Comorbidity Analysis According to Sex and Age in Hypertension Patients in China.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension, an important risk factor for the health of human being, is often accompanied by various comorbidities. However, the incidence patterns of those comorbidities have not been widely studied. AIM: Applying big-data techniques on a large collection of electronic medical records, we investigated sex-specific and age-specific detection rates of some important comorbidities of hypertension, and sketched their relationships to reveal the risk for hypertension patients. METHODS: We collected a total of 6,371,963 hypertension-related medical records from 106 hospitals in 72 cities throughout China. Those records were reported to a National Center for Disease Control in China between 2011 and 2013. Based on the comprehensive and geographically distributed data set, we identified the top 20 comorbidities of hypertension, and disclosed the sex-specific and age-specific patterns of those comorbidities. A comorbidities network was constructed based on the frequency of co-occurrence relationships among those comorbidities. RESULTS: The top four comorbidities of hypertension were coronary heart disease, diabetes, hyperlipemia, and arteriosclerosis, whose detection rates were 21.71% (21.49% for men vs 21.95% for women), 16.00% (16.24% vs 15.74%), 13.81% (13.86% vs 13.76%), and 12.66% (12.25% vs 13.08%), respectively. The age-specific detection rates of comorbidities showed five unique patterns and also indicated that nephropathy, uremia, and anemia were significant risks for patients under 39 years of age. On the other hand, coronary heart disease, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, hyperlipemia, and cerebral infarction were more likely to occur in older patients. The comorbidity network that we constructed indicated that the top 20 comorbidities of hypertension had strong co-occurrence correlations. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension patients can be aware of their risks of comorbidities based on our sex-specific results, age-specific patterns, and the comorbidity network. Our findings provide useful insights into the comorbidity prevention, risk assessment, and early warning for hypertension patients.

Relationship of TAPSE Normalized by Right Ventricular Area With Pulmonary Compliance, Exercise Capacity, and Clinical Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: While tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) captures the predominant longitudinal motion of the right ventricle (RV), it does not account for ventricular morphology and radial motion changes in various forms of pulmonary hypertension. This study aims to account for both longitudinal and radial motions by dividing TAPSE by RV area and to assess its clinical significance. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 71 subjects with New York Heart Association class II to III dyspnea who underwent echocardiogram and invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing (which defined 4 hemodynamic groups: control, isolated postcapillary pulmonary hypertension, combined postcapillary pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary arterial hypertension). On the echocardiogram, TAPSE was divided by RV area in diastole (TAPSE/RVA-D) and systole (TAPSE/RVA-S). Analyses included correlations (Pearson and linear regression), receiver operating characteristic, and survival curves. RESULTS: On linear regression analysis, TAPSE/RVA metrics (versus TAPSE) had a stronger correlation with pulmonary artery compliance (r=0.48-0.54 versus 0.38) and peak VO2 percentage predicted (0.23-0.30 versus 0.18). Based on the receiver operating characteristic analysis, pulmonary artery compliance ≥3 mL/mm Hg was identified by TAPSE/RVA-D with an under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 (optimal cutoff ≥1.1) and by TAPSE/RVA-S with an AUC of 0.83 (optimal cutoff ≥1.5), but by TAPSE with only an AUC of 0.67. Similarly, to identify peak VO2 <50% predicted, AUC of 0.66 for TAPSE/RVA-D and AUC of 0.65 for TAPSE/RVA-S. Death or cardiovascular hospitalization at 12 months was associated with TAPSE/RVA-D ≥1.1 (HR, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.11-0.56]) and TAPSE/RVA-S ≥1.5 (HR, 0.44 [95% CI, 0.16-0.78]), while TAPSE was not associated with adverse outcomes (HR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.53-1.94]). Among 31 subjects with available cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, RV ejection fraction was better correlated with novel metrics (TAPSE/RVA-D r=0.378 and TAPSE/RVA-S r=0.328) than TAPSE (r=0.082). CONCLUSIONS: In a broad cohort with suspected pulmonary hypertension, TAPSE divided by RV area was superior to TAPSE alone in correlations with pulmonary compliance and exercise capacity. As a prognostic marker of right heart function, TAPSE/RVA-D <1.1 and TAPSE/RVA-S <1.5 predicted adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

Dyspnea induced by inspiratory loading limits dual-tasking in healthy young adults.

OBJECTIVES: Dyspnea is a common and multidimensional experience of healthy adults and those with respiratory disorders. Due to its neural processing, it may limit or interfere with cognition, which may be examined with a dual-task paradigm. The aim of this study was to compare single-task performance of Stroop Colour and Word Test (SCWT) or inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) to their combined dual-task performance. Secondly, whether mood was related to dyspnea or cognitive performance was also evaluated. MATERIALS & METHODS: A virtual pre-post design examined single (SCWT and ITL) and dual-task (SCWT+ITL) performance. For ITL, a Threshold Trainer™ was used to elicit a "somewhat severe" rating of dyspnea. The SCWT required participants to indicate whether a colour-word was congruent or incongruent with its semantic meaning. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was completed to assess mood. Breathing frequency, Borg dyspnea rating, and breathing endurance time were ascertained. RESULTS: Thirty young healthy adults (15F, 15M; median age = 24, IQR [23-26] years) completed the study. SCWT+ITL had lower SCWT accuracy compared to SCWT alone (98.6%, [97.1-100.0] vs 99.5%, [98.6-100.0]; p = 0.009). Endurance time was not different between ITL and SCWT+ITL (14.5 minutes, [6.9-15.0]) vs 13.7 minutes, [6.1-15.0]; p = 0.59). DASS-21 scores positively correlated with dyspnea scores during ITL (rho = 0.583, p<0.001) and SCWT+ITL (rho = 0.592, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ITL significantly reduced dual-task performance in healthy young adults. Lower mood was associated with greater perceived dyspnea during single and dual-task ITL. Considering the prevalence of dyspnea in respiratory disorders, the findings of this dual task paradigm warrant further exploration to inform dyspnea management during daily activities.

A modified total equivalent warming impact analysis: Addressing direct and indirect emissions due to corrosion.

A global rise in HVAC-R utilization requires a deeper understanding of the industry's effect on electricity consumptions and greenhouse gas emissions. The Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) methodology was designed to analyze emissions from direct release of refrigerant and indirect emissions through electricity consumption of HVAC-R systems to increase the understanding of system design on emissions, and to guide refrigerant replacement. However, the original TEWI calculation neglects the system degradation due to corrosion. This paper studies on the impact of corrosion and highlights how the original TEWI method underrepresents the lifetime emissions due to energy efficiency decrease and refrigerant release. Corrosion impacts direct emissions by increasing refrigerant leakage rates over time and indirect emissions through heat exchanger efficiency degradation and suboptimal refrigerant level. A modified TEWI equation is proposed to capture the dynamic corrosion impacts over the lifetime of HVAC operations. Three scenarios (low corrosivity, conservative and moderate corrosivity) are examined to analyze different corrosion environments. This analysis indicates 6%-27% increase in TEWI emissions based on a typical residential air conditioner (AC), when the impacts of corrosion are included, with the greatest emissions increase from reduced electrical efficiency. The impact of several current and future corrosion protection scenarios on TEWI are also included. Appropriate corrosion mitigation can reduce total lifecycle emissions of systems by 6% ~ 10%. The proposed modified TEWI method is expected to provide a more accurate emission estimation for AC sustainability and policy making.

Frequency tunable near-infrared metamaterials based on VO2 phase transition.

Engineering metamaterials with tunable resonances from mid-infrared to near-infrared wavelengths could have far-reaching consequences for chip based optical devices, active filters, modulators, and sensors. Utilizing the metal-insulator phase transition in vanadium oxide (VO(2)), we demonstrate frequency-tunable metamaterials in the near-IR range, from 1.5 - 5 microns. Arrays of Ag split ring resonators (SRRs) are patterned with e-beam lithography onto planar VO(2) and etched via reactive ion etching to yield Ag/VO(2) hybrid SRRs. FTIR reflection data and FDTD simulation results show the resonant peak position red shifts upon heating above the phase transition temperature. We also show that, by including coupling elements in the design of these hybrid Ag/VO(2) bi-layer structures, we can achieve resonant peak position tuning of up to 110 nm.

Electroconvulsive Shock Enhances Responsive Motility and Purinergic Currents in Microglia in the Mouse Hippocampus.

Microglia are in a privileged position to both affect and be affected by neuroinflammation, neuronal activity and injury, which are all hallmarks of seizures and the epilepsies. Hippocampal microglia become activated after prolonged, damaging seizures known as status epilepticus (SE). However, since SE causes both hyperactivity and injury of neurons, the mechanisms triggering this activation remain unclear, as does the relevance of the microglial activation to the ensuing epileptogenic processes. In this study, we use electroconvulsive shock (ECS) to study the effect of neuronal hyperactivity without neuronal degeneration on mouse hippocampal microglia. Unlike SE, ECS did not alter hippocampal CA1 microglial density, morphology, or baseline motility. In contrast, both ECS and SE produced a similar increase in ATP-directed microglial process motility in acute slices, and similarly upregulated expression of the chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of hippocampal CA1sr microglia showed that ECS enhanced purinergic currents mediated by P2X7 receptors in the absence of changes in passive properties or voltage-gated currents, or changes in receptor expression. This differs from previously described alterations in intrinsic characteristics which coincided with enhanced purinergic currents following SE. These ECS-induced effects point to a "seizure signature" in hippocampal microglia characterized by altered purinergic signaling. These data demonstrate that ictal activity per se can drive alterations in microglial physiology without neuronal injury. These physiological changes, which up until now have been associated with prolonged and damaging seizures, are of added interest as they may be relevant to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which remains a gold-standard treatment for depression.

System for infectious disease information sharing and analysis: design and evaluation.

Motivated by the importance of infectious disease informatics (IDI) and the challenges to IDI system development and data sharing, we design and implement BioPortal, a Web-based IDI system that integrates cross-jurisdictional data to support information sharing, analysis, and visualization in public health. In this paper, we discuss general challenges in IDI, describe BioPortal's architecture and functionalities, and highlight encouraging evaluation results obtained from a controlled experiment that focused on analysis accuracy, task performance efficiency, user information satisfaction, system usability, usefulness, and ease of use.

Mechanochemical Synthesis and High Temperature Thermoelectric Properties of Calcium-Doped Lanthanum Telluride La3-xCaxTe4.

The thermoelectric properties from 300 - 1275 K of calcium-doped La3-xTe4 are reported. La3-xTe4 is a high temperature n-type thermoelectric material with a previously reported zTmax ~ 1.1 at 1273 K and x = 0.23. Computational modeling suggests the La atoms define the density of states of the conduction band for La3-xTe4. Doping with Ca2+ on the La3+ site is explored as a means of modifying the density of states to improve the power factor and to achieve a finer control over the carrier concentration. High purity, oxide-free samples are produced by ball milling of the elements and consolidation by spark plasma sintering. Calcium substitution upon the lanthanum site was confirmed by a combination of Rietveld refinements of powder X-ray diffraction data and wave dispersive spectroscopy. A zTmax ~ 1.2 is reached at 1273 K for the composition La2.2Ca0.78Te4 and the relative increase compared to La3-xTe4 is attributed to the finer carrier concentration.