensing length with a single optical fiber while preserving the spatial sensing resolution. The method uses a multicore fiber with differently doped fiber cores and, therefore, enables a selective grating inscription. The concept can be applied in a draw tower inscription process for an efficient production of sensing networks. Along with the general concept, the paper discusses the specific preparation of the fiber-based sensing component and provides experimental results showing the feasibility of such a sensing system.

Metrological Characterization of a High-Temperature Hybrid Sensor Using Thermal Radiation and Calibrated Sapphire Fiber Bragg Grating for Process Monitoring in Harsh Environments.

Fiber Bragg gratings inscribed in single crystalline multimode sapphire fibers (S-FBG) are suitable for monitoring applications in harsh environments up to 1900 °C. Despite many approaches to optimize the S-FBG sensor, a metrological investigation of the achievable temperature uncertainties is still missing. In this paper, we developed a hybrid optical temperature sensor using S-FBG and thermal radiation signals. In addition, the sensor also includes a thermocouple for reference and process control during a field test. We analyzed the influence of the thermal gradient and hotspot position along the sensor for all three detection methods using an industrial draw tower and fixed point cells. Moreover, the signal processing of the reflected S-FBG spectrum was investigated and enhanced to determine the reachable measurement repeatability and uncertainty. For that purpose, we developed an analytical expression for the long-wavelength edge of the peak. Our findings show a higher stability against mechanical-caused mode variations for this method to measure the wavelength shift compared to established methods. Additionally, our approach offers a high robustness against aging effects caused by high-temperature processes (above 1700 °C) or harsh environments. Using temperature-fixed points, directly traceable to the International System of Units, we calibrated the S-FBG and thermocouple of the hybrid sensor, including the corresponding uncertainty budgets. Within the scope of an over 3-weeks-long field trial, 25 production cycles of an industrial silicon manufacturing process with temperatures up to 1600 °C were monitored with over 100,000 single measurements. The absolute calibrated thermocouple (Uk=2≈1K…4K) and S-FBG (Uk=2≈10K…14K) measurements agreed within their combined uncertainty. We also discuss possible strategies to significantly reduce the uncertainty of the S-FBG calibration. A follow-up measurement of the sensor after the long-term operation at high temperatures and the transport of the measuring system together with the sensor resulted in a change of less than 0.5 K. Thus, both the presented hybrid sensor and the measuring principle are very robust for applications in harsh environments.

2 MW peak power generation in fluorine co-doped Yb fiber prepared by powder-sinter technology.

We report on the first, to the best of our knowledge, implementation of a fluorine co-doped large-mode-area REPUSIL fiber for high peak power amplification in an ultrashort-pulse master oscillator power amplifier. The core material of the investigated step-index fiber with high Yb-doping level, 52 µm core and high core-to-clad ratio of 1:4.2 was fabricated by means of the REPUSIL powder-sinter technology. The core numerical aperture was adjusted by fluorine codoping to 0.088. For achieving high beam quality and for ensuring a monolithic seed path, the LMA fiber is locally tapered. We demonstrate an Yb fiber amplifier with near-diffraction-limited beam quality of M2=1.3, which remains constant up to a peak power of 2 MW. This is a record for a tapered single core fiber.

Fiber-based dual-focus time-demultiplexed second harmonic generation microscopy.

We present a dual-focus second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy approach based on stable, compact, and inexpensive fiber technology. One-tenth of the fiber laser output is coupled into a 100 m (≙500 ns) long single-mode fiber and further amplified to achieve two separately guided beams with time-alternating pulse trains. SHG detection is performed sequentially, generating two individual images in one scan. Thus, the configuration allows for imaging of distinct areas within the field of view at twice the repetition rate of the fiber laser but is readily extended to a multiple of the repetition rate with tens of foci.

High temperature sensing with fiber Bragg gratings in sapphire-derived all-glass optical fibers.

A structured sapphire-derived all-glass optical fiber with an aluminum content in the core of up to 50 mol% was used for fiber Bragg grating inscription. The fiber provided a parabolic refractive index profile. Fiber Bragg gratings were inscribed by means of femtosecond-laser pulses with a wavelength of 400 nm in combination with a two-beam phase mask interferometer. Heating experiments demonstrated the stability of the gratings for temperatures up to 950°C for more than 24 h without degradation in reflectivity.

Pr3+-doped YPO4 nanocrystal embedded into an optical fiber.

Optical fiber with YPO4:Pr3+ nanocrystals (NCs) is presented for the first time using the glass powder-NCs doping method. The method's advantage is separate preparation of NCs and glass to preserve luminescent and optical properties of NCs once they are incorporated into optical fiber. The YPO4:Pr3+ nanocrystals were synthesized by the co-precipitation and hydrothermal methods, optimized for size (< 100 nm), shape, Pr3+ ions concentration (0.2 mol%), and emission lifetime. The core glass was selected from the non-silica P2O5-containing system with refractive index (n = 1.788) close to the NCs (no = 1.657, ne = 1.838). Optical fiber was drawn by modified powder-in-tube method after pre-sintering of glass powder-YPO4:Pr3+ (wt 3%) mixture to form optical fiber preform. Luminescent properties of YPO4:Pr3+ and optical fiber showed their excellent agreement, including sharp Pr3+ emission at 600 nm (1D2-3H4) and 1D2 level lifetime (τ = 156 ± 5 µs) under 488 nm excitation. The distribution of the YPO4:Pr3+ NCs in optical fiber were analyzed by TEM-EDS in the core region (FIB-SEM-prepared). The successful usage of glass powder-NCs doping method was discussed in the aspect of promising properties of the first YPO4:Pr3+ doped optical fiber as a new way to develop active materials for lasing applications, among others.

Mode resolved bend loss in few-mode optical fibers.

We present a novel approach to directly measure the bend loss of individual modes in few-mode fibers based on the correlation filter technique. This technique benefits from a computer-generated hologram performing a modal decomposition, yielding the optical power of all propagating modes in the bent fiber. Results are compared with rigorous loss simulations and with common loss formulas for step-index fibers revealing high measurement fidelity. To the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time an experimental loss discrimination between index-degenerated modes.

Three-dimensional tracking of nanoparticles by dual-color position retrieval in a double-core microstructured optical fiber.

Elastic light scattering-based three-dimensional (3D) tracking of objects at the nanoscale level is essential for unlocking the dynamics of individual species or interactions in fields such as biology or surface chemistry. In this work, we introduce the concept of dual-color 3D tracking in a double-core microstructured optical fiber that for the first time allows for full 3D reconstruction of the trajectory of a diffusing nanoparticle in a water-filled fiber-integrated microchannel. The use of two single-mode cores provides two opposite decaying evanescent fields of different wavelengths within the microchannel, bypassing spatial domains of ambiguous correlation between the scattered intensity and position. The novelty of the fiber design is the use of two slightly different single-mode cores, preventing modal crosstalk and thus allowing for longitudinally invariant dual-color illumination across the entire field of view. To demonstrate the capabilities of the scheme, a single gold nanosphere (80 nm) diffusing in the water-filled microchannel was tracked for a large number of images (about 32 000) at a high frame rate (1.389 kHz) over a long time (23 s), with the determined hydrodynamic diameters matching expectations. The presented 3D tracking approach yields unique opportunities to unlock processes at the nanoscale level and is highly relevant for a multitude of fields, particularly within the context of understanding sophisticated interaction of diffusing species with functionalized surfaces within the context of bioanalytics, nanoscale materials science, surface chemistry or life science.

Multimodal nonlinear endomicroscopic imaging probe using a double-core double-clad fiber and focus-combining micro-optical concept.

Multimodal non-linear microscopy combining coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, second harmonic generation, and two-photon excited fluorescence has proved to be a versatile and powerful tool enabling the label-free investigation of tissue structure, molecular composition, and correlation with function and disease status. For a routine medical application, the implementation of this approach into an in vivo imaging endoscope is required. However, this is a difficult task due to the requirements of a multicolour ultrashort laser delivery from a compact and robust laser source through a fiber with low losses and temporal synchronization, the efficient signal collection in epi-direction, the need for small-diameter but highly corrected endomicroobjectives of high numerical aperture and compact scanners. Here, we introduce an ultra-compact fiber-scanning endoscope platform for multimodal non-linear endomicroscopy in combination with a compact four-wave mixing based fiber laser. The heart of this fiber-scanning endoscope is an in-house custom-designed, single mode, double clad, double core pure silica fiber in combination with a 2.4 mm diameter NIR-dual-waveband corrected endomicroscopic objective of 0.55 numerical aperture and 180 µm field of view for non-linear imaging, allowing a background free, low-loss, high peak power laser delivery, and an efficient signal collection in backward direction. A linear diffractive optical grating overlays pump and Stokes laser foci across the full field of view, such that diffraction-limited performance is demonstrated for tissue imaging at one frame per second with sub-micron spatial resolution and at a high transmission of 65% from the laser to the specimen using a distal resonant fiber scanner.