Correction to: Effectiveness of lidocaine/prilocaine cream on cardiovascular reactions from endotracheal intubation and cough events during recovery period of older patients under general anesthesia: prospective, randomized placebo-controlled study.

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Effectiveness of lidocaine/prilocaine cream on cardiovascular reactions from endotracheal intubation and cough events during recovery period of older patients under general anesthesia: prospective, randomized placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Endotracheal intubation is known to pose significant physiological, pharmacokinetic, and dynamic changes and postoperative respiratory complications in patients under general anesthesia. METHOD: An RCT trial was organized by the Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, China. Patients were eligible for inclusion in the trial if they were over 60 years old and had upper-abdominal surgery during the induction of anesthesia and had enrolled in endotracheal intubations. The primary end point included cardiovascular reactions during the induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubations and cough events during the recovery period. In the test group, 2 g of lidocaine/prilocaine cream (and in the control group, 2 g of Vaseline) were laid over the surface of the tracheal tube cuff. RESULTS: The systolic blood pressure (F value = 62.271, p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (F value = 150.875, p < 0.001), and heart rate (F value = 75.627, p < 0.001) of the test group were significantly lower than the control group. Cough events during the recovery period in the test group were better (spontaneous cough, χ2 value = 10.591, p < 0.001; induced cough, χ2 value =10.806, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In older patients, coughing and cardiovascular reactions under anesthesia and endotracheal intubations were reduced, as a result of using lidocaine/prilocaine cream on the surface of the tracheal tube cuff. TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Clinical Trials Network NCT02017392, 2013-12-16.

Hemoglobin targets for the anemia in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is extremely common among dialysis patients and underlies some of the symptoms associated with reduced kidney function, including fatigue, depression, reduced exercise tolerance, and dyspnea. OBJECTIVES: A clearer cognition of the prognosistic impact of hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (Hct) target for the outcomes of dialysis patients is urgent. This article aims to establish the suitable hemoglobin in order to provide clinical guidance. METHODS: MEDLINE, EmBase, the Cochrane Library and other databases were searched with both MeSH terms and keywords to gather randomized controlled trials that assessed all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, fistula thrombosis, infectious diseases and transfusion among dialysis-dependent patients using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. The meta-analysis was accomplished via Revman 5.3 version. FINDINGS: Totally, nine eligible studies were included, with study subjects involving 3228 patients. There was a significantly higher risk of fistula thrombosis without heterogeneity (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.15-1.55; p < 0.05) in the higher Hb target group than in the lower Hb target group in the fixed effects model. However, no significant difference was found in all-cause mortality in the fixed effects model (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.93-1.27; p = 0.30), cardiovascular events (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.31-1.92; p = 0.58), infectious diseases (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.24-1.96; p = 0.49) and transfusion (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.42-1.99; p = 0.82) in the random effects model between the higher Hb target group and the lower Hb target group. DISCUSSION: The results favor lower Hb target. To target lower Hb target when treating dialysis patients with anemia may decrease the risk of fistula thrombosis without increasing the risk of death, cardiovascular events, infectious diseases and transfusion.

Improving precision of glomerular filtration rate estimating model by ensemble learning.

BACKGROUND: Accurate assessment of kidney function is clinically important, but estimates of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by regression are imprecise. METHODS: We hypothesized that ensemble learning could improve precision. A total of 1419 participants were enrolled, with 1002 in the development dataset and 417 in the external validation dataset. GFR was independently estimated from age, sex and serum creatinine using an artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), regression, and ensemble learning. GFR was measured by 99mTc-DTPA renal dynamic imaging calibrated with dual plasma sample 99mTc-DTPA GFR. RESULTS: Mean measured GFRs were 70.0 ml/min/1.73 m2 in the developmental and 53.4 ml/min/1.73 m2 in the external validation cohorts. In the external validation cohort, precision was better in the ensemble model of the ANN, SVM and regression equation (IQR = 13.5 ml/min/1.73 m2) than in the new regression model (IQR = 14.0 ml/min/1.73 m2, P < 0.001). The precision of ensemble learning was the best of the three models, but the models had similar bias and accuracy. The median difference ranged from 2.3 to 3.7 ml/min/1.73 m2, 30% accuracy ranged from 73.1 to 76.0%, and P was > 0.05 for all comparisons of the new regression equation and the other new models. CONCLUSIONS: An ensemble learning model including three variables, the average ANN, SVM, and regression equation values, was more precise than the new regression model. A more complex ensemble learning strategy may further improve GFR estimates.

Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for chronic kidney disease patients with hypertension in blood pressure patterns: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Evening dosing regimen drug therapy on blood pressure (BP) control is used widely, but its clinical benefits and preservation or re-establishment of the normal 24-h BP dipping pattern in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is not known. AIMS: To investigate the effect of an evening dosing regimen of antihypertensive drugs on BP patterns of CKD patients with hypertension. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted by searching PUBMED, EMBASE, ASN-ONLINE, the Cochrane Library and the reference lists of relevant articles of published papers. All trials designed to evaluate the effects of evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for CKD patients with hypertension were included. Meta-analysis was performed using random or fixed effects models. RESULTS: Five randomised controlled trials and one comparative study, including 3732 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Compared with morning dosing regimen drug therapy, evening administration of antihypertensive medication was associated with a significant reduction of 40% in non-dipper BP patterns (risk ratio (RR), 95% CI, (0.43, 0.84)). We noted a significant decrease in nocturnal systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD -3.17 mmHg, 95% CI (-5.41, -0.94)), a significant reduction in nocturnal diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD -1.37 mmHg, 95% CI (-2.05, -0.69)) and a significant increase in awake SBP (MD 1.15 mmHg, 95% CI (0.10, 2.19)) in patients assigned to the evening dosing regimen drug therapy group. Patients showed no significant differences for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSION: This review shows that evening dosing regimen drug therapy could reverse non-dipper BP patterns in hypertensive CKD patients.

Initiation time of renal replacement therapy on patients with acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 8179 participants.

The early initiation of renal replacement therapy has been recommended for patients with acute renal failure by some studies, but its effects on mortality and renal recovery are unknown. We conducted an updated meta-analysis to provide quantitative evaluations of the association between the early initiation of renal replacement therapy and mortality for patients with acute kidney injury. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 51 studies, including 10 randomized controlled trials, with a total of 8179 patients were analyzed. Analysis of the included trials showed that patients receiving early renal replacement therapy had a 25% reduction in all-cause mortality compared to those receiving late renal replacement therapy (risk ratio [RR] 0.75, 95% CI [0.69, 0.82]). We also noted a 30% increase in renal recovery (RR 1.30, 95% CI [1.07, 1.56]), a reduction in hospitalization of 5.84 days (mean difference [MD], 95% CI [-10.27, -1.41]) and a reduction in the duration of mechanical ventilation of 2.33 days (MD, 95% CI [-3.40, -1.26]) in patients assigned to early renal replacement therapy. The early initiation of renal replacement therapy was associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality compared with the late initiation of RRT in patients with acute kidney injury. These findings should be interpreted with caution given the heterogeneity between studies. Further studies are needed to identify the causes of mortality and to assess whether mortality differs by dialysis dose.

Development and validation of new glomerular filtration rate predicting models for Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Previous researches has depicted that the performance of the recommended glomerular filtration rate (GFR)-estimating equations in the type 2 diabetic population is inferior to that in the non-diabetic population. We attempted to develop new GFR-predicting models for use in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes in this study. METHODS: We enrolled 519 type 2 diabetic patients including a development data-set (n = 276), an internal validation data-set (n = 138) and an external validation data-set (n = 105) to establish new GFR-predicting models. 99mTc-DTPA-GFR revised by the dual sample method was referred to as the gold GFR standard. RESULTS: Based on sex, age, serum creatinine and new predictor variables [body mass index (BMI), hemoglobinA1C, and urinary albumin creatinine ratio], eight new regression models and eight artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed. In the external validation group, only ANN3 was superior in both precision and accuracy over the original CKD-EPI equation (precision, 20.5 vs. 24.2 mL/min/1.73 m(2), P < 0.001; 30 % accuracy, 88.6 vs. 80.6 %, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: ANN3 based on sex, age, serum creatinine and BMI is the optimal model for GFR estimation in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.

A comparison of the performances of an artificial neural network and a regression model for GFR estimation.

BACKGROUND: Accurate estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is important in clinical practice. Current models derived from regression are limited by the imprecision of GFR estimates. We hypothesized that an artificial neural network (ANN) might improve the precision of GFR estimates. STUDY DESIGN: A study of diagnostic test accuracy. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 1,230 patients with chronic kidney disease were enrolled, including the development cohort (n=581), internal validation cohort (n=278), and external validation cohort (n=371). INDEX TESTS: Estimated GFR (eGFR) using a new ANN model and a new regression model using age, sex, and standardized serum creatinine level derived in the development and internal validation cohort, and the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) 2009 creatinine equation. REFERENCE TEST: Measured GFR (mGFR). OTHER MEASUREMENTS: GFR was measured using a diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid renal dynamic imaging method. Serum creatinine was measured with an enzymatic method traceable to isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. RESULTS: In the external validation cohort, mean mGFR was 49±27 (SD) mL/min/1.73 m2 and biases (median difference between mGFR and eGFR) for the CKD-EPI, new regression, and new ANN models were 0.4, 1.5, and -0.5 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively (P<0.001 and P=0.02 compared to CKD-EPI and P<0.001 comparing the new regression and ANN models). Precisions (IQRs for the difference) were 22.6, 14.9, and 15.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively (P<0.001 for both compared to CKD-EPI and P<0.001 comparing the new ANN and new regression models). Accuracies (proportions of eGFRs not deviating >30% from mGFR) were 50.9%, 77.4%, and 78.7%, respectively (P<0.001 for both compared to CKD-EPI and P=0.5 comparing the new ANN and new regression models). LIMITATIONS: Different methods for measuring GFR were a source of systematic bias in comparisons of new models to CKD-EPI, and both the derivation and validation cohorts consisted of a group of patients who were referred to the same institution. CONCLUSIONS: An ANN model using 3 variables did not perform better than a new regression model. Whether ANN can improve GFR estimation using more variables requires further investigation.

Estimation of glomerular filtration rate by a radial basis function neural network in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Accurate and precise estimates of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are essential for clinical assessments, and many methods of estimation are available. We developed a radial basis function (RBF) network and assessed the performance of this method in the estimation of the GFRs of 207 patients with type-2 diabetes and CKD. METHODS: Standard GFR (sGFR) was determined by (99m)Tc-DTPA renal dynamic imaging and GFR was also estimated by the 6-variable MDRD equation and the 4-variable MDRD equation. RESULTS: Bland-Altman analysis indicated that estimates from the RBF network were more precise than those from the other two methods for some groups of patients. However, the median difference of RBF network estimates from sGFR was greater than those from the other two estimates, indicating greater bias. For patients with stage I/II CKD, the median absolute difference of the RBF network estimate from sGFR was significantly lower, and the P50 of the RBF network estimate (n = 56, 87.5%) was significantly higher than that of the MDRD-4 estimate (n = 49, 76.6%) (p < 0.0167), indicating that the RBF network estimate provided greater accuracy for these patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, estimation of GFR by our RBF network provided better precision and accuracy for some groups of patients than the estimation by the traditional MDRD equations. However, the RBF network estimates of GFR tended to have greater bias and higher than those indicated by sGFR determined by (99m)Tc-DTPA renal dynamic imaging.

Therapeutic targets for the anemia of predialysis chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.

Anemia is one of the major complications in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A clearer cognition of the prognostic impact of hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (Hct) target on the outcomes of predialysis patients with CKD is significant. This article aims to establish the suitable hemoglobin target to provide clinical guidance. MEDLINE, EmBase, the Cochrane Library and other databases were searched with both MeSH terms and keywords to gather researches that assessed all-cause mortality, stroke, treatment of renal replacement, and transfusion. The meta-analysis was accomplished via Revman 5.3 version. Totally, 13 eligible studies involving 7606 patients were included. There was a significantly lower risk of transfusion (risk ratio (RR) 0.59, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.67; p<0.00001) in the higher hemoglobin group than in the lower one. However, no significant difference was found in all-cause mortality (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.23; p=0.11), stroke (RR 1.32, 95% CI 0.82 to 2.10; p=0.25) and treatment of renal replacement including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplant (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22; p= 0.23) between the higher hemoglobin group and the lower one. The results favor the higher hemoglobin target. To target the higher hemoglobin when treating predialysis patients with CKD may decrease the risk of transfusion without increasing the risk of death, stoke, and treatment of renal replacement.

Chronotherapy for hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis in non-black patients.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of chronotherapy on blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: We searched PUBMED, EMBASE, ASN-ONLINE, the Cochrane Library and the reference articles of published papers without language restriction, for randomized and non-randomized trials that assessed the effect of chronotherapy versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for CKD patients with hypertension. Meta-analysis was done with random-effect models. RESULTS: After application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, three randomized controlled trials including 3380 patients were analyzed. Compared with morning dosing regimen drug therapy, chronotherapy was associated with a significant decrease of 3.55% in sleep-time relative decline of systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mean difference [MD], 95% CI, [0.22, 6.88]). In the chronotherapy group, we noted a significant decrease in nocturnal SBP (MD -3.79 mmHg, 95% CI, [-7.18, -0.41]) and nocturnal diastolic blood pressure (MD -1.55 mmHg, 95% CI. [- 2.28, -0.82]), but there was a small increase in awake SBP by 1.19 mmHg (MD, 95% CI, [0.06, 2.31]). No significant difference was noted in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that chronotherapy could reduce nocturnal BP in hypertensive CKD patients.

Correlation between Serum Lipid Levels and Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate in Chinese Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Dyslipidemia is often detected in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Previous studies of the relationship between lipid profiles and kidney function have yielded variable results. We aimed to investigate the correlation between serum lipid levels and kidney function evaluated by measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) in Chinese patients with CKD. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2036 Chinese CKD patients who had mGFR. Linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between different serum lipid levels and mGFR, while logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between CKD stages and the risk of different types of dyslipidemia. RESULTS: The mean age was 55 years and the mean mGFR was 63 mL/min/1.73m2. After adjusting for some confounders (age, gender, body mass index, a history of diabetes, fasting glucose, a history of hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, smoking status, hemoglobin, serum potassium, serum albumin, and serum uric acid), serum triglyceride level showed a negative correlation with mGFR (ß = -0.006, P = 0.006) in linear regression analysis, and CKD stages were positively related to the risk of hypertriglyceridemia (odds ratios were 1.329, 1.868, 2.514 and P were 0.046, < 0.001, < 0.001 for CKD stage 2, 3, 4/5, respectively) in logistic regression anlysis. CONCLUSIONS: Serum triglyceride level is independently association with mGFR. Patients with reduced kidney function are more likely to have higher serum triglyceride levels. Further longitudinal, multicenter and well-conducted studies are needed to provide more evidence.

A new modified CKD-EPI equation for Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To improve the performance of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equation in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients by modification of the CKD-EPI equation. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: A total of 1196 subjects were enrolled. Measured GFR was calibrated to the dual plasma sample 99mTc-DTPA-GFR. GFRs estimated by the re-expressed 4-variable MDRD equation, the CKD-EPI equation and the Asian modified CKD-EPI equation were compared in 351 diabetic/non-diabetic pairs. And a new modified CKD-EPI equation was reconstructed in a total of 589 type 2 diabetic patients. RESULTS: In terms of both precision and accuracy, GFR estimating equations all achieved better results in the non-diabetic cohort comparing with those in the type 2 diabetic cohort (30% accuracy, P≤0.01 for all comparisons). In the validation data set, the new modified equation showed less bias (median difference, 2.3 ml/min/1.73 m2 for the new modified equation vs. ranged from -3.8 to -7.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 for the other 3 equations [P<0.001 for all comparisons]), as was precision (IQR of the difference, 24.5 ml/min/1.73 m2 vs. ranged from 27.3 to 30.7 ml/min/1.73 m2), leading to a greater accuracy (30% accuracy, 71.4% vs. 55.2% for the re-expressed 4 variable MDRD equation and 61.0% for the Asian modified CKD-EPI equation [P = 0.001 and P = 0.02]). CONCLUSION: A new modified CKD-EPI equation for type 2 diabetic patients was developed and validated. The new modified equation improves the performance of GFR estimation.

Improved glomerular filtration rate estimation by an artificial neural network.

BACKGROUND: Accurate evaluation of glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) is of critical importance in clinical practice. A previous study showed that models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) could achieve a better performance than traditional equations. However, large-sample cross-sectional surveys have not resolved questions about ANN performance. METHODS: A total of 1,180 patients that had chronic kidney disease (CKD) were enrolled in the development data set, the internal validation data set and the external validation data set. Additional 222 patients that were admitted to two independent institutions were externally validated. Several ANNs were constructed and finally a Back Propagation network optimized by a genetic algorithm (GABP network) was chosen as a superior model, which included six input variables; i.e., serum creatinine, serum urea nitrogen, age, height, weight and gender, and estimated GFR as the one output variable. Performance was then compared with the Cockcroft-Gault equation, the MDRD equations and the CKD-EPI equation. RESULTS: In the external validation data set, Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated that the precision of the six-variable GABP network was the highest among all of the estimation models; i.e., 46.7 ml/min/1.73 m(2) vs. a range from 71.3 to 101.7 ml/min/1.73 m(2), allowing improvement in accuracy (15% accuracy, 49.0%; 30% accuracy, 75.1%; 50% accuracy, 90.5% [P<0.001 for all]) and CKD stage classification (misclassification rate of CKD stage, 32.4% vs. a range from 47.3% to 53.3% [P<0.001 for all]). Furthermore, in the additional external validation data set, precision and accuracy were improved by the six-variable GABP network. CONCLUSIONS: A new ANN model (the six-variable GABP network) for CKD patients was developed that could provide a simple, more accurate and reliable means for the estimation of GFR and stage of CKD than traditional equations. Further validations are needed to assess the ability of the ANN model in diverse populations.

A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate in Chinese elderly population.

BACKGROUND: We sought to develop a new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in Chinese elderly population. METHODS: A total of 668 Chinese elderly participants, including the development cohort (n = 433), the validation cohort (n = 235) were enrolled. The new equation using the generalized additive model, and age, gender, serum creatinine as predictor variables was developed and the performances was compared with the CKD-EPI equation. RESULTS: In the validation data set, both bias and precision were improved with the new equation, as compared with the CKD-EPI equation (median difference, -1.5 ml/min/1.73 m(2) vs. 7.4 ml/min/1.73 m(2) for the new equation and the CKD-EPI equation, [P<0.001]; interquartile range [IQR] for the difference, 16.2 ml/min/1.73 m(2) vs. 19.0 ml/min/1.73 m(2) [P<0.001]), as were accuracies (15% accuracy, 40.4% vs. 30.6% [P = 0.02]; 30% accuracy, 71.1% vs. 47.2%, [P<0.001]; 50% accuracy, 90.2% vs. 75.7%, [P<0.001]), allowing improvement in GFR categorization (GFR category misclassification rate, 37.4% vs. 53.2% [P = <0.001]). CONCLUSIONS: A new equation was developed in Chinese elderly population. In the validation data set, the new equation performed better than the original CKD-EPI equation. The new equation needs further external validations. Calibration of the GFR referent standard to a more accurate one should be an useful way to improve the performance of GFR estimating equations.