Relationships of tumor differentiation and immune infiltration in gastric cancers revealed by single-cell RNA-seq analyses.

Gastric cancers are highly heterogeneous malignant tumors. To reveal the relationship between differentiation status of cancer cells and tumor immune microenvironments in gastric cancer, single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed on normal mucosa tissue, differentiated gastric cancer (DGC) tissue, poorly differentiated gastric cancer (PDGC) tissue and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) tissue sampled from surgically resected gastric cancer specimens. We identified the signature genes for both DGC and PDGC, and found that signature genes of PDGC strongly enriched in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. Furthermore, we found that DGC tends to be immune-rich type whereas PDGC tends to be immune-poor type defined according to the density of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. Additionally, interferon alpha and gamma responding genes were specifically expressed in the immune-rich malignant cells compared with immune-poor malignant cells. Through analyzing the mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma, we identified intermediate state malignant cells during the trans-differentiation process from DGC to NEC, which showed double-negative expressions of both DGC marker genes and NEC marker genes. Interferon-related pathways were gradually downregulated along the DGC to NEC trans-differentiation path, which was accompanied by reduced CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell infiltration. In summary, molecular features of both malignant cells and immune microenvironment cells of DGC, PDGC and NEC were systematically revealed, which may partially explain the strong tumor heterogeneities of gastric cancer. Especially along the DGC to NEC trans-differentiation path, immune-evasion was gradually enhanced with the decreasing activities of interferon pathway responses in malignant cells.

Advanced glycation end products induce skeletal muscle atrophy and insulin resistance via activating ROS-mediated ER stress PERK/FOXO1 signaling.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is often found in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is characterized by insulin resistance. As the largest tissue in the body, skeletal muscle plays important roles in insulin resistance. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a type of toxic metabolite that are representative of multiple pathophysiological changes associated with T2DM. Mice were exposed to AGEs. Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) was silenced by using a constructed viral vector carrying siRNA. Skeletal muscle atrophy was evaluated by using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), oil red O, myosin skeletal heavy chain (MHC), and laminin immunofluorescent stains. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was assessed by using the dihydroethidium (DHE) stain. Western blotting was used to evaluate protein expression and phosphorylation. Insulin resistance was monitored via the insulin tolerance test and the glucose infusion rate (GIR). Mice exposed to AGEs showed insulin resistance, which was evidenced by reduced insulin tolerance and GIR. H&E and MHC immunofluorescent stains suggested reduced cross-sectional muscle fiber area. Laminin immunofluorescent and oil red O stains indicated increased intramuscular fibrosis and lipid deposits, respectively. Exposure to AGEs induced ROS generation, increased phosphorylation of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and FOXO1, facilitated FOXO1 nuclear translocation, and elevated expression of muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) in gastrocnemius muscle. foxo1 silencing significantly suppressed skeletal muscle atrophy and insulin resistance without affecting ROS production. AGEs exacerbated skeletal muscle atrophy and insulin resistance by activating the PERK/FOXO1 signaling pathway in skeletal muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we proposed a molecular mechanism underlying the skeletal muscle atrophy-associated insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our investigation suggests that exposure to AGEs, which are characteristic metabolites of T2DM pathology, induces the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to the upregulation of the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)/forkhead box O1 (FOXO1)/muscle atrophy F-box pathway and subsequent skeletal muscle atrophy, ultimately resulting in insulin resistance.

Hydroxychloroquine Attenuates hERG Channel by Promoting the Membrane Channel Degradation: Computational Simulation and Experimental Evidence for QT-Interval Prolongation with Hydroxychloroquine Treatment.

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to millions of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide and has no approved therapy. Currently, more than 700 drugs are tested in the COVID-19 clinical trials, and full evaluation of their cardiotoxicity risks is in high demand. METHODS: We mainly focused on hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), one of the most concerned drugs for COVID-19 therapy, and investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of HCQ on hERG channel via molecular docking simulations. We further applied the HEK293 cell line stably expressing hERG-wild-type channel (hERG-HEK) and HEK293 cells transiently expressing hERG-p.Y652A or hERG-p.F656A mutants to validate our predictions. Western blot analysis was used to determine the hERG channel, and the whole-cell patch clamp was utilized to record hERG current (IhERG). RESULTS: HCQ reduced the mature hERG protein in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Correspondingly, chronic and acute treatment of HCQ decreased the hERG current. Treatment with brefeldin A (BFA) and HCQ combination reduced hERG protein to a greater extent than BFA alone. Moreover, disruption of the typical hERG binding site (hERG-p.Y652A or hERG-p.F656A) rescued HCQ-mediated hERG protein and IhERG reduction. CONCLUSION: HCQ can reduce the mature hERG channel expression and IhERG via enhancing channel degradation. The QT prolongation effect of HCQ is mediated by typical hERG binding sites involving residues Tyr652 and Phe656.

Features of colorectal cancer in China stratified by anatomic sites: A hospital-based study conducted in university-affiliated hospitals from 2014 to 2018.

OBJECTIVE: The clinical and biological characteristics of colorectal cancer have been found to differ depending on the anatomic site of the cancer. However, for Chinese patients, there is limited information on the proportion of cases at each site and the related features. In this study, we explored the location, distribution and other features of colorectal cancers at each anatomic site in Chinese patients. METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based study using hospitalization summary reports from 10 Peking University-affiliated hospitals from 2014 to 2018; the reports covered a total of 2,097,347 hospitalizations. Incident cases were chosen as the study population, and their epidemiological features were further analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 20,739 colorectal cancer patients were identified. Rectum was the most common location (48.3%) of the cancer, whereas the proportions of patients with distal and proximal colon cancer were 24.5% and 18.6%, respectively. Patients with rectal cancer were predominantly male and were the youngest for all anatomical sites (each P<0.001). The highest proportion of emergency admissions, the longest hospital stays and the highest hospitalization costs were found in patients with proximal colon cancer (each P<0.001). The proximal colon cancer subgroup included the highest proportions of patients with medical histories of cholecystectomy, cholecystolithiasis and/or gallbladder polyps and appendectomy (P=0.009, P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). The distal colon cancer subgroup included the highest proportions of patients with medical histories of diabetes and hypertension (P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The patterns of colorectal cancer observed in this study differ from those reported for Western patients and show a significantly higher proportion of patients with rectal cancer. Different epidemiological features were also found based on anatomic sites. Further studies based on tumor location should be conducted to facilitate more accurate screening and treatment.

Toll-like receptor 4 plays a key role in advanced glycation end products-induced M1 macrophage polarization.

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to investigate the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in advanced glycation end products (AGEs)- induced macrophage polarization toward M1. METHODS: Isolated primary macrophages were exposed to prepared AGEs at concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 µmol/L. Macrophages were also exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which provided exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) was over-expressed by a vector. Specific siRNA silencing TLR4 and inhibitor TAK-242 were used to pre-treat the macrophages. Intracellular ROS was determined by DCFH-DA. Immunofluorescence staining was used to evaluate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which is the marker of M1 macrophage phenotype. Real-time PCR was used to assess the mRNA expression level of TLR4 and RAGE. Protein expression levels of cytoplasmic RAGE, TLR4, nuclear signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) and phosphorylation levels of cytoplasmic STAT1 were evaluated by Western blotting. ELISA was used to measure concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL6), IL12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α in supernatant of cell culture medium of macrophages. RESULTS: AGEs significantly elevated intracellular ROS generation, expression levels of iNOS, cytoplasmic RAGE, TLR4, nuclear STAT1, phosphorylation levels of cytoplasmic STAT1, as well as IL6, IL12 and TNFα contents in a concentration-dependent manner. TLR4 silencing and inhibitor pre-treatment reduced expression levels of cytoplasmic RAGE, TLR4, phosphorylation of STAT1 and nuclear STAT1 in AGEs-exposed macrophages without affecting RAGE expression and intracellular ROS production levels. RAGE over-expression elevated both ROS and TLR4 expression levels in macrophages. TLR4 expression elevation was also found in H2O2-treat macrophages. CONCLUSION: AGEs induced macrophage polarization toward M1 via activating RAGE/ROS/TLR4/STAT1 signaling pathway.

Loss of survival advantage for deficient mismatch repair in patients with advanced colorectal cancer may be caused by changes in prognostic value of CD8+T cell.

BACKGROUND: Patients with stage II deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) show a better prognosis than patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) with proficient mismatch repair (pMMR). However, this beneficial effect is decreased in advanced stages of the disease. This study was conducted to investigate the prognostic value of dMMR in different stage and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. METHODS: This was a matched retrospective cohort study. Thirty-two patients with stage III&IV dMMR matched with 32 patients with stage I&II dMMR and 64 patients with pMMR were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed for the 64 patients with dMMR to explore the expression and prognostic effect of CD3, CD4, CD8, and PD-L1. RESULTS: Patients with stage III-IV dMMR showed no advantage in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) compared to patients with pMMR (P = 0.244, P = 0.667). No expression differences in CD3, CD4, CD8, and PD-L1 at the center of the tumor (CT) or invasive margin (IM) were found between patients with stage I&II and stage III&IV dMMR. High CD3 expression at the CT and high CD3 an CD4 expression at the IM improved both OS and DFS. High CD8 expression showed opposite prognostic value in patients with stage I&II and III&IV dMMR. A similar tendency was observed for PD-L1 expression. CONCLUSION: Patients with stage III-IV dMMR showed no prognostic advantage over patients with pMMR. Expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, and PD-L1 was similar between stage I&II and III&IV dMMR CRC. High CD3 expression at the CT and high CD3 and CD4 expression at the IM can significantly improve patient prognosis. The opposite prognostic tendency of CD8 and PD-L1 for patients with stage I&II and III&IV dMMR may be relevant to CD8+T cell exhaustion and functional changes at inhibitory immune checkpoints.

Intestinal Perforation Secondary to Pits of Jujube Ingestion: A Single-Center Experience with 18 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Ingestion of jujube pits is a common clinical problem, which can be difficult to diagnose and life-threatening if accompanied with intestinal perforation and peritonitis. In this study, 18 cases of intestinal perforation caused by ingestion of jujube pits were reviewed and summarized to discuss the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatments. METHODS: From 2012 to 2018, a total of 18 patients diagnosed as intestinal perforation due to ingested pits of jujube in our center were retrospectively reviewed and the manifestations, laboratory tests, imaging examinations and treatment strategies were summarized. RESULTS: The patients comprised of 11 males and 7 females with an average age of 63.5 years. The main clinical manifestation was abdominal pain. Twelve patients (67%) presented to the emergency department with signs of localized peritonitis. CT imaging revealed positive findings in 17 (94%) patients. Conservative treatments were attempted in 3 patients, and the other 15 patients received emergency surgical exploration, where 7 patients had more than one perforation identified during surgery. Five patients were admitted in the surgical intensive care unit after surgery. The average length of stay of all 18 patients was 9.8 days (range 5-24 days). CONCLUSION: Ingestion of jujube pits is a common clinical problem and potentially leads to intestinal perforation and peritonitis. CT imaging is the first imaging modality of choice. Patients with milder symptoms might be managed with cautious conservative treatment, and patients with more than one perforation can be identified during surgery.

Is microsatellite instability-high really a favorable prognostic factor for advanced colorectal cancer? A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Stage II colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) has been proven to have a better prognosis. However, in advanced stage, this trend remains controversial. This study aimed to explore the prognostic role of MSI-H in stage III and IV colorectal cancer (CRC) through meta-analysis. METHODS: A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Central Library, and Embase databases. All randomized clinical trials and non-randomized studies were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and on survival after a radical operation with or without chemotherapy. The adjusted log hazard ratios (HRs) were used to estimate the prognostic value between MSI-H and microsatellite-stable CRCs. The random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled effect size. RESULTS: Thirty-six studies were included. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and non-RCT were analyzed separately. For stage III CRCs, pooled HR for overall survival (OS) was 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-.123) in the RCT subgroup and 0.89 (95% CI 0.62-1.28) in the non-RCT subgroup. For disease-free survival (DFS), the HR for the RCT group was 0.83 (95% CI 0.65-1.07), similar to the non-RCT subgroup (0.83, 95% CI 0.65-1.07). Disease-specific survival (DSS) was also calculated, which had an HR of 1.07 (95% CI 0.68-1.69) in the non-RCT subgroup. All these results showed that MSI-H has no beneficial effects in stage III CRC. For stage IV CRC, the HR for OS in the RCT subgroup was 1.23 (95% CI 0.92-1.64) but only two RCTs were included. For non-RCT study, the combined HR for OS and DFS was 1.10 (95% CI 0.77-1.51) and 0.72 (95% CI 0.53-0.98), respectively, suggesting the beneficial effect for DFS and non-beneficial effect for OS. CONCLUSION: For stage III CRC, MSI-H had no prognostic effect for OS, DFS, and DSS. For stage IV CRC, DFS showed a beneficial result, whereas OS did not; however, the included studies were limited and needed further exploration.

Comparison of 18 F-FDG and 18 F-FAPI PET/CT Findings of Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Stomach.

ABSTRACT: A 66-year-old man with gastric signet-ring cell carcinoma underwent both 18 F-FDG and 18 FAl-NOTA-FAPI PET/CT imaging. There was no abnormal FDG activity in the stomach, but there was diffuse intense 18 FAl-NOTA-FAPI uptake in the known lesion and an adjacent metastasis.

Comparison of Outcomes of Edge-to-Edge Mitral Valve Repair Versus Surgical Mitral Valve Repair for Functional Mitral Regurgitation.

AIMS: Patients affected by functional mitral regurgitation represent an increasingly high-risk population. Edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TEER) has emerged as a promising treatment option for these patients. However, there is limited research on the comparative outcomes of TEER versus surgical mitral valve repair (SMVr). This study seeks to compare the demographics, complications, and outcomes of TEER and SMVr based on a real-world analysis of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the NIS database, from the years 2016 to 2018, a total of 6233 and 2524 patients who underwent SMVr and TEER were selected, respectively. The mean ages of the patients were 65.68 years (SMVr) and 78.40 years (TEER) (p < 0.01). The mortality rate of patients who received SMVr was similar to that of patients who were treated with TEER (1.7% vs. 1.9%, p = 0.603). Patients who underwent SMVr more likely suffered from perioperative complications including cardiogenic shock (2.3% vs. 0.4%, p < 0.001), cardiac arrest (1.7% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.025), and cerebrovascular infarction (0.9% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.013). The average length of hospital stay was longer (8.59 vs. 4.13 days, p < 0.001) for SMVr compared to TEER; however, the average cost of treatment was higher ($218 728.25 vs. $215 071.74, p = 0.031) for TEER compared to SMVr. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that SMVr was associated with worse adjusted cardiogenic shock (OR, 7.347 [95% CI, 3.574-15.105]; p < 0.01) and acute kidney injury (OR, 2.793 [95% CI, 2.356-3.311]; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent TEER demonstrated a notable decrease in postoperative complications and a shorter hospitalization period when compared to those who underwent SMVr.

Therapeutic Suppression of Atherosclerotic Burden and Vulnerability via Dll4 Inhibition in Plaque Macrophages Using Dual-Targeted Liposomes.

Atherosclerosis, characterized by chronic inflammation within the arterial wall, remains a pivotal concern in cardiovascular health. We developed a dual-targeted liposomal system encapsulating Dll4-targeting siRNA, designed to selectively bind to pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages through surface conjugation with anti-F4/80 and anti-CD68 antibodies. The Dll4-targeting siRNA is then delivered to the macrophages, where it silences Dll4 expression, inhibiting Notch signaling and reducing plaque vulnerability. Emphasizing accuracy in targeting, the system demonstrates effective suppression of Dll4, a key modulator of atherosclerotic progression, and vulnerability via VSMCs phenotypic conversion and senescence. By employing liposomes for siRNA delivery, we observed enhanced stability and specificity of the siRNA. Alongside the therapeutic efficacy, our study also evaluated the safety profile and pharmacokinetics of the dual-targeted liposomal system, revealing favorable outcomes with minimal off-target effects and optimal biodistribution. The integration of RNA interference techniques with advanced nanotechnological methodologies signifies the importance of targeted delivery in this therapeutic approach. Preliminary findings suggest a potential attenuation in plaque development and vulnerability, indicating the therapeutic promise of this approach. This research emphasizes the potential of nanocarrier-mediated precision targeting combined with a reassuring safety and pharmacokinetic profile for advancing atherosclerosis therapeutic strategies.

Palmitic acid in type 2 diabetes mellitus promotes atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability via macrophage Dll4 signaling.

Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus are increasingly susceptible to atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, leading to severe cardiovascular events. In this study, we demonstrate that elevated serum levels of palmitic acid, a type of saturated fatty acid, are significantly linked to this enhanced vulnerability in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Through a combination of human cohort studies and animal models, our research identifies a key mechanistic pathway: palmitic acid induces macrophage Delta-like ligand 4 signaling, which in turn triggers senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells. This process is critical for plaque instability due to reduced collagen synthesis and deposition. Importantly, our findings reveal that macrophage-specific knockout of Delta-like ligand 4 in atherosclerotic mice leads to reduced plaque burden and improved stability, highlighting the potential of targeting this pathway. These insights offer a promising direction for developing therapeutic strategies to mitigate cardiovascular risks in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

A microbial metabolite inhibits the HIF-2α-ceramide pathway to mediate the beneficial effects of time-restricted feeding on MASH.

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a potent dietary intervention for improving metabolic diseases, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH). However, the mechanism of this efficacy has remained elusive. Here, we show that TRF improves MASLD, which is associated with a significant enrichment of Ruminococcus torques (R. torques). Mechanistically, R. torques suppresses the intestinal HIF-2α-ceramide pathway via the production of 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid (HMP). We identify rtMor as a 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reductase that synthesizes HMP in R. torques. Finally, we show that either the colonization of R. torques or oral HMP supplementation can ameliorate inflammation and fibrosis in a MASH mouse model. These findings identify R. torques and HMP as potential TRF mimetics for the treatment of metabolic disorders.

AGEs induce high expression of Dll4 via endoplasmic reticulum stress PERK signaling-mediated internal ribosomal entry site mechanism in macrophages.

Background and aim: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs)- exposed macrophages was characterized by Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) high expressed and has been shown to participate in diabetes-related atherosclerosis. This study was aimed to investigate the translational regulatory mechanism of Dll4 high expression in macrophages exposed to AGEs. Methods: Human Dll4 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) sequence was cloned and inserted into a bicistronic reporter plasmid. Human THP-1 macrophages transfected with the bicistronic reporter plasmids were exposed to AGEs. Dual-luciferase assay was used to detect internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity contained in Dll4 5'UTR. Small interference RNA transfection was used to knock-down specific gene expression. Localization of protein was analyzed. Results: AGEs exposure significantly induced IRES activity in Dll4 5' UTR in human macrophages. Internal potential promoter and ribosome read-through mechanisms were excluded. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and specific silencing of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) signaling pathway activation reduced IRES activity in Dll4 5' UTR in human macrophages. Dll4 5' UTR IRES activity was also inhibited by targeted silencing of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1). Moreover, specific inhibition of PERK/eIF2α signaling pathway led to deactivation of hnRNPA1, resulting to reduction of AGEs- induced Dll4 5' UTR IRES activity in human macrophages. Conclusions: AGEs induced Dll4 5' UTR IRES activity in human macrophages which was dependent on endoplasmic reticulum stress PERK/eIF2α signaling pathway. hnRNPA1 acted the role as an ITAF was also indispensable for AGEs-induced Dll4 5'UTR IRES activity in human macrophages.

Estimating potassium in potato plants based on multispectral images acquired from unmanned aerial vehicles.

Plant potassium content (PKC) is a crucial indicator of crop potassium nutrient status and is vital in making informed fertilization decisions in the field. This study aims to enhance the accuracy of PKC estimation during key potato growth stages by using vegetation indices (VIs) and spatial structure features derived from UAV-based multispectral sensors. Specifically, the fraction of vegetation coverage (FVC), gray-level co-occurrence matrix texture, and multispectral VIs were extracted from multispectral images acquired at the potato tuber formation, tuber growth, and starch accumulation stages. Linear regression and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate how VIs, both individually and in combination with spatial structure features, affect potato PKC estimation. The findings lead to the following conclusions: (1) Estimating potato PKC using multispectral VIs is feasible but necessitates further enhancements in accuracy. (2) Augmenting VIs with either the FVC or texture features makes potato PKC estimation more accurate than when using single VIs. (3) Finally, integrating VIs with both the FVC and texture features improves the accuracy of potato PKC estimation, resulting in notable R 2 values of 0.63, 0.84, and 0.80 for the three fertility periods, respectively, with corresponding root mean square errors of 0.44%, 0.29%, and 0.25%. Overall, these results highlight the potential of integrating canopy spectral information and spatial-structure information obtained from multispectral sensors mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles for monitoring crop growth and assessing potassium nutrient status. These findings thus have significant implications for agricultural management.

Role of the Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Tumorigenesis or Development of Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common cancer of the digestive system with high mortality and morbidity rates. Gut microbiota is found in the intestines, especially the colorectum, and has structured crosstalk interactions with the host that affect several physiological processes. The gut microbiota include CRC-promoting bacterial species, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides fragilis, and CRC-protecting bacterial species, such as Clostridium butyricum, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, which along with other microorganisms, such as viruses and fungi, play critical roles in the development of CRC. Different bacterial features are identified in patients with early-onset CRC, combined with different patterns between fecal and intratumoral microbiota. The gut microbiota may be beneficial in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC; some bacteria may serve as biomarkers while others as regulators of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Furthermore, metabolites produced by the gut microbiota play essential roles in the crosstalk with CRC cells. Harmful metabolites include some primary bile acids and short-chain fatty acids, whereas others, including ursodeoxycholic acid and butyrate, are beneficial and impede tumor development and progression. This review focuses on the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and their potential roles in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of CRC.

Comparison of outcomes between transcatheter tricuspid valve repair and surgical tricuspid valve replacement or repair in patients with tricuspid insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: Tricuspid regurgitation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, but with limited treatment options. The objective of this study is to compare the demographic characteristics, complications, and outcomes of transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVr) versus surgical tricuspid valve replacement (STVR) or surgical tricuspid valve repair (STVr), using real-world data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. METHODS AND RESULTS: Our study analyzed data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2016 to 2018 and identified 92, 86, and 84 patients with tricuspid insufficiency who underwent STVr, STVR, and TTVr, respectively. The mean ages of patients who received STVr, STVR, and TTVr were 65.03 years, 66.3 years, and 71.09 years, respectively, with TTVr patients significantly older than those who received STVr (P < 0.05). Patients who received STVr or STVR had higher mortality rates (8.7% and 3.5%, respectively) compared to those who received TTVr (1.2%). Patients who underwent STVr or STVR were also more likely to experience perioperative complications, including third-degree atrioventricular block (8.7% STVr vs. 1.2% TTVr, P = 0.329; 38.4% STVR vs. 1.2% TTVr, P < 0.05), respiratory failure (5.4% STVr vs. 1.2% TTVr, P = 0.369; 15.1% STVR vs. 1.2% TTVr, P < 0.05), respiratory complications (6.5% STVr vs. 1.2% TTVr, P = 0.372; 19.8% STVR vs. 1.2% TTVr, P < 0.05), acute kidney injury (40.2% STVr vs. 27.4% TTVr, P = 0.367; 34.9% STVR vs. 27.4% TTVr, P = 0.617), and fluid and electrolyte disorders (44.6% STVr vs. 22.6% TTVr, P = 0.1332; 50% STVR vs. 22.6% TTVr, P < 0.05). In addition, the average cost of care and the average length of hospital stay were higher for patients who underwent STVr or STVR than for those who received TTVr (USD$37995 ± 356008.523 STVr vs. USD$198397 ± 188943.082 TTVr, P < 0.05; USD$470948 ± 614177.568 STVR vs. USD$198397 ± 188943.082 TTVr, P < 0.05; 15.4 ± 15.19 STVr vs. 9.6 ± 10.21 days TTVr, P = 0.267; 24.7 ± 28.81 STVR vs. 9.6 ± 10.21 days TTVr, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: TTVr has shown to have favorable outcomes compared to STVr or STVR, but more research and clinical trials are required to help formulate evidence-based guidelines for the role of catheter-based management in tricuspid valve disease.

Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair Versus Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement in Patients with Mitral insufficiency.

AIMS: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most prevalent form of valvular heart disease. Transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) and transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) have recently emerged as alternatives to open heart surgical repair or replacement. However, studies on the comparative outcomes of TMVr and TMVR are limited. This study aims to compare the demographics, complications and outcomes of TMVr and TMVR based on a real-world investigation of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. METHODS AND RESULTS: From 2016-2018 in the NIS database, a total of 210 and 3370 patients who underwent TMVR and TMVr, respectively, were selected. The mean age of the patients was 75.99 years (TMVr) and 69.6 years (TMVR) (p <0.01). The mortality of patients who received TMVR was higher compared to that of patients who were treated with TMVr (8.1 vs. 1.9%, p <0.01). The patients who underwent TMVR were more likely to suffer perioperative complications including blood transfusions (16.2 vs. 5.0%, p <0.01) and acute kidney injury (22.9 vs. 13.3%, p <0.01). The average cost of treatment was higher (USD $278864 vs. USD $216845, p <0.01), and the average duration of hospitalization was longer (8.73 vs. 4.17 d, p <0.01) for TMVR compared to TMVr. When taking into account perioperative comorbidities and other factors, TMVR was associated with a worse adjusted in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR], 3.307 [95% CI, 1.533-7.136]; p <0.01). CONCLUSION: TMVr is associated with lower mortality, peri-procedural morbidity, and resource use compared to TMVR. A patient-centered approach can help guide decision-making about the choice of intervention for the individual patient and more studies evaluating the long-term outcomes and durability of TMVR are needed at present.

Cdk2 suppresses IL-23 expression and the onset of severe acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas. Although interleukin-23 (IL-23) is associated with the severity of acute pancreatitis, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Herein, its regulatory mechanisms were explored in this study. METHODS: RNA-sequencing analysis selected the differently expressed genes in cerulean-induced acute pancreatitis mice. Polymerase chain reaction analysis determined IL-23 expression in cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-pretreated or DDB1-cullin-4-associated factor-2 (DCAF2)-overexpressed RAW264.7 cells or CDKs inhibitor AT7519/cullin ring-finger ubiquitin ligase inhibitor MLN4924-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages in the presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Pancreatic damages were evaluated in AT7519-treated pancreatitis mice. RESULTS: Pancreatitis mice displayed an increased expression on IL-23 and a decreased expression of Cdk2. Inhibiting Cdk2 by shRNA or AT7519 significantly induced IL-23 expression in LPS-treated RAW cells. Moreover, AT7519 treatment significantly aggravated the severity of acute pancreatitis in mice. Furthermore, AT7519 remarkably increased DCAF2 expression, which was also induced by MLN4924 no matter with or without AT7519 in vitro. On the contrary, overexpressing DCAF2 blocked the stimulatory effect of AT7519 on IL-23 expression. CONCLUSION: Cdk2 negatively regulates IL-23 expression by inhibiting DCAF2 in acute pancreatitis, indicating that Cdk2 might serve as a promising therapeutic target for acute pancreatitis.

Progress in the Study of Colorectal Cancer Caused by Altered Gut Microbiota After Cholecystectomy.

Epidemiological studies have found an increased incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in people who undergo cholecystectomy compared to healthy individuals. After cholecystectomy, bile enters the duodenum directly, unregulated by the timing of meals. Disruption of the balance of bile acid metabolism and increased production of primary bile acids, which in turn affects the composition and abundance of intestinal microorganisms. The link among cholecystectomy, the gut microbiota, and the occurrence and development of CRC is becoming clearer. However, due to the complexity of the microbial community, the mechanistic connections are less well understood. In this review, we summarize the changes of gut microbiota after cholecystectomy and illuminate the potential mechanisms on CRC, such as inflammation and immune regulation, production of genotoxins, metabolism of dietary ingredients, activation of signaling pathways, and so on. By reviewing these, we aimed to unravel the interactions between the gut microbiota and its host and be better positioned to develop treatments for CRC after cholecystectomy.