[Iron deficiency syndromes and their correction with nutritional support in elderly patients with colo-rectal cancer.]

51 patients with operated colorectal cancer T1N0M0, T3N1M0 and T4N0M1 at the age of 67±2,3 years receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and nutritional support (NS) were examined. Nutritional status was assessed using alimentazione-volume diagnosis to the points on L.N.Kostyuchenko, nutritional risk - with NRI, body composition - with bioimpedance method, the iron metabolism - with basic markers (serum ferritin, transferrin saturation with iron, erythrocyte indices: erythrocyte saturation of iron, the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte, mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin, etc.), traditional settings, the staging of tumors - according to TNM. Iron deficiency before the development of anemia can be corrected with NS. Upon the occurrence of anemia requires additional pharmacological treatment iron supplementation, preferable with iron III hydroxide olygoisomaltazat 1000 + NS) for the prevention of toxic-metabolic complications.

[NERVOUS REGULATION OF BILIARY TRACT MOTILITY].

Aim: The study of mechanisms of regulation of biliary tract motility by divisions of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Material and methods: Experiments were carried out on rabbits, chinchillas weighing 3.5-4 kg using gentle methods of treatment of experimental animals. Electromotor activity of electromotor (EMA) of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi was recorded. Irritation of the nerve produces an electrical pulse duration of 2 ms, the amplitude of 1.5-15 V, frequency of 10 Hz. Results: The mechanism of vagal inhibition of sphincter of Oddi motility and unidirectional stimulatory influence of ANS divisions on the motility of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi was studied. It was established that in the mechanism of vagal inhibition of sphincter of Oddi motility involved intramural adrenergic neurons synaptically connected with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. At the stimulatory effect of vagus on biliary tract motility serotonergic intramural neurons are involved transmitting excitation to serotonin receptors of effector tissue.

[SEROTONERGIC REGULATION OF IMMUNITY. PART I].

The review describes the influence of serotonin (5-HT) and its receptor, transporter SERT and nuclear factor Nf-kB on the immune function of the body, particularly in the digestive tract. The mechanisms of the synthesis, metabolism and catab. olism of 5-HT are characterized. The targets for serotonin on cell level are immunoactive cells--neutrophils, eosinophils, leukocytes, monocytes and dendritic cells. Receptor and non-receptor described mechanisms of action of peripheral serotonin are described. immunoactive cells express on their membrane 5 HT1A-5-HT1E-5-HT2A-5-HT3-, 5-HT4- and 5-HT7-serotonin receptor subtypes. Activation of these receptors modulate the release of TNF-α, secretion of interleukins IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8/CXCL8, IL-12p40. Mediators of the non-receptor mechanisms are transporter SERT, tryptophan hydroxylase-1 and nuclear factor Nf-kB. Target-genes for Nf-kB are genes encoding cytokines. The cooperation of non/receptory pathways involved 5-HT1A- and 5-HT3 receptors. It is concluded that the diversity of ways of peripheral serotonin on the immune function of the body are existed.

THE ROLE OF BILE ACIDS IN THE REGULATION OF LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE AND DIABETES TYPE2.

Bile acids regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Aim -determination of total serum bile acids in patients with NAFLD and in combination with type 2 diabetes. To determine the inflammatory markers (nitric oxide, endotoxin, phospholipase A2, malondialdehyde) effects role for the synthesis and transport of bile acids. NAFLD patients with type 2 diabetes observed decrease in synthesis and disruption of transport of bile acids, which is associated with the cell membrane damage by inhibition of enzyme systems, and inflammation.

[THE DIGESTIVE TRACT MOTILITY AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT WITH POSTGASTRORESECTIONAL SYNDROME].

The variety of clinical manifestations operated stomach fits in the sequence of pathological syndromes: dumping and hypoglycemic syndromes, postgastroresectional post gastrectomy anemia, afferent loop syndrome, postoperative dystrophy, reflux esophagitis, a syndrome of "small" stomach, and hypoglycemic syndrome. Aim--to elucidate the role of disorders of motor function of the gastrointestinal tract in postgastroresectional syndromes and their correction. The nutrient administration reduced a motor function level of the stomach, restore motor function of the duodenum and ascending colon intestine, normalize ino- and chronotropic relations in the smooth muscles of the sigmoid colon.

[THE MOTILITY OF THE COLON WITH THE CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY OF THE GALLBLADDER IN PATIENTS WITH EXTENSIVE RESECTION OF THE COLON AND ENTERAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT].

The aim of investigation--to study the motor function of the colon and gall bladder after hemicolectomy. Electromyog- raphy is the method to study motility of gastrointestinal tract. This method allow to assess the condition of the motor func- tions of the various parts of the intestine, and also to compare, in particular, the motility of the colon with the contractile activity of the gallbladder in patients with extensive resection of the colon (the right- or left-sided hemicolectomy). In 19 patients with hemicolectomy clinical symptoms are marked reduction in body weight, pain along the colon and constipa- tion. These manifestations are correlate with the contractile activity of the gall bladder and colon. Electromyography reveal the presence of some spastic contraction of the gallbladder dyskinesia, hypomoving activity of the ascending portion of the colon, which clinically correspond with constipation. As the nutritional preparation, the corrective nutrient mixture for enteral administration was used for patients after hemicolectomy. The ixture administration produced the recovery of frequency and amplitude of the slow waves of the bowel electromyogram.

[SEROTONERGIC REGULATION OF THE DUODENUM CONTRACTIONS].

The review contains an analysis of literature data on enhancement mechanisms of duodenum contractions arising during stimulation of the sympathetic trunk in the right thoracic cavity in dogs. It is established in experiments that There are mostly enhancement, not relaxation of the organ contraction occured. In this case the stimulatory effect due to the excitation of the parasympathetic fibers is excluded. The trimeperedin inhibit the serotonin receptors of autonomic ganglia neurons stimulatory activity during the nerve stimulation. It is concluded that the sympathetic trunk contain the preganglionic serotonergic nerve fibers, whose activation leads to increased bowel contractions. Direct adipinate-serotonin administration increased the bowel contraction that confirm the preganglionic serotonergic nerve fibers presence in the sympathetic trunk. The practical significance of these studies is that the new approach to the development of pharmacological agents to stimulate the motility of the gastrointestinal tract was found. The trimeperedin may inhibit the serotoninergic nerves activity that resulted in the perioperative constipation in surgical patients. Practical recommendation to exclude trimeperedin in preparing the patient for surgery to prevent perioperative constipation is formulated.

Pacemakers of the upper divisions of the digestive tract.

Pacemaker cells of the upper portion of the digestive tract were studied by electromyography of various parts of the stomach and duodenum. Pacemaker cells of the stomach were located mainly at the interface between the lesser curvature and cardia and in the proximal part of the antrum and were characterized by high spontaneous slow-wave and spike activities. Antroduodenal coordination contributes to sequential motor activity of the stomach and duodenum. Pacemaker cells were characterized by a specific shape and a lesser number of myofibrils.

Pacemakers in extrahepatic biliary ducts.

Pacemaker cells in the biliary system were studied by using electromyographic and histological methods. The pacemaker cells of the duodenal-biliary complex are located in the bile duct (predominantly, in its proximal part). They are characterized with enhanced spontaneous spike and slow-wave electrical activity. The pacemaker cells organize the sequential motor activity of the proximal and distal portions of ductus choledochus, with subsequent involvement of the duodenum into this activity.

[Serotonergic regulation of the immune system].

The paper presents evidence on the important contribution of the peripheral serotonin system in the process of immunomodulation. The main components of the system - serotonin, receptors and serotonin transporter - are described. Possible mechanisms of serotonin regulation of activity of immune cells - lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells - are reviewed.

[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the correction of experimental ulcerative colitis].

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs influence the electromyogram of smooth muscle of ileum, the cecum and the ascending portion of the colon in rats during ulcerative colitis was investigated. It was shown that COX-2 inhibitors normalized the electromotor activity of ileo-ascendo complex, lowered infiltration of round cells in mucous-submucosal tissue and blood flow.

[Gastroprotective effect of honey and bee pollen].

The effect of honey and pollen for an experimental gastric ulcer in rats by electromyography was investigated Okabe ulcer by applying the 100% acetic acid in the gastric serosa was simulated. Honey and pollen prevent the development of painful gastric motility, which confirms its gastroprotective action.

[Lymphocyte apoptosis enhancement by the synthetic peptide E in experimental ulcer].

The influence of regulatory peptide type of AFP on the course of experimental ulcer was investigated. It has been shown that activation of apoptosis enhances local necrotic inflammatory reaction, on the one hand, and enables the development of adhesions with on the other.

[Lymphocyte apoptosis enhancement by the synthetic peptide of human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP 14-20) in experimental ulcer].

The influence of regulatory peptide type of AFP on the course of experimental ulcers was investigated. It has been shown that activation of apoptosis by AFP enhance local necrotic inflammatory reaction, on the one hand, and enables the development of adhesions with the other.

The role of mesenchymal stem cells and serotonin in the development of experimental pancreatitis.

Pancreatitis was modeled before and after preliminary transplantation of stem cells and serotonin. It was demonstrated that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells and activation of serotoninergic system prevent the development of pancreatitis.

[Nervous regulation of thyroid function].

Review examines the autonomic regulation of thyroid function. Review examines the issues of autonomic regulation of the thyroid gland. Activation of the central a-adrenergic mechanisms increases the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone of pituitary mainly due to the stimulation of its secretion. Dopamine inhibits the secretion of this hormone, acting on D2-receptors tireotropotsitov. Acetylcholine and other cholinomimetics inhibit the functional activity of thyrocitebl with the participation of muscarinic receptors. Along the sympathetic and parasympathetic special attention paid to the role of the serotonergic division of vegetative system. Serotonin can inhibit the secretion of thyrotropin by the pituitary gland, but has a direct stimulatory effect on thyrocytes. This stimulatory effect is mediated by the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors. In hypothyroidism synthesis and metabolism of serotonin in the brain are slowed down. Depression is accompanied by inhibition of the enzyme activity deiodinase type 2, thereby reducing the concentration of serotonin. Activation of 5-HTI receptor lead to increased levels of intracellular calcium, causing inhibition of the promoter of calcitonin gene-associated peptide.

[Nitric oxide and autonomic nervous system].

The review of the literature on the role of nitric oxide in the regulation of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and bronchopulmonary systems is presented. Mechanisms of interaction of nitric oxide with cholinergic and adrenergic divisions of the vegetative nervous system are described. The results of studies on the role of NO in the regulation of contractile function of the esophagus are presented.

[Serotoninergic regulation of colonic motor function].

The review deals with the serotoninergic regulation of colonic motor function. Serotonin (HT), its receptors and transporter, the enzymes of synthesis and degradation, play an important role in the regulation of colonic motor activity. Activation of 5-HT1, 5-HT2B, 5-HT3, and 5-HT4 receptors leads to increased colonic motor function. The elevation of serotonin levels determines the higher sensitivity of the colonic wall in irritable bowel syndrome. Serotonin plays a pathogenetic role in the development of ulcerative colitis and colostasis.

[Adenomyomatosis of the gall bladder in rabbits].

Possibility of the adenomiomatosis development of the gallbladder in rabbits of different age is studied. Adenomiomatosis appeared in one of 10 animals of older age animal group. The role of serotonin in the development of adenomiomatosis is discussed.

[Nervous regulation of contractile function of the rectum].

Basic systems of autonomic regulation of contractile function of the rectum are presented. Activation of the parasympathetic system has a predominantly stimulatory influence on the contractile function of the rectum. Activation of alpha1-, alpha2- and beta2-adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits contractile function of the rectum, and activation of alphal-adrenergic receptors stimulates contractile function of rectum sphinkters. The data about the effect of serotoninergic, purinergic, peptidergic, and nitrergic systems on the contractile function of the rectum are also presented.