ZnO nanomaterials target mitochondrial apoptosis and mitochondrial autophagy pathways in cancer cells.

In recent years, the application of engineering nanomaterials has significantly contributed to the development of various biomedical fields. Zinc oxide nanomaterials (ZnO NMts) have gained wide popularity due to their biocompatibility, unique physical and chemical properties, stability, and cost-effectiveness for large-scale production. They have emerged as potential materials for anticancer applications. This article provides a comprehensive review of the synthesis methods of ZnO NMts and highlights the advantages of combining ZnO NMts with anticancer drugs as a nano platform for cancer treatment. Additionally, the article briefly explains the mechanism of action of ZnO NMts in tumor cells, focusing on the mitochondrial pathways that target cell apoptosis and autophagy. It is observed that these pathways are primarily influenced by reactive oxygen species generated through oxidative stress. The article discusses the promising prospects of ZnO NMts combined with anticancer drugs in the field of cancer medicine and emphasizes the need for further in-depth research on the mitochondrial apoptosis and mitochondrial autophagy pathways.

Biological mechanism of ZnO nanomaterials.

Modern nanotechnology has made zinc oxide nanomaterials (ZnO NMts) multifunctional, stable, and low cost, enabling them to be widely used in commercial and biomedical fields. With its wide application, the risk of human direct contact and their release into the environment also increases. This review aims to summarize the toxicity studies of ZnO NMts in vivo, including neurotoxicity, inhalation toxicity, and reproductive toxicity. The antibacterial and antiviral mechanisms of ZnO NMts in vitro and the toxicity to eukaryotic cells were summarized. The summary found that it was mainly related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative stress. It also discusses the potential harm to body and the favorable prospects of the widespread use of antibacterial and antiviral in the future medical field. The review also emphasizes that the dosage and use method of ZnO NMts will be the focus of future biomedical research.

Microbiome Diversity and Cellulose Decomposition Processes by Microorganisms on the Ancient Wooden Seawall of Qiantang River of Hangzhou, China.

Archaeological wood, also known as wooden cultural relics, refers to ancient wood that has been worked by humans. Further insights into the decomposition mechanism of archaeological wood are needed for its preventive conservation. In this study, we assessed the microbiome diversity and cellulose decomposition processes on a 200-year-old ancient wooden seawall - the Qiantang River of Hangzhou, China. We used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to deduce the metagenomic functions, particularly the cellulose-decomposing pathway of the microbial communities, through bioinformatical approaches. The predominant cellulose-decomposing microorganisms were then verified with traditional isolation, culture, and identification method. The results showed that the excavation of archaeological wood significantly altered the environment, accelerating the deterioration process of the archaeological wood through the carbohydrate metabolism and the xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism pathways, under the comprehensive metabolism of complex ecosystem formed by bacteria, archaea, fungi, microfauna, plants, and algae. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were found to be the predominant source of bacterial cellulose-decomposing enzymes. Accordingly, we suggest relocating the wooden seawall to an indoor environment with controllable conditions to better preserve it. In addition, these results provide further evidence for our viewpoints that HTS techniques, combined with rational bioinformatical data interpretation approaches, can serve as powerful tools for the preventive protection of cultural heritage.

Reduction of phase noise to amplitude noise conversion in silicon waveguide-based phase-sensitive amplification.

We use a vector phase sensitive amplification (PSA) scheme, which can eliminate the inherent phase noise (PN) to amplitude noise (AN) conversion in a conventional PSA process. A dispersion-engineered silicon strip waveguide is used to investigate the vector PSA scheme at the telecom wavelengths. The phase-dependent gain and phase-to-phase transfer functions as well as constellation diagram at different signal polarization states (SPSs) are numerically analyzed. It is found that the PN to AN conversion is completely suppressed when the SPS is identical to one of the pump polarization states. Moreover, the binary phase shift keying signal is regenerated by the proposed vector PSA scheme, and the error vector magnitude is calculated to assess the regeneration capacity. Our results have potential application in all-optical signal processing.

Impact of Community-Based Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Metabolic Syndrome Intervention Technology in Rural Residents in Southern Jiangsu, China.

BACKGROUND: To explore the feasibility and efficiency of community-based integrated traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine metabolic syndrome (MS) intervention in rural residents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The MS intervention was administered to 598 rural community residents aged 45 years and older in Zhoushi from 2011 to 2013. Subjects completed a health examination and health behavior questionnaire before and after the intervention. In the intervention, we designed a "healthy life self-help program" using TCM appropriate technologies for the subjects. RESULTS: After 2 years of intervention by means of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, 57.0% (341 persons) of the subjects no longer suffered from MS. The recovery rate of BMI, blood pressure, FBG, TG, and HDL-C were 22.1%, 40.5%, 37.9%, 32.8%, and 62.4%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in exercise, smoking, and alcohol drinking between baseline and 2 years later. CONCLUSIONS: The integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine MS intervention was effective in deceasing most of the parameters of MS, especially blood pressure, and helping people to do more exercise. The program would be useful to implement in other similar populations.

Enhanced glioma cell death with ZnO nanorod flowers and temozolomide combination therapy through autophagy and mitophagy pathways.

In recent years, the application of engineered NMts has significantly contributed to various biomedical fields. ZnO NMts (ZnO NMts) are widely utilized due to their biocompatibility, unique physical and chemical properties, stability, and cost-effectiveness for large-scale production. They have emerged as potential materials for anti-cancer applications. This study aims to study the impact of ZnO Nanorod flowers (ZnO NRfs) and their combination with temozolomide (TMZ) on glioma cells. Normal mouse microglia (BV2) will be used as a control to assess the effects on mouse glioma cells (G422) and human glioma cells (LN229). The effects of these substances were evaluated on G422 and LN229 cells through various parameters such as IC50 value, Zn2+ accumulation, ROS production, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization, and examination of organelles like mitochondria and lysosomes. Additionally, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), endothelial cell PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1), autophagy markers (LC3), mitophagy and phagocytosis marker (BNIP3) were assessed. The results demonstrated that the combination of ZnO NRfs and TMZ could influence the expression of HIF-1α, EPAS1, LC3, and BNIP3 proteins, leading to mitophagy in glioma cells. This combination treatment has the potential to effectively eliminate glioma cells by activating the mitophagy pathway, which provides a good prospect for the clinical treatment of glioma.

Simultaneous detection of seven bacterial pathogens transmitted by flies using the reverse line blot hybridization assay.

BACKGROUND: Traditional methods for detecting insect-borne bacterial pathogens are time-consuming and require specialized laboratory facilities, limiting their applicability in areas without access to such resources. Consequently, rapid and efficient detection methods for insect-borne bacterial diseases have become a pressing need in disease prevention and control. METHODS: We aligned the ribosomal 16S rRNA sequences of seven bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Aeromonas caviae, Vibrio vulnificus, Salmonella enterica, Proteus vulgaris, and Yersinia enterocolitica) by DNASTAR Lasergene software. Using DNASTAR Lasergene and Primer Premier software, we designed universal primers RLB-F and RLB-R, two species-specific probes for each pathogen, and a universal probe (catch-all). The PCR products of seven standard strains were hybridized with specific oligonucleotide probes fixed on the membrane for specific experimental procedures. To evaluate the sensitivity of PCR-RLB, genomic DNA was serially diluted from an initial copy number of 1010 to 100 copies/µl in distilled water. These dilutions were utilized as templates for the PCR-RLB sensitivity analysis. Simultaneous detection of seven fly-borne bacterial pathogens from field samples by the established PCR-RLB method was conducted on a total of 1060 houseflies, collected from various environments in Lanzhou, China. RESULTS: The established PCR-RLB assay is capable of detecting bacterial strains of about 103 copies/µl for S. aureus, 103 copies/µl for S. flexneri, 105 copies/µl for A. caviae, 105 copies/µl for V. vulnificus, 100 copies/µl for S. enterica, 105 copies/µl for P. vulgaris, and 100 copies/µl for Y. enterocolitica. The results demonstrate that the detection rate of the established PCR-RLB method is higher (approximately 100 times) compared to conventional PCR. This method was applied to assess the bacterial carrier status of flies in various environments in Lanzhou, China. Among the seven bacterial pathogens carried by flies, S. enterica (34.57%), S. flexneri (32.1%), and Y. enterocolitica (20.37%) were found to be the predominant species. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this research shows that the rapid and efficient PCR-RLB detection technology could be a useful for surveillance and therefore effective prevention and control the spread of insect-borne diseases. Meanwhile, the experimental results indicate that urban sanitation and vector transmission sources are important influencing factors for pathogen transmission.

Screening of low-toxic zinc oxide nanomaterials and study the apoptosis mechanism of NSC-34 cells.

With the increasing application of ZnO nanomaterials (ZnO-NMts) in the biomedical field, it is crucial to assess their potential risks to humans and the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to screen for ZnO-NMts with low toxicity and establish safe exposure limits, and investigate their mechanisms of action. The study synthesized 0D ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and 3D ZnO nanoflowers (ZnO Nfs) with different morphologies using a hydrothermal approach for comparative research. The ZnO-NMts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mouse brain neuronal cells (NSC-34) were incubated with ZnO NMts for 6, 12, and 24 h, and the cell morphology was observed using TEM. The toxic effects of ZnO Nfs on NSC-34 cells were studied using CCK-8 cell viability detection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, caspase-3 activity detection, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis assay, and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δφm) measurement. The results of the research showed that ZnO-NMts caused cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear pyknosis. After incubating cells with 12.5 µg mL-1 ZnO-NMts for 12 h, ZnO NRfs exhibited the least toxicity and ROS levels. Additionally, there was a significant increase in caspase-3 activity, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δφm), and the highest rate of early apoptosis.This study successfully identified ZnO NRfs with the lowest toxicity and determined the safe exposure limit to be < 12.5 µg mL-1 (12 h). These findings will contribute to the clinical use of ZnO NRfs with low toxicity and provide a foundation for further research on their potential applications in brain disease treatment.

Study on the biological effects of ZnO nanosheets on EBL cells.

In this study, the biological effects of ZnO nanosheets were initially investigated using embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells cultured in vitro as a model. ZnO nanosheets were prepared by a hydrothermal method, and their structure and morphology were characterized, and their effects on EBL cell viability, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and apoptosis were investigated. The results showed that 12.5 µg ml-1 ZnO nanosheets can cause morphological changes in EBL cells. The toxic effects of ZnO nanosheets on EBL cells were time-dependent. Caspase-3 activity in EBL cells changed under certain conditions with the introduction of 25 µg ml-1 ZnO nanomaterials, and EBL cell apoptosis was promoted. Under different concentration and time effects, ZnO nanosheets induced an increase in ROS levels in EBL cells, indicating that they have an oxidative damage effect on cells. The toxic effects of ZnO nanosheets on EBL cells were discussed, including concentration effect, time effect, and cytotoxic effect, which eventually led to cell oxidative damage.

Senecavirus a 3D Interacts with NLRP3 to Induce IL-1ß Production by Activating NF-κB and Ion Channel Signals.

Senecavirus A (SVA) infection induces inflammation in animals, such as fever, diarrhea, vesicles and erosions, and even death. The inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) plays a pivotal role in inflammatory responses to combat microbes. Although SVA infection can produce inflammatory clinical symptoms, the modulation of IL-1ß production by SVA infection remains unknown at present. Here, both in vitro and in vivo, SVA robustly induced IL-1ß production in macrophages and pigs. Infection performed in NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing three (NLRP3) knockdown cells indicated that NLRP3 is essential for SVA-induced IL-1ß secretion. Importantly, we identified that the 1 to 154 amino acid (aa) portion of SVA 3D binds to the NLRP3 NACHT domain to activate NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and IL-1ß secretion. In addition, the SVA 3D protein interacts with IKKα and IKKß to induce NF-κB activation, which facilitates pro-IL-1ß transcription. Meanwhile, 3D induces p65 nucleus entry. Moreover, SVA 3D induces calcium influx and potassium efflux, which triggers IL-1ß secretion. Ion channels might be related to 3D binding with NLRP3, resulting in NLRP3-ASC complex assembly. We found that 3D protein expression induced tissue hemorrhage and swelling in the mice model. Consistently, expression of 3D in mice caused IL-1ß maturation and secretion. In the natural host of pigs, we confirmed that 3D also induced IL-1ß production. Our data reveal a novel mechanism underlying the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome after SVA 3D expression, which provides clues for controlling pig's inflammation during the SVA infection. IMPORTANCE Inflammation refers to the response of the immune system to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections or other foreign particles in the body, which can involve the production of a wide array of soluble inflammatory mediators. The NLRP3 inflammasome is one of the best-characterized inflammasome leading to IL-1ß production and maturation. Senecavirus A (SVA) is an oncolytic virus that can cause fever, vesicles and erosions, severe fatal diarrhea, and even the sudden death of piglets. In this study, we demonstrated that 1 to 154 aa of SVA polymerase protein 3D interacts with the NACHT domain of NLRP3 to induce IL-1ß production via the NF-κB signaling pathway and ion channel signal. Our study unveils the mechanism underlying the regulation of inflammasome assembly and production of IL-1ß in response to SVA infection that will help better understand the modulation of host inflammation in pathogens invasion and development of the vaccine.

FMDV Leader Protein Interacts with the NACHT and LRR Domains of NLRP3 to Promote IL-1ß Production.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection causes inflammatory clinical symptoms, such as high fever and vesicular lesions, even death of animals. Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays an essential role in inflammatory responses against viral infection. The viruses have developed multiple strategies to induce the inflammatory responses, including regulation of IL-1ß production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of IL-1ß by FMDV remains not fully understood. Here, we found that FMDV robustly induced IL-1ß production in macrophages and pigs. Infection of Casp-1 inhibitor-treated cells and NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)-knockdown cells indicated that NLRP3 is essential for FMDV-induced IL-1ß secretion. More importantly, we found that FMDV Lpro associates with the NACHT and LRR domains of NLRP3 to promote NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and IL-1ß secretion. Moreover, FMDV Lpro induces calcium influx and potassium efflux, which trigger NLRP3 activation. Our data revealed the mechanism underlying the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome after FMDV Lpro expression, thus providing insights for the control of FMDV infection-induced inflammation.

[Method study on calcium and phosphorus simultaneous determination by microwave-digestion and ICP-MS].

As a pre-digestion method of breast milk microwave-digestion was adopted in this method, and the contents of calcium and phosphorus were determined by ICP-MS at the same time. By optimizing conditions of digestion and ICP-MS, appropriate internal elements and the isotope mass number and EPA200.8 interference calibration equation were chosen. The accuracy and reliability of method were verified through the recovery and milk powder analysis of national standard substances (GBW10017). Determination results are in the permissible range. The relative deviation (RSD) is less than 2.40%, while the recovery is between 102.8% and 104.0%. ICP-MS method has wide dynamic range, and doesn't need to dilute samples. It is suitable for lots of samples and multi-element analyzed at the same time, and making up default of different method and different element determined respectively in national standard. It is a determination method for calcium and phosphorus supply of breast milk.

Flower-like ZnO nanostructure assisted loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Japanese encephalitis virus.

In this study, we described a novel and effective flower-like ZnO nanostructure assisted Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) method to detect Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV). The effects of different concentrations of ZnO nanoflower on the RT-LAMP reaction were investigated. With the increase of concentration of ZnO nanoflower, RT-LAMP reaction obtained optimization, until the concentration exceeded 1.5nM, RT-LAMP reaction was inhibited. Made 1nM as optimum concentration of ZnO nanoflower, we found that optimum RT-LAMP reaction temperature and time were 60°C and 30min, respectively. The optimization might be connected with good adsorption to DNA and thermal conductivity of ZnO nanoflower, but mechanism of the RT-LAMP reaction affected by ZnO nanoflower needs to be explored further.