The NAC Transcription Factor PgNAC41-2 Gene Involved in the Regulation of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Panax ginseng.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a perennial herb of the Araliaceae family, a traditional and valuable Chinese herb in China. The main active component of ginseng is ginsenoside. The NAC transcription factors belong to a large family of plant-specific transcription factors, which are involved in growth and development, stress response and secondary metabolism. In this study, we mapped the NAC gene family on 24 pairs of ginseng chromosomes and found numerous gene replications in the genome. The NAC gene PgNAC41-2, found to be highly related to ginsenoside synthesis, was specifically screened. The phylogeny and expression pattern of the PgNAC41-2 gene were analyzed, along with the derived protein sequence, and a structure model was generated. Furthermore, the PgNAC41-2 gene was cloned and overexpressed by a Rhizobium rhizogenes mediated method, using ginseng petioles as receptor material. The saponin content of the transformed material was analyzed to verify the function of the NAC transcription factor in ginseng. Our results indicate that the PgNAC41-2 gene positively regulates the biosynthesis of saponins.

Could environmental regulation promote the technological innovation of China's emerging marine enterprises? Based on the moderating effect of government grants.

The current emphasis of China's emerging marine industry on scale instead of innovation has formed a "vicious environmental-economic circle". Based on the panel data of China's emerging marine enterprises from 2013 to 2018, the fixed-effects model was used in this study to test the environmental regulation impact on technological innovation of emerging marine enterprises and the moderating effect of government grants on the relationship among technological innovation and environmental regulation of emerging marine enterprises, and a further analysis from the aspect of ownership heterogeneity was conducted. The research results show that there is an important optimistic correlation among technological innovation and environmental regulation of emerging marine enterprises. Government grants negatively affect the relationship among them, and the negative regulatory effect is significant on non-state-owned enterprises.