[Sex inversion and epigenetic regulation in Vertebrates].

This review discusses issues related to the regulation of sex determination and differentiation in various groups of Vertebrates. Special attention was paid to factors of external and internal control for various genetic systems of sex determination, as well as to the epigenetic control of this process. Opportunities for sex inversion in various animals were also discussed.

[Effect of sex inversion in embryos of domestic chicken (Gallu gallus domesticus) by influence of letrozole and tamoxifen].

Realization of program of sex formation in multicellular organisms is a complex multistage process. The role of the inductor in this process is assigned to sex hormones synthesized by cells of the emerging gonads. The action of androgens on the formation of the male is now well understood. However, little is known about the involvement of estrogen the female gonad formation and the formation of a female as a whole. Here we present the results of experimental sex inversion in female chickens produced by aromatase inhibition and by the action of tamoxifen on chicken embryos. We have shown various masculinizing effect depending on the dose of active substance and the number of injections. We have noted that inhibition of aromatase does not block meiotic prophase in oogoniums. We have suggested that there are differences in the mechanisms of action of retinoic acid and estrogens on oogenesis. We have first shown proteins and nucleoproteins that interact with the estrogen receptor 1 and provided maps of their gene localization in human and chicken genomes.

[The effect of retinoic acid on the meiosis in the chick embryo (Gallus gallus domesticus)].

In this study it was shown that the injection of retinoic acid (RA) into incubated eggs on day 9 or 14 induced entry the males germ cells into preleptotene stage of prophase I on day 17, which are absent in the control embryos. At the same time the meiosis marker SCP3 was detected in the germ cells. Which was also absent at control embryos. On day 19 in male embryos the number of male germ cells at the stage preleptoteny increased, but there were no germ cells in the following stages of the prophase of meiosis. In 20-day-old chicks meiotic germ cells were absent. Thus, white it is shown that the influence of RA on the developing chicken embryos induces the entry of germ cells into preleptotene stage of prophase I meiosis. However, further meiotic transformations don't occur. Thus RA is only one of many factors providing meiotic cell division.

[Problems of sex determination in birds exemplified by Gallus gallus domesticus].

The current views of sex determination in birds are considered mostly with the example of Gallus gallus domesticus, the species best studied in this respect. Data on the appearance of primordial germ cells, their migration to the primordial gonads, the role of hormonal factors in the regulation of sex differentiation, the sex chromosomes, putative genetic mechanisms of sex determination, and a possible contribution of dosage compensation are described. The review discusses the two best-grounded hypotheses on the roles of the Z and W chromosomes in sex determination.

[Crossing over in the oogenesis of Gallus gallus domesticus chickens: periodicity in the distribution of chiasmata over the length of chromosomes].

The periodic occurrence of chiasmata was studied in lampbrush chromosomes of the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). It was shown that the most probable interference distance in chicken macrobivalents 1-3 corresponded to 24.48 Mb. The distance at which absolute interference is observed in chicken macrochromosomes varies from 5.75 to 9.02 Mb.

[Determination of the period of sex cell sensitivity of the chick embryo to the action of estradiol benzoate]. / Opredelenie perioda chuvstvitel'nosti polovykh kletok kurinogo émbriona k deistviiu éstradiol-benzoata.

The sensitivity period of chick embryo sex cells to estradiol-benzoate was determined using injection of the hormone into eggs on days 5, 6, 7 or 8 of embryonal development. The hormone influence on the change or reproduction rate in 9 day old embryos was determined by thymidine autoradiography. The hormone injection on days 5, 6 and 7 causes an essential gonade reformation and increase of the proliferation rate of sex cells in genetically male embryos. The hormone injection on the 8th day did not change the sex cell reproduction rate but in some degree stimulated the reproduction of germinative epithelium of the left gonades in male embryos. A conculsion is made on the existence of a period of sensitivity in the sex cells to the effect of female sex hormone limited by 7 days of embryo developmnet.

[Germ cell cycles during sex inversion in chick embryos]. / Kletochnye tsikly gonii pri inversii pola u kurinogo émbriona

A study was made of the germ cell cycles of 11 days old embryos injected male or female hormones on the 4 th day of incubation. The cell cycles duration in genetically male 11 days embryos treated with esradiol-benzoate was close to that registered in oogonia of both treated and non-treated female embryos of the same age. The testosterone propionate injection caused an acceleration of the genetically male sex cell proliferation and a decrease of the reproduction rate of the female sex cells. It is proposed that under normal conditions female sex hormones inhibit a hypothethic factor that determines the decrease of cell proliferation during the male embryo development.

Crossing over in chicken oogenesis: cytological and chiasma-based genetic maps of the chicken lampbrush chromosome 1.

Chiasmata in diplotene bivalents are located at the points of physical exchange (crossing-over) between homologous chromosomes. We have studied chiasma distribution within chicken lampbrush chromosome 1 to estimate the crossing-over frequency between chromosome landmarks. The position of the centromere and chromosome region 1q3.3-1q3.6 on lampbrush chromosome 1 were determined by comparative physical mapping of the TTAGGG repeats in the chicken mitotic and lampbrush chromosomes. The comparison of the chiasma (=crossing over)-based genetic distances on chicken chromosome 1 with the genetic linkage map obtained in genetic experiments showed that current genetic distances estimated by the high-resolution genetic mapping of the East Lansing, Compton, and Wageningen chicken reference populations are 1.2-1.9 times longer than those based on chiasma counts. Conceivable reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.

Compositional mapping of chicken chromosomes and identification of the gene-richest regions.

'Compositional chromosomal mapping', namely the assessment of the GC level of chromosomal bands, led to the identification, in the human chromosomes, of the GC-richest H3+ bands and of the GC-poorest L1+ bands, which were so called on the basis of the isochore family predominantly present in the bands. The isochore organization of the avian genome is very similar to those of most mammals, the only difference being the presence of an additional, GC-richest, H4 isochore family. In contrast, the avian karyotypes are very different from those of mammals, being characterized, in most species, by few macrochromosomes and by a large number of microchromosomes. The 'compositional mapping' of chicken mitotic and meiotic chromosomes by in-situ hybridization of isochore families showed that the chicken GC-richest isochores are localized not only on a large number of microchromosomes but also on almost all telomeric bands of macrochromosomes. On the other hand, the GC-poorest isochores are generally localized on the internal regions of macrochromosomes and are almost absent in microchromosomes. Thus, the distinct localization of the GC-richest and the GC-poorest bands observed on human chromosomes appears to be a general feature of chromosomes from warm-blooded vertebrates.