Redox Behavior of Cobalt-Phosphine Complexes vs Their Catalytic Activity in Organozinc Compound Formation: Background for Mechanistic Investigations.

Catalytic activity in arylzinc compound formation was studied for eight Co complexes with phosphines along with their redox properties for implementing the idea of rational design. It was found that Co(XantPhos)Cl2 and Co(N-XantPhos)Cl2 demonstrated distinct reversible CoII/CoI redox processes and acted as efficient catalysts of arylzinc compound formation. Meanwhile, for Co(DPEphos)Cl2, Co(dppf)Cl2, Co(dppb)Cl2, Co(PPh3)2Cl2, and Co(XantPhos)(Piv)2 (the latter one without the addition of LiCl), reversible redox processes were not observed. These catalysts did not act efficiently for the model process of organozinc compound formation. Co4(dppe)5Cl8 was the only exception, explained by a completely different structure (CoP4Cl and CoPCl3) of donor sets instead of CoP2X2 (X = Cl or O). The stability of complexes in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions was studied by UV-vis spectroscopy. Previously unknown X-ray structures for Co(XantPhos)(Piv)2, Co(N-XantPhos)Cl2, and {Co(DMF)6}{(CoCl3)2(dppb)} were determined. The use of pivalate counterions instead of chloride for Co(XantPhos)2+ led to a significant (ca. 20 times) increase of the kinetic solubility in THF compared to Co(XantPhos)Cl2, preserving high catalytic productivity upon the addition of LiCl. This allowed the latter to be efficiently used in combination with LiCl as the catalyst for arylzinc compound formation on a 2 g scale. The data obtained in this work can be regarded as experimental confirmation of the first and last stages of the plausible reaction pathway of arylzinc compound formation, involving CoII → CoI and CoI → CoII transformations, which could be a significant framework for further mechanistic investigations.

Catalytic Oxidation of Benzoins by Hydrogen Peroxide on Nanosized HKUST-1: Influence of Substituents on the Reaction Rates and DFT Modeling of the Reaction Path.

In this research, the oxidation of a series of benzoins, R-C(=O)-CH(OH)-R, where R = phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-bromophenyl, and 2-naphthyl, by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of nanostructured HKUST-1 (suspension in acetonitrile/water mixture) was studied. The respective benzoic acids were the only products of the reactions. The initial average reaction rates were experimentally determined at different concentrations of benzoin, H2O2 and an effective concentration of HKUST-1. The sorption of the isotherms of benzoin, dimethoxybenzoin and benzoic acid on HKUST-1, as well as their sorption kinetic curves, were measured. The increase in H2O2 concentration expectedly led to an acceleration of the reaction. The dependencies of the benzoin oxidation rates on the concentrations of both benzoin and HKUST-1 passed through the maxima. This finding could be explained by a counterplay between the increasing reaction rate and increasing benzoin sorption on the catalyst with the increase in the concentration. The electronic effect of the substituent in benzoin had a significant influence on the reaction rate, while no relation between the size of the substrate molecule and the rate of its oxidation was found. It was confirmed by DFT modeling that the reaction could pass through the Baeyer-Villiger mechanism, involving an attack by the HOO- anion on the C atom of the activated C=O group.

Cu-Catalyzed Pyridine Synthesis via Oxidative Annulation of Cyclic Ketones with Propargylamine.

A Cu-catalyzed, easily scalable one-pot synthesis of fused pyridines by the reaction of cyclic ketones with propargylamine is described. The protocol was optimized based on the results of more than 30 experiments. The highest product yields were achieved in i-PrOH as a solvent in the presence of 5.0 mol % CuCl2 in air. In contrast to the well-known Au-catalyzed protocol, our procedure is "laboratory friendly", cost-effective, and suitable for preparing dozens of grams of fused pyridine-based building blocks and does not require a high-pressure autoclave technique. Decreasing the catalyst amount in the reaction to 1.25 mol % CuCl2 provided a yield comparable to that achieved with 5 mol % catalyst, though a longer reaction time was required. A plausible reaction mechanism was proposed. The scope and limitation of the reaction were studied using 24 different cyclic ketones as starting materials. The fused pyridine yield decreased among cyclic ketones in the following order: six-membered ≫ eight-membered > five-membered ∼ seven-membered. The elaborated reaction conditions demonstrated tolerance to a number of protective functional groups in ketone such as ester, tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-protected amine, and acetal moieties.

Versatile Reactivity of MnII Complexes in Reactions with N-Donor Heterocycles: Metamorphosis of Labile Homometallic Pivalates vs. Assembling of Endurable Heterometallic Acetates.

Reaction of 2,2'-bipyridine (2,2'-bipy) or 1,10-phenantroline (phen) with [Mn(Piv)2(EtOH)]n led to the formation of binuclear complexes [Mn2(Piv)4L2] (L = 2,2'-bipy (1), phen (2); Piv- is the anion of pivalic acid). Oxidation of 1 or 2 by air oxygen resulted in the formation of tetranuclear MnII/III complexes [Mn4O2(Piv)6L2] (L = 2,2'-bipy (3), phen (4)). The hexanuclear complex [Mn6(OH)2(Piv)10(pym)4] (5) was formed in the reaction of [Mn(Piv)2(EtOH)]n with pyrimidine (pym), while oxidation of 5 produced the coordination polymer [Mn6O2(Piv)10(pym)2]n (6). Use of pyrazine (pz) instead of pyrimidine led to the 2D-coordination polymer [Mn4(OH)(Piv)7(µ2-pz)2]n (7). Interaction of [Mn(Piv)2(EtOH)]n with FeCl3 resulted in the formation of the hexanuclear complex [MnII4FeIII2O2(Piv)10(MeCN)2(HPiv)2] (8). The reactions of [MnFe2O(OAc)6(H2O)3] with 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bipy) or trans-1,2-(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe) led to the formation of 1D-polymers [MnFe2O(OAc)6L2]n·2nDMF, where L = 4,4'-bipy (9·2DMF), bpe (10·2DMF) and [MnFe2O(OAc)6(bpe)(DMF)]n·3.5nDMF (11·3.5DMF). All complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Desolvation of 11·3.5DMF led to a collapse of the porous crystal lattice that was confirmed by PXRD and N2 sorption measurements, while alcohol adsorption led to porous structure restoration. Weak antiferromagnetic exchange was found in the case of binuclear MnII complexes (JMn-Mn = -1.03 cm-1 for 1 and 2). According to magnetic data analysis (JMn-Mn = -(2.69 ÷ 0.42) cm-1) and DFT calculations (JMn-Mn = -(6.9 ÷ 0.9) cm-1) weak antiferromagnetic coupling between MnII ions also occurred in the tetranuclear {Mn4(OH)(Piv)7} unit of the 2D polymer 7. In contrast, strong antiferromagnetic coupling was found in oxo-bridged trinuclear fragment {MnFe2O(OAc)6} in 11·3.5DMF (JFe-Fe = -57.8 cm-1, JFe-Mn = -20.12 cm-1).

Modeling of catalytically active metal complex species and intermediates in reactions of organic halides electroreduction.

The results of quantum chemical modeling of organic and metal-containing intermediates that occur in electrocatalytic dehalogenation reactions of organic chlorides are presented. Modeling of processes that take place in successive steps of the electrochemical reduction of representative C1 and C2 chlorides - CHCl3 and Freon R113 (1,1,2-trifluoro-1,2,2-trichloroethane) - was carried out by density functional theory (DFT) and second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2). It was found that taking solvation into account using an implicit solvent model (conductor-like screening model, COSMO) or considering explicit solvent molecules gave similar results. In addition to modeling of simple non-catalytic dehalogenation, processes with a number of complexes and their reduced forms, some of which were catalytically active, were investigated by DFT. Complexes M(L1)2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, L1H = Schiff base from 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde and the hydrazide of 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid), Ni(L2) (H2L2 is the Schiff base from salicylaldehyde and 1,2-ethylenediamine, known as salen) and Co(L3)2Cl2, representing a fragment of a redox-active coordination polymer [Co(L3)Cl2]n (L3 is the dithioamide of 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid), were considered. Gradual changes in electronic structure in a series of compounds M(L1)2 were observed, and correlations between [M(L1)2](0) spin-up and spin-down LUMO energies and the relative energies of the corresponding high-spin and low-spin reduced forms, as well as the shape of the orbitals, were proposed. These results can be helpful for determination of the nature of redox-processes in similar systems by DFT. No specific covalent interactions between [M(L1)2](-) and the R113 molecule (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) were found, which indicates that M(L1)2 electrocatalysts act rather like electron transfer mediators via outer-shell electron transfer. A relaxed surface scan of the adducts {M(L1)2·R113}(-) (M = Ni or Co) versus the distance between the chlorine atom leaving during reduction and the corresponding carbon atom showed an energy barrier to electron transfer (the first stage of R113 catalytic reduction), while DFT optimization of the {Ni(L2)·R113}(-) adduct showed barrier-free decomposition. The difference between the stabilities of the {Ni(L1)2·R113}(-) and {Ni(L2)·R113}(-) adducts correlates with the difference between the catalytic activities of Ni(L1)2 and Ni(L2) in the electrochemical reduction of R113.

Biofouling and performance of boron-doped diamond electrodes for detection of dopamine and serotonin in neuron cultivation media.

Boron doped diamond has been considered as a fouling-resistive electrode material for in vitro and in vivo detection of neurotransmitters. In this study, its performance in electrochemical detection of dopamine and serotonin in neuron cultivation media Neurobasal™ before and after cultivation of rat neurons was investigated. For differential pulse voltammetry the limits of detection in neat Neurobasal™ medium of 2 µM and 0.2 µM for dopamine and serotonin, respectively, were achieved on the polished surface, which is comparable with physiological values. On oxidized surface twofold higher values, but increased repeatabilities of the signals were obtained. However, in Neurobasal™ media with peptides-containing supplements necessary for cell cultivation, the voltammograms were notably worse shaped due to biofouling, especially in the medium isolated after neuron growth. In these complex media, the amperometric detection mode at +0.75 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) allowed to detect portion-wise additions of dopamine and serotonin (as low as 1-2 µM), mimicking neurotransmitter release from vesicles despite the lower sensitivity in comparison with neat NeurobasalTM. The results indicate substantial differences in detection on boron doped diamond electrode in the presence and absence of proteins, and the necessity of studies in real media for successful implementation to neuron-electrode interfaces.

Hierarchical Nanoporous Sn/SnOx Systems Obtained by Anodic Oxidation of Electrochemically Deposited Sn Nanofoams.

A simple two-step electrochemical method for the fabrication of a new type of hierarchical Sn/SnOx micro/nanostructures is proposed for the very first time. Firstly, porous metallic Sn foams are grown on Sn foil via hydrogen bubble-assisted electrodeposition from an acidulated tin chloride electrolyte. As-obtained metallic foams consist of randomly distributed dendrites grown uniformly on the entire metal surface. The estimated value of pore diameter near the surface is ~35 µm, while voids with a diameter of ~15 µm appear in a deeper part of the deposit. Secondly, a layer of amorphous nanoporous tin oxide (with a pore diameter of ~60 nm) is generated on the metal surface by its anodic oxidation in an alkaline electrolyte (1 M NaOH) at the potential of 4 V for various durations. It is confirmed that if only optimal conditions are applied, the dendritic morphology of the metal foam does not change significantly, and an open-porous structure is still preserved after anodization. Such kinds of hierarchical nanoporous Sn/SnOx systems are superhydrophilic, contrary to those obtained by thermal oxidation of metal foams which are hydrophobic. Finally, the photoelectrochemical activity of the nanostructured metal/metal oxide electrodes is also presented.

CoII Complexes with a Tripyridine Ligand, Containing a 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenolic Fragment: Synthesis, Structure, and Formation of Stable Radicals.

Interaction of a tripyridine ligand bearing a 2,6-di-tert-butylphenolic fragment (L, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(3,5-bis(4-pyridyl)pyridyl)phenol) with CoII pivalate or chloride led to the formation of one-dimensional coordination polymers [Co(L)Cl2] n ·nEtOH (1) and [Co3(L)2(OH)(Piv)5] n (2) or a trinuclear complex Co3(H2O)4(L)2Cl6 (3) (Piv- = pivalate). Chemical oxidation of L and 1-3 by PbO2 or K3[Fe(CN)6], as well as exposure of L (in solution or solid state) and 2 (in solid state) to UV irradiation, led to the formation of free radicals with g = 2.0024, which probably originated because of oxidation of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenolic groups. These radicals were stable for several days in solutions and more than 1 month in solid samples. Irradiation and oxidation of the solid samples probably caused formation of the phenoxyl radical only on their surface. It was shown by density functional theory calculations that exchange coupling between the unpaired electron of the phenoxyl radical and CoII ions was negligibly weak and could not affect the electron paramagnetic resonance signal of the radical, as well as exchange coupling of CoII ions could not be transmitted by L. The latter conclusion was confirmed by the analysis of magnetic properties of 1: temperature dependency of magnetic susceptibility (χM) of 1 could be simulated by a simple model for isolated CoII ions.

Porous 2D coordination polymeric formate built up by Mn(II) linking of Fe3O units: influence of guest molecules on magnetic properties.

A first representative of coordination polymers, built from polynuclear carboxylate bridged by mononuclear carboxylate, has been synthesised and structurally characterized. The compound [{Fe(3)O(HCOO)(6)}{Mn(HCOO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)}].3.5HCOOH crystallised in the hexagonal system (space group P6(3)), a = b = 12.369(5) A, c = 12.992(5) A, alpha = beta = 90 degrees , gamma = 120 degrees , V = 1721.4(12) A(3). The crystal structure is built from 2D layers, which are formed by the linking of trinuclear {Fe(3)O(HCOO)(6)}(+) units by mononuclear {Mn(HCOO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)}(-) bridges. These 2D honeycomb layers are connected by molecules of formic acid through a hydrogen bond network. The compound has the voids at the centre of the hexagons. These voids are filled by captured solvent molecules. Solvate molecules are also located between the 2D layers, linking them through a system of H-bonds. All these solvates can be easily removed and/or exchanged, which results in the formation of [{Fe(3)O(HCOO)(6)}{Mn(HCOO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)}].0.5HCOOH.H(2)O and [{Fe(3)O(HCOO)(6)}{Mn(HCOO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)}]. Magnetic properties of the compounds can be considered as the superposition of magnetism of Fe(3)O trinuclear units, for which magnetism is governed by the superexchange interaction between Fe(3+) spins (with one Fe-Fe superexchange parameter J) and the magnetism of spins of Mn(2+) ions, the interactions between these units can be taken into account by molecular field, zJ'. The destruction of the hydrogen bond network caused by evacuation of solvent molecules significantly modifies the overall magnetism. It was found that zJ' depends on the presence of solvent molecules in the structure.