Production of a reference transcriptome and transcriptomic database (EdwardsiellaBase) for the lined sea anemone, Edwardsiella lineata, a parasitic cnidarian.

BACKGROUND: The lined sea anemone Edwardsiella lineata is an informative model system for evolutionary-developmental studies of parasitism. In this species, it is possible to compare alternate developmental pathways leading from a larva to either a free-living polyp or a vermiform parasite that inhabits the mesoglea of a ctenophore host. Additionally, E. lineata is confamilial with the model cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, providing an opportunity for comparative genomic, molecular and organismal studies. DESCRIPTION: We generated a reference transcriptome for E. lineata via high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated from five developmental stages (parasite; parasite-to-larva transition; larva; larva-to-adult transition; adult). The transcriptome comprises 90,440 contigs assembled from >15 billion nucleotides of DNA sequence. Using a molecular clock approach, we estimated the divergence between E. lineata and N. vectensis at 215-364 million years ago. Based on gene ontology and metabolic pathway analyses and gene family surveys (bHLH-PAS, deiodinases, Fox genes, LIM homeodomains, minicollagens, nuclear receptors, Sox genes, and Wnts), the transcriptome of E. lineata is comparable in depth and completeness to N. vectensis. Analyses of protein motifs and revealed extensive conservation between the proteins of these two edwardsiid anemones, although we show the NF-κB protein of E. lineata reflects the ancestral structure, while the NF-κB protein of N. vectensis has undergone a split that separates the DNA-binding domain from the inhibitory domain. All contigs have been deposited in a public database (EdwardsiellaBase), where they may be searched according to contig ID, gene ontology, protein family motif (Pfam), enzyme commission number, and BLAST. The alignment of the raw reads to the contigs can also be visualized via JBrowse. CONCLUSIONS: The transcriptomic data and database described here provide a platform for studying the evolutionary developmental genomics of a derived parasitic life cycle. In addition, these data from E. lineata will aid in the interpretation of evolutionary novelties in gene sequence or structure that have been reported for the model cnidarian N. vectensis (e.g., the split NF-κB locus). Finally, we include custom computational tools to facilitate the annotation of a transcriptome based on high-throughput sequencing data obtained from a "non-model system."

Use of a ura5+-lys7+ cassette to construct unmarked gene knock-ins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

While the counterselectable Schizosaccharomyces pombe ura4(+) gene can be used to prepare a site in the S. pombe genome to receive an unmarked mutant allele (loss of ura4(+) confers 5FOA-resistant (5FOA(R)) growth), the desired unmarked knock-in strains are generally outnumbered by spontaneously arising 5FOA(R) mutants. Relative to the same approach using the homologous URA3(+) gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, knock-ins in S. pombe are harder to identify due to a lower efficiency of homologous recombination and a relatively high background of spontaneous 5FOA(R) colonies. To develop an improved method for identifying cells receiving unmarked mutant alleles, we first determined that 5FOA(R) strains carry mutations in either of two genes; ura4(+) and ura5(+). We then cloned the S. pombe ura5(+) orotate phosphoribosyltransferase gene and constructed a 2.1 kb cassette containing ura5(+) together with the S. pombe lys7(+) gene. Using this doubly marked cassette to disrupt the sck1(+) kinase gene, we can distinguish between strains created by homologous knock-in of unmarked wild-type or kinase-dead alleles and spontaneously arising ura4(-) and ura5(-) mutants by screening 5FOA(R) colonies for the loss of the lys7(+) marker. The utility of this system, especially when the phenotype for the strain carrying the knock-in allele is indistinguishable from that of the disruption strain, is borne out by the fact that ~95% of 5FOA(R) colonies in our studies arose from background ura4(-) and ura5(-) mutations.

Production of a reference transcriptome and transcriptomic database (PocilloporaBase) for the cauliflower coral, Pocillopora damicornis.

BACKGROUND: Motivated by the precarious state of the world's coral reefs, there is currently a keen interest in coral transcriptomics. By identifying changes in coral gene expression that are triggered by particular environmental stressors, we can begin to characterize coral stress responses at the molecular level, which should lead to the development of more powerful diagnostic tools for evaluating the health of corals in the field. Furthermore, the identification of genetic variants that are more or less resilient in the face of particular stressors will help us to develop more reliable prognoses for particular coral populations. Toward this end, we performed deep mRNA sequencing of the cauliflower coral, Pocillopora damicornis, a geographically widespread Indo-Pacific species that exhibits a great diversity of colony forms and is able to thrive in habitats subject to a wide range of human impacts. Importantly, P. damicornis is particularly amenable to laboratory culture. We collected specimens from three geographically isolated Hawaiian populations subjected to qualitatively different levels of human impact. We isolated RNA from colony fragments ("nubbins") exposed to four environmental stressors (heat, desiccation, peroxide, and hypo-saline conditions) or control conditions. The RNA was pooled and sequenced using the 454 platform. DESCRIPTION: Both the raw reads (n=1, 116, 551) and the assembled contigs (n=70, 786; mean length=836 nucleotides) were deposited in a new publicly available relational database called PocilloporaBase http://www.PocilloporaBase.org. Using BLASTX, 47.2% of the contigs were found to match a sequence in the NCBI database at an E-value threshold of ≤.001; 93.6% of those contigs with matches in the NCBI database appear to be of metazoan origin and 2.3% bacterial origin, while most of the remaining 4.1% match to other eukaryotes, including algae and amoebae. CONCLUSIONS: P. damicornis now joins the handful of coral species for which extensive transcriptomic data are publicly available. Through PocilloporaBase http://www.PocilloporaBase.org, one can obtain assembled contigs and raw reads and query the data according to a wide assortment of attributes including taxonomic origin, PFAM motif, KEGG pathway, and GO annotation.

AZD4320, A Dual Inhibitor of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, Induces Tumor Regression in Hematologic Cancer Models without Dose-limiting Thrombocytopenia.

PURPOSE: Targeting Bcl-2 family members upregulated in multiple cancers has emerged as an important area of cancer therapeutics. While venetoclax, a Bcl-2-selective inhibitor, has had success in the clinic, another family member, Bcl-xL, has also emerged as an important target and as a mechanism of resistance. Therefore, we developed a dual Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor that broadens the therapeutic activity while minimizing Bcl-xL-mediated thrombocytopenia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We used structure-based chemistry to design a small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and assessed the activity against in vitro cell lines, patient samples, and in vivo models. We applied pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling to integrate our understanding of on-target activity of the dual inhibitor in tumors and platelets across dose levels and over time. RESULTS: We discovered AZD4320, which has nanomolar affinity for Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and mechanistically drives cell death through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. AZD4320 demonstrates activity in both Bcl-2- and Bcl-xL-dependent hematologic cancer cell lines and enhanced activity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient samples compared with the Bcl-2-selective agent venetoclax. A single intravenous bolus dose of AZD4320 induces tumor regression with transient thrombocytopenia, which recovers in less than a week, suggesting a clinical weekly schedule would enable targeting of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL-dependent tumors without incurring dose-limiting thrombocytopenia. AZD4320 demonstrates monotherapy activity in patient-derived AML and venetoclax-resistant xenograft models. CONCLUSIONS: AZD4320 is a potent molecule with manageable thrombocytopenia risk to explore the utility of a dual Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor across a broad range of tumor types with dysregulation of Bcl-2 prosurvival proteins.

Orthogonal Comparison of Four Plasma NGS Tests With Tumor Suggests Technical Factors are a Major Source of Assay Discordance.

PURPOSE: Discordance between plasma and tumor variant calling has been attributed primarily to tumor heterogeneity, whereas technical variables remain largely unexplored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To measure these variables, we tested four next-generation sequencing (NGS) gene panel assays for mutations in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) using replicate sets of 24 plasma samples and compared the results with matched tumor-normal tissue pairs. RESULTS: Our orthogonal approach identified false-negative (FN) and false-positive (FP) variants with high confidence and revealed substantial variability among the ctDNA assays, with a range of sensitivity (38% to 89%) and positive predictive value (36% to 80%). Most discordance in our cross-vendor study was observed below 1% variant allele frequency. FP variants displayed mutational biases and tended to be novel variants not found in somatic databases. Of the 56 unique variants called by all four ctDNA assays, 41 (68%) resulted from technical discordance. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that most NGS assay discordance is a result of technical variations and, to a lesser extent, biologic factors such as clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential and tumor heterogeneity.

Characterization of the core elements of the NF-κB signaling pathway of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis.

The sea anemone Nematostella vectensis is the leading developmental and genomic model for the phylum Cnidaria, which includes anemones, hydras, jellyfish, and corals. In insects and vertebrates, the NF-κB pathway is required for cellular and organismal responses to various stresses, including pathogens and chemicals, as well as for several developmental processes. Herein, we have characterized proteins that comprise the core NF-κB pathway in Nematostella, including homologs of NF-κB, IκB, Bcl-3, and IκB kinase (IKK). We show that N. vectensis NF-κB (Nv-NF-κB) can bind to κB sites and activate transcription of reporter genes containing multimeric κB sites or the Nv-IκB promoter. Both Nv-IκB and Nv-Bcl-3 interact with Nv-NF-κB and block its ability to activate reporter gene expression. Nv-IKK is most similar to human IKKε/TBK kinases and, in vitro, can phosphorylate Ser47 of Nv-IκB. Nv-NF-κB is expressed in a subset of ectodermal cells in juvenile and adult Nematostella anemones. A bioinformatic analysis suggests that homologs of many mammalian NF-κB target genes are targets for Nv-NF-κB, including genes involved in apoptosis and responses to organic compounds and endogenous stimuli. These results indicate that NF-κB pathway proteins in Nematostella are similar to their vertebrate homologs, and these results also provide a framework for understanding the evolutionary origins of NF-κB signaling.