Gut microbiota remodeling improves natural aging-related disorders through Akkermansia muciniphila and its derived acetic acid.

Accumulating evidence indicates gut microbiota contributes to aging-related disorders. However, the exact mechanism underlying gut dysbiosis-related pathophysiological changes during aging remains largely unclear. In the current study, we first performed gut microbiota remodeling on old mice by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from young mice, and then characterized the bacteria signature that was specifically altered by FMT. Our results revealed that FMT significantly improved natural aging-related systemic disorders, particularly exerted hepatoprotective effects, and improved glucose sensitivity, hepatosplenomegaly, inflammaging, antioxidative capacity and intestinal barrier. Moreover, FMT particularly increased the abundance of fecal A.muciniphila, which was almost nondetectable in old mice. Interestingly, A.muciniphila supplementation also exerted similar benefits with FMT on old mice. Notably, targeted metabolomics on short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) revealed that only acetic acid was consistently reversed by FMT. Then, acetic acid intervention exerted beneficial actions on both Caenorhabditis elegans and natural aging mice. In conclusion, our current study demonstrated that gut microbiota remodeling improved natural aging-related disorders through A.muciniphila and its derived acetic acid, suggesting that interventions with potent stimulative capacity on A. muciniphila growth and production of acetic acid was alternative and effective way to maintain healthy aging. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: The data of RNAseq and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing can be accessed in NCBI with the accession number PRJNA848996 and PRJNA849355.

Cone-beam computed tomographic characteristics in degenerative temporomandibular joint disease patients with chewing side preference.

OBJECTIVES: This study is aimed at assessing the Cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) characteristics of temporomandibular joints (TMJ) in degenerative temporomandibular joint disease (DJD) patients with chewing side preference (CSP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CBCT images of 98 patients with DJD (67 with CSP and 31 without CSP) and 22 asymptomatic participants without DJD were measured retrospectively to compare the osteoarthritic changes and the morphology of TMJ. Quantitative analysis of the TMJ radiographic images was performed to present a comparison between the three inter-group groups and between the two sides of the joints. RESULTS: The frequencies of the articular flattening and surface erosion occur more often in the preferred side joints of DJD patients with CSP than the contralateral side. In addition, the horizontal angle of condyle, the depth of glenoid fossa (DGF), and the inclination of articular eminence (IAE) were larger in DJD patients with CSP than that in asymptomatic participants (p<0.05). Also, the condylar anteroposterior dimension of preferred side joints was significantly less than that of non-preferred side (p=0.026), while the width of condyles (p=0.041) and IAE (p=0.045) was greater. CONCLUSIONS: DJD patients with CSP appear to have a higher prevalence of osteoarthritic changes, with the morphological changes such as flat condyle, deep glenoid fossa, and steep articular eminence, which might be considered the characteristic imaging features. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study found that CSP is a predisposing factor for the development of DJD, and attention should be paid to the existence of CSP in DJD patients during the clinical practice.

Broad Application of CYP3A4 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Protein Quantification in Hepatocyte Cytochrome P450 Induction Assays Identifies Nonuniformity in mRNA and Protein Induction Responses.

Screening for cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction potential is routine in drug development. Induction results in a net increase in CYP protein and is assessed typically by measuring indirect endpoints, i.e., enzyme activity and mRNA in vitro. Recent methodological advancements have made CYP protein quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in vitro induction studies more accessible and amenable to routine testing. In this study, we evaluated CYP3A4 concentration dependence of induction response for 11 compounds (rifampin, rifabutin, carbamazepine, efavirenz, nitrendipine, flumazenil, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, troglitazone, pazopanib, and ticagrelor) in plated hepatocytes from two or three donors incorporating in the assessment all three endpoints. In addition, the time-dependence of the induction was examined over 1, 2, or 3 days of treatment. For most compounds, mRNA, enzyme activity, and protein endpoints exhibited similarity in induction responses. Pazopanib and ticagrelor were notable exceptions as neither protein nor enzyme activity were induced despite mRNA induction of a magnitude similar to efavirenz, pioglitazone, or rosiglitazone, which clearly induced in all three endpoints. Static modeling of clinical induction responses supported a role for protein as a predictive endpoint. These data highlight the value of including CYP protein quantification as an induction assay endpoint to provide a more comprehensive assessment of induction liability. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Direct, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantification of cytochrome P450 (CYP) protein is a desirable induction assay endpoint; however such application has been limited due to inefficient workflows. Here, we incorporate recent advancements in protein quantitation methods to efficiently quantify CYP3A4 protein in in vitro induction assays with 11 compounds in up to 3 donors. The data indicate induction responses from mRNA do not always align with those of protein suggesting assessment of induction liability is more complex than thought previously.

A comparative study of condyle position in temporomandibular disorder patients with chewing side preference using cone-beam computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Chewing side preference (CSP) could cause structural and morphological changes of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and has been suggested as one aetiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), but the condylar position in TMD patients with CSP is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare the condylar position in the TMD patients with and without CSP. METHODS: Ninety TMD patients with unilateral symptom (69 with CSP and 21 without CSP) and 20 asymptomatic participants received cone-beam computed tomography. The condylar position was determined based on the measurements of sagittal joint spaces. Intergroup and intra-group comparisons of the condylar position were performed. RESULTS: The condyles in asymptomatic participants located nearly randomly in anterior, centric and posterior positions. Patients without CSP had significantly more posterior condyles than asymptomatic participants (57.1% vs 30.0%, p < 0.05). In patients with CSP, 50.7% of the condyles on the preferred chewing side and 42.0% on the unpreferred side located posteriorly, reaching no significant level compared with the asymptomatic participants and patients without CSP (p > 0.05). The symptomatic joints and asymptomatic joints in patients with CSP and without CSP showed no significant differences in condylar position. While patients without CSP had significantly more posterior condyles in symptomatic joints than asymptomatic participants (p < 0.05), patients with CSP showed a trend towards more posterior condyles in symptomatic joints compared with the asymptomatic participants (53.6% vs 30.0%, p = 0.054). CONCLUSION: Condylar position is not a strong indicator to differentiate CSP-related TMDs from non-CSP-related TMDs. Posterior condyle could not be viewed as one indicator of TMD.

CCAT2 enhances autophagy-related invasion and metastasis via regulating miR-4496 and ELAVL1 in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Autophagy is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) CCAT2 functions as an oncogene in a variety of tumours. However, it is still unknown whether CCAT2 is involved in autophagy and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In our study, we found that lncRNA CCAT2 expression was significantly increased in HCC tissue and was correlated with advanced stage and venous invasion. Further experiments revealed that CCAT2 induced autophagy and promoted migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic investigations found that CCAT2 involved in HCC by regulating miR-4496/Atg5 in cytoplasm. In nucleus, CCAT2 bound with ELAVL1/HuR to facilitate HCC progression. Our findings suggest that CCAT2 is an oncogenic factor in the progression of HCC with different regulatory mechanisms and may serve as a target for HCC therapy.

Quantitation of Plasma Membrane Drug Transporters in Kidney Tissue and Cell Lines Using a Novel Proteomic Approach Enabled a Prospective Prediction of Metformin Disposition.

The successful prospective incorporation of in vitro transporter kinetics in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to describe drug disposition remains challenging. Although determination of scaling factors to extrapolate in vitro to in vivo transporter kinetics has been facilitated by quantitative proteomics, no robust assessment comparing membrane recoveries between different cells/tissues has been made. HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2K or human kidney cortex were homogenized and centrifuged to obtain the total membrane fractions, which were subsequently subjected to liquid-liquid extraction followed by centrifugation and precipitation to isolate plasma membrane fractions. Plasma membrane recoveries determined by quantitation of the marker Na+/K+-ATPase in lysate and plasma membrane fractions were ≤20% but within 3-fold across different cells and tissues. A separate study demonstrated that recoveries are comparable between basolateral and apical membranes of renal proximal tubules, as measured by Na+/K+-ATPase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1, respectively. The plasma membrane expression of OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2K was quantified and relative expression factors (REFs) were determined as the ratio between the tissue and cell concentrations. Corrections using plasma membrane recovery had minimal impact on REF values (<2-fold). In vitro transporter kinetics of metformin were extrapolated to in vivo using the corresponding REFs in a PBPK model. The simulated metformin exposures were within 2-fold of clinical exposure. These results demonstrate that transporter REFs based on plasma membrane expression enable a prediction of transporter-mediated drug disposition. Such REFs may be estimated without the correction of plasma membrane recovery when the same procedure is applied between different matrices. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Transporter REFs based on plasma membrane expression enable in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of transporter kinetics. Plasma membrane recoveries as determined by the quantification of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase were comparable between the in vitro and in vivo systems used in the present study, and therefore had minimal impact on the transporter REF values.

Cone-beam computed tomographic assessment of the inclination of the articular eminence in patients with temporomandibular disorders and chewing side preference.

BACKGROUND: Chewing side preference (CSP) has been proposed as one etiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) as it can induce the structural changes of the temporomandibular joint. But its association with the inclination of the articular eminence (IAE) is unknown. This study aimed to compare IAE between patients with CSP and without CSP. METHODS: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 90 patients with TMD (mean age of 45.6 years, 69 with CSP, 21 without CSP) and 20 participants without TMD and CSP (mean age of 41.3 years) were measured to compare IAE and depth of the glenoid fossa (DGF) RESULTS: IAE and DGF showed a positive correlation among all the participants. Compared with the participants without TMD and CSP, the TMD patients without CSP presented a similar IAE but with a significantly higher value of DGF (p < 0.05); in contrast, the TMD patients with CSP presented a significantly greater IAE and DGF (p < 0.05). No bilateral differences in IAE and DGF were observed in all the participants. Except the male patients with CSP had a deeper fossa than did the female, no differences in IAE and DGF according to gender were observed. CONCLUSIONS: TMD patients with CSP seem to have a deep glenoid fossa with steep eminence which might be considered one characteristic imaging feature.

Enrichment-free High-throughput Liquid Chromatography-Multiple-Reaction Monitoring Quantification of Cytochrome P450 Proteins in Plated Human Hepatocytes Direct from 96-Well Plates Enables Routine Protein Induction Measurements.

Despite the availability of liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) methods for quantifying cytochrome P450 (P450) proteins, incorporation of P450 protein quantification into induction study workflows has not been widely adopted. To more readily enable P450 protein quantification in induction study workflows, DMPK research groups need a simple, robust, cost-effective, high-throughput method compatible with 96-well-plated human hepatocyte formats. Here, we provide such a methodology. Our method bypasses both microsomal enrichment and antibody-based enrichment to go directly from the plate to LC-MS/MS analysis. We use this "plate-to-peaks" approach for quantifying CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP1A2, the major inducible hepatic P450s representative of pregnane X receptor-, constitutive androstane receptor-, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated induction, respectively. We leveraged our induction study-aligned assay format to assess induction across mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity using known induction control compounds. As expected, results from the three methods using model inducers were broadly concordant, but the magnitude of the induction response differed. Induction of CYP3A4 using 10 µM rifampicin was 12-fold for RNA, eightfold for protein, and threefold for activity; for CYP1A2 with 50 µM omeprazole, induction was 30-fold for RNA, 13-fold for protein, and 17-fold for activity; for CYP2B6 with 50 µM phenytoin, induction was 23-fold for RNA, twofold for protein, and fivefold for activity. Most importantly, we anticipate the relative ease of this method will enable researchers to routinely adopt P450 protein quantification as part of nonclinical evaluation of P450 induction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Current methodologies for quantifying P450 proteins by liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry are either cumbersome, too costly, or both to be widely adopted into induction study workflows by the ADME research community. We present a simplified LC-MS/MS methodology for quantifying P450 proteins directly from human hepatocytes, without any form of enrichment, in 96-well induction assay plate format that should be readily adoptable by any ADME laboratory with LC-multiple-reaction monitoring capabilities.

BMP4 enhances hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation by promoting cell cycle progression via ID2/CDKN1B signaling.

Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis, but the effects and signaling mechanisms of BMP4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not clearly clarified. The present study aimed to identify the roles of BMP4 in the proliferation of human HCC. In this study, BMP4 expression and its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics and the survival of HCC patients were analyzed in two independent cohorts consisting of 310 subjects. Functional analysis of BMP4 on HCC proliferation was performed in vitro and in vivo in human HCC specimens, HCC cells of Bel-7402 and HCCLM3, and subcutaneous tumor model. The downstream signaling targets of BMP4 in HCC were investigated by PCR Array and Western blot. The results indicated that BMP4 expression was significantly increased in HCC tissues and closely related with unfavorable prognosis of HCC. BMP4 treatment increased cell proliferation and promoted G1/S cell cycle progression. In vivo subcutaneous tumor of nude mice model supported that BMP4 overexpression promoted the growth of HCC cells and BMP4 knockdown hold the opposite trend. Id2 was directly upregulated by BMP4, resulting in the mediated expression of cell cycle regulatory protein of CDKN1B. Blocking of Id2 attenuated BMP4-induced proliferation, confirming the important roles of Id2 in BMP4-mediated proliferation in HCC. So BMP4 is overexpressed in HCC tissues and acts as a poor prognostic factor of HCC patients. BMP4-induced ID2/CDKN1B signaling facilitates proliferation of HCC.

Metabolism and Disposition of Pan-Genotypic Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Ombitasvir in Humans.

Ombitasvir (also known as ABT-267) is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A), which has been developed in combination with paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir in a three direct-acting antiviral oral regimens for the treatment of patients infected with HCV genotype 1. This article describes the mass balance, metabolism, and disposition of ombitasvir in humans without coadministration of paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir. Following the administration of a single 25-mg oral dose of [(14)C]ombitasvir to four healthy male volunteers, the mean total percentage of the administered radioactive dose recovered was 92.1% over the 192-hour sample collection in the study. The recovery from the individual subjects ranged from 91.4 to 93.1%. Ombitasvir and corresponding metabolites were primarily eliminated in feces (90.2% of dose), mainly as unchanged parent drug (87.8% of dose), but minimally through renal excretion (1.9% of dose). Biotransformation of ombitasvir in human involves enzymatic amide hydrolysis to form M23 (dianiline), which is further metabolized through cytochrome P450-mediated oxidative metabolism (primarily by CYP2C8) at the tert-butyl group to generate oxidative and/or C-desmethyl metabolites. [(14)C]Ombitasvir, M23, M29, M36, and M37 are the main components in plasma, representing about 93% of total plasma radioactivity. The steady-state concentration measurement of ombitasvir metabolites by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis in human plasma following multiple doses of ombitasvir, in combination with paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir, confirmed that ombitasvir is the main component (51.9% of all measured drug-related components), whereas M29 (19.9%) and M36 (13.1%) are the major circulating metabolites. In summary, the study characterized ombitasvir metabolites in circulation, the metabolic pathways, and the elimination routes of the drug.

Knockdown of NDRG1 promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer via NF-κB signaling.

BACKGROUND: NDRG1 plays important roles in tumor growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The relation between NDRG1 and metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has not been identified and the mechanism of NDRG1 involving in mCRC needs to be elucidated. METHODS: Correlations between NDRG1 and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of 164 patients with mCRC were evaluated. Sensitivity of NDRG1-knockdown colon cancer cell to irinotecan (CPT-11) was determined by MTT assay. Blocking of NF-κB signaling by p65 siRNA interference was carried out to explore the mechanism of NDRG1 involving in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-regulated invasion and metastasis of CRC. RESULTS: NDRG1 expression was significantly negatively correlated with differentiation (P = 0.008) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.016) of mCRC. NDRG1 was a favorable prognostic factor of mCRC, although might be responsible for CPT-11 resistance in vitro. Knockdown of NDRG1 promoted EMT of CRC cells via NF-κB signaling. Depletion of NDRG1 increased phosphorylation level of NF-κB. E-cadherin expression was increased and Vimentin expression was reduced in the p65-siRNA treated group, compared with the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: NDRG1 appears to prevent EMT-induced metastasis by attenuating NF-κB signaling in mCRC. NDRG1 may be an independent prognostic factor for good survival of mCRC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:520-527. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Association between mismatch repair gene and irinotecan-based chemotherapy in metastatic colon cancer.

Mismatch repair (MMR) gene is closely related to the pathogenesis of colon cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the association between MMR status and efficacy of irinotecan-based chemotherapy. As a target of 5-FU, thymidylate synthase (TS) expression level might be influenced by irinotecan. Understanding whether this influence of TS is related with MMR status is helpful to the further exploration of the mechanism of irinotecan sensitivity in metastatic colon cancer with different MMR status. One hundred eighty-four patients with metastatic colon cancer receiving irinotecan-based chemotherapy for the first-line treatment were included. Correlations between MMR and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis were determined. Two pairs of colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116-hMLH1(Vector) (deficient MMR, dMMR) versus HCT-116-hMLH1(+) (proficient MMR, pMMR); SW480-shRNA-hMLH1 (dMMR) versus SW480-shRNA-Control (pMMR)) were established by regulating MMR status. Sensitivity of these cell lines to irinotecan was determined by MTT assay. Regulation of TS by irinotecan was evaluated by western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR assay. dMMR accounted for 18.5 % and was related with proximal colon cancer (p = 0.005), poorly differentiated tumors (p = 0.018) and favorable efficacy with a higher disease control rate (DCR), a longer progression-free survival (PFS) and a trend of longer overall survival (OS). dMMR colon cancer cells were more sensitive to irinotecan. TS expression level was reduced more in dMMR cells after irinotecan treatment (p < 0.05). Our study favors an increased sensitivity of irinotecan in colon cancer with dMMR status. MMR status may be a predictive biomarker of response to irinotecan-based chemotherapy in metastatic colon cancer.

A prognostic analysis of 895 cases of stage III colon cancer in different colon subsites.

PURPOSE: Stage III colon cancer is currently treated as an entity with a unified therapeutic principle. The aim of the retrospective study is to explore the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of site-specific stage III colon cancers and the influences of tumor location on prognosis. METHODS: Eight hundred ninety-five patients with stage III colon cancer treated with radical operation and subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin) were divided into seven groups according to colon segment (cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, and sigmoid colon). Expression of excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1) and thymidylate synthase (TS) was examined by immunohistochemistry. We assessed if differences exist in patient characteristics and clinic outcomes between the seven groups. RESULTS: There were significant differences in tumor differentiation (P < 0.001), T stage (P < 0.001), N stage (P < 0.001), American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P < 0.001), metachronous liver metastasis (P < 0.001), metachronous lung metastasis (P < 0.001), and ERCCI expression (P < 0.001) between the seven groups. Both 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) and 5-year overall survival (OS) exhibited significant differences (both P < 0.001) with survival gradually decreasing from cecum to sigmoid colon. Cox regression analyses identified that tumor location was an independent prognostic factor for RFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS: Stage III colon cancer located proximally carried a poorer survival than that located distally. Different efficacies of FOLFOX adjuvant chemotherapy may be an important factor affecting survival of site-specific stage III colon cancers.

[Expression of RASAL2 in hepatocellular carcinoma and the clinical significance].

OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of RA SAL2 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to investigate the association of RASAL2 expression with pathological characteristics and prognosis. METHODS: Immunohistochemical SP method was used to detect the expression of RA SAL2 in 164 samples of HCC tissue and the adjacent tissue. Th e association of RA SAL2 expression with clinical features and prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS: The expression of RASAL2 in adjacent tissue was significantly increased compared to that in HCC tissue (P<0.001). The expression level of RASAL2 was associated with the degree of differentiation, tumor TNM stage and vascular invasion (P<0.001), but not associated with the level of AFP, tumor size, or the number of nodules (P>0.05). The 5 years recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with low expression of RASLA2 was significantly reduced compared with that in patients with high expression of RASLA2 (P<0.001). Cox analysis showed that low expression of RASLA2 was the independent factor for recurrence and death in HCC patients after surgery (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Low expression of RRASAL2 is significantly associated with the poor prognosis of HCC, which is an independent factor for HCC prognosis.

[Relation between mismatch repair genes and colon cancer].

Mismatch repair (MMR) system is one form of DNA repair mechanisms, which plays an important role in rectifying the mismatch of base pairs, reducing gene mutations and keeping genome stability. Abnormal expression of MMR regulated by miRNA is closely related to the development of colon cancer. Functional defects of MMR (dMMR) with particular clinical characteristics can be used as a potential prognostic and predictive biomarker. This article reviews the relation between MMR system, miRNA and colon cancer.

[Correlation between the expression of C-terminal tensin-like protein and the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation between the expression of C-terminal tensin-like protein (CTEN) and the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry, we detected CTEN protein level in samples of primary lesion and adjacent non-tumor lesion collected from 240 patients with HCC. The relationship between CTEN expression and clinicopathology, 5 year recurrent-free survival, or overall survival was evaluated by Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier, or Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: High CTEN expression was detected in 55% of hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and 20% of adjacent carcinoma tissues (P< 0.001). CTEN expression was positively correlated with tumor diameter (P=0.022), venous invasion (P=0.007) or TNM stages (P=0.022). Five-year recurrence-free survival time (P< 0.001) and overall survival time (P< 0.001) in patients with high CTEN expression were significantly less than those in patients with low CTEN expression. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the CTEN expression was an independent prognostic marker for HCC (all P< 0.05). CONCLUSION: CTEN protein may play a role in the genesis and development of HCC, and it can function as a prognostic marker.

High Fat Diet and High Sucrose Intake Divergently Induce Dysregulation of Glucose Homeostasis through Distinct Gut Microbiota-Derived Bile Acid Metabolism in Mice.

A high calorie diet such as excessive fat and sucrose intake is always accompanied by impaired glucose homeostasis such as T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus). However, it remains unclear how fat and sucrose individually affect host glucose metabolism. In this study, mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) or 30% sucrose in drinking water (HSD) for 24 weeks, and glucose metabolism, gut microbiota composition, as well as bile acid (BA) profile were investigated. In addition, the functional changes of HFD or HSD-induced gut microbiota were further verified by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and ex vivo culture of gut bacteria with BAs. Our results showed that both HFD and HSD caused dysregulated lipid metabolism, while HFD feeding had a more severe effect on impaired glucose homeostasis, accompanied by reduced hyocholic acid (HCA) levels in all studied tissues. Meanwhile, HFD had a more dramatic influence on composition and function of gut microbiota based on α diversity indices, ß diversity analysis, as well as the abundance of secondary BA producers than HSD. In addition, the phenotypes of impaired glucose homeostasis and less formation of HCA caused by HFD can be transferred to recipient mice by FMT. Ex vivo culture with gut bacteria and BAs revealed HFD-altered gut bacteria produced less HCA than HSD, which might closely associate with reduced relative abundance of C7 epimerase-coding bacteria g_norank/unclassified_f_Eggerthellaceae and bile salt hydrolase-producing bacteria Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in HFD group. Our findings revealed that the divergent effects of different high-calorie diets on glucose metabolism may be due to the gut microbiota-mediated generation and metabolism of BAs, highlighting the importance of dietary management in T2DM.

Activation of hepatic adenosine A1 receptor ameliorates MASH via inhibiting SREBPs maturation.

Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is the advanced stage of metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) lacking approved clinical drugs. Adenosine A1 receptor (A1R), belonging to the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily, is mainly distributed in the central nervous system and major peripheral organs with wide-ranging physiological functions; however, the exact role of hepatic A1R in MAFLD remains unclear. Here, we report that liver-specific depletion of A1R aggravates while overexpression attenuates diet-induced metabolic-associated fatty liver (MAFL)/MASH in mice. Mechanistically, activation of hepatic A1R promotes the competitive binding of sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) to sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), rather than protein kinase A (PKA) leading to SCAP degradation in lysosomes. Reduced SCAP hinders SREBP1c/2 maturation and thus suppresses de novo lipogenesis and inflammation. Higher hepatic A1R expression is observed in patients with MAFL/MASH and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, which is supposed to be a physiologically adaptive response because A1R agonists attenuate MAFL/MASH in an A1R-dependent manner. These results highlight that hepatic A1R is a potential target for MAFL/MASH therapy.

Esmolol inhibits cognitive impairment and neuronal inflammation in mice with sepsis-induced brain injury.

Sepsis is a potentially fatal organ failure resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection. It can be a substantial financial burden on families and society due to the high cost of medical care. The study aims to investigate the protective roles of Esmolol in mice with sepsis-induced brain injuries against cognitive dysfunction and neuronal inflammation. Male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (10 mg/kg, L2630, Sigma) to establish a septic encephalopathy model. Esmolol (15 mg/kg/h, HY-B1392, MedChemExpress) was subcutaneously infused using osmotic mini-pumps for 6 h before LPS injection. Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests evaluated LPS-induced cognitive impairment and behavioral phenotypes. Cytokines and protein expression were assessed using ELISA assay and RT-qPCR. Esmolol treatment potentially improved cognitive impairment in septic mice. Esmolol administration markedly diminished the abnormal hippocampal neuronal structure, and the expression of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly downregulated in the hippocampal tissue. Esmolol treatment significantly reduced apoptotic TUNEL-positive cells and reversed the related gene expression (BAX and BCL-2). The effects of esmolol on the reactive oxidative species and oxidative stress markedly reduce malondialdehyde MDA content and increase superoxide dismutase and catalase in hippocampal tissues. In addition, esmolol significantly reduced the percentage and density of Iba-1 + microglia in septic mice. Our results demonstrated that esmolol potentially improved cognitive impairment and neuronal inflammation in mice with sepsis-induced brain injury.

Achieving Solar-Thermal-Electro Integration Evaporator Nine-Grid Array with Asymmetric Strategy for Simultaneous Harvesting Clean Water and Electricity.

Water evaporation is a ubiquitous and spontaneous phase transition process. The utilization of solar-driven interface water evaporation that simultaneously obtains clean water and power generation can effectively alleviate people's concerns about fresh water and energy shortages. However, it remains a great challenge to efficiently integrate the required functions into the same device to reduce the complexity of the system and alleviate its dependence on solar energy to achieve full-time operation. In this work, a multifunctional device based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/Mn3 O4 /Al2 O3 composite nanomaterials is realized by an asymmetric strategy for effective solar-thermal-electro integration that can induce power generation by water evaporation in the presence/absence of light. Under one sun irradiation, the solar-driven evaporation rate and output voltage are 1.74 kg m-2  h-1 and 0.778 V, respectively. More strikingly, the nine-grid evaporation/power generation array integrated with multiple devices in series has the advantages of small volume, large evaporation area, and high power generation, and can light up light-emitting diodes (LEDs), providing the possibility for large-scale production and application. Based on the high photothermal conversion efficiency and power production capacity of the RGO/Mn3 O4 /Al2 O3 composite evaporation/generator, it will be a promising energy conversion device for future sustainable energy development and applications.