High antibiotic resistance and mortality with Acinetobacter species in a tertiary hospital, Nepal.

SETTING: Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Bhainsepati, Lalitpur, Nepal. OBJECTIVES: To determine antimicrobial resistance patterns, and the number and proportion of multidrug-resistant (MDR-) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-) cases among all patients with Acinetobacter isolates between September 2018 and September 2019. DESIGN: This was a hospital laboratory-based, cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Acinetobacter spp. (n = 364) were more common in respiratory (n = 172, 47.3%) and invasive samples such as blood, body fluids (n = 95, 26.1%). Sensitivity to AWaRe (Access, Watch and Reserve) Group antibiotics (tigecycline, polymyxin B, colistin) remained high. MDR (resistance to at least three classes of antimicrobial agents) (n = 110, 30.2%) and XDR (MDR plus carbapenem) (n = 87, 23.9%) isolates were most common in the Watch Group of antibiotics and found in respectively 99 (31.0%) and 78 (24.5%) patients (n = 319). Infected patients were more likely to be aged >40 years (n = 196, 61.4%) or inpatients (n = 191, 59.9%); 76 (23.8%) patients had an unfavourable outcome, including death (n = 59, 18.5%). CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of MDR and XDR isolates was found; nearly one patient in five died. Robust hospital infection prevention and control measures (particularly for respiratory and invasive procedures) and routine surveillance are needed to reduce infections and decrease the mortality rate. Tigecycline, polymyxin B and colistin should be cautiously used only in MDR and XDR cases.

CONTEXTE: Hôpital de Mediciti, Bhainsepati, Lalitpur, Népal. OBJECTIFS: Déterminer les profils de résistance antimicrobienne, le nombre et la proportion de cas multirésistants (MDR) et ultrarésistants (XDR) parmi tous les patients chez qui des isolats d'Acinetobacter ont été identifiés de septembre 2018 à septembre 2019. MÉTHODE: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale réalisée dans un laboratoire hospitalier. RÉSULTATS: Acinetobacter spp. (n=364) étaient plus fréquentes dans les échantillons respiratoires (n=172, 47,3%) et invasifs comme le sang et les fluides corporels (n=95, 26,1%). La sensibilité aux antibiotiques de la classification AWaRe (« dont l'accessibilité est essentielle ¼, « à utiliser sélectivement ¼, « de réserve ¼) (tigécycline, polymyxine B, colistine) restait élevée. Les isolats MDR (résistance à au moins trois classes d'agents antimicrobiens) (n=110, 30,2%) et XDR (MDR plus carbapénème) (n=87, 23,9%) étaient plus fréquents dans le groupe des « antibiotiques à utiliser sélectivement ¼ ; ils ont été observés chez respectivement 99 (31,0%) et 78 (24,5%) patients (n=319). Les patients infectés étaient plus susceptibles d'être âgés > 40 ans (n=196, 61,4%) ou hospitalisés (n=191, 59,9%). Un résultat défavorable a été observé chez 76 (23,8%) patients, dont des décès (n=59, 18,5%). CONCLUSION: Une proportion significative d'isolats MDR et XDR a été observée ; près de un patient sur cinq est décédé. Des mesures concrètes de prévention et de contrôle des infections à l'hôpital (notamment pour les procédures invasives et respiratoires) et de surveillance de routine sont nécessaires pour réduire les infections et diminuer le taux de mortalité. La tigécycline, la polymyxine B et la colistine doivent être utilisées avec prudence, uniquement en cas de MDR et XDR.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Nepali hospitals: poor outcomes amid 10 years of increasing antimicrobial resistance.

OBJECTIVE: To determine antimicrobial resistance patterns and prevalence of multi- (MDR, i.e., resistant to ⩾3 classes of antimicrobial agents) and extensively (XDR, i.e., resistant to ⩾3, susceptible to ⩽2 groups of antibiotics) drug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal, using standard microbiological methods with Kirby Bauer disc diffusion to identify antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS: P. aeruginosa (n = 447) were most frequently isolated in respiratory (n = 203, 45.4%) and urinary samples (n = 120, 26.8%). AWaRe Access antibiotics showed 25-30% resistance, Watch antibiotics 30-55%. Susceptibility to AWaRe Reserve antibiotics remains high; however, 32.8% were resistant to aztreonam. Overall, 190 (42.5%) were MDR and 99 (22.1%) XDR (first Nepali report) based on mainly non-respiratory samples. The majority of infected patients were >40 years (n = 229, 63.2%) or inpatients (n = 181, 50.0%); 36 (15.2%) had an unfavourable outcome, including death (n = 25, 10.5%). Our larger study showed a failure of improvement over eight previous studies covering 10 years. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa occurred to all 19 AWaRe group antibiotics tested. Vulnerable patients are at significant risk from such resistant strains, with a high death rate. Sustainable and acceptable antibiotic surveillance and control are urgently needed across Nepal, as antimicrobial resistance has deteriorated over the last decade.

OBJECTIF: Déterminer les profils de résistance antimicrobienne et la prévalence des souches de Pseudomonas aeruginosa multirésistantes (MDR, c.-à-d., résistantes à ⩾3 classes d'agents antimicrobiens) et ultrarésistantes (XDR, c.-à-d., résistantes à ⩾3, susceptibles à ⩽2 familles d'antibiotiques). MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale réalisée à l'Hôpital Mediciti, Lalitpur, Népal, à l'aide de méthodes microbiologiques standards avec test de diffusion sur disque de Kirby Bauer pour identifier la sensibilité aux antimicrobiens. RÉSULTATS: P. aeruginosa (n = 447) a été le plus souvent isolé d'échantillons respiratoires (n = 203, 45,4%) et urinaires (n = 120, 26,8%). Le groupe des « antibiotiques dont l'accessibilité est essentielle ¼ selon la classification AWaRe, a été associé à une résistance de 25­30% contre 30-55% pour ceux du groupe « antibiotiques à utiliser sélectivement ¼. La sensibilité aux « antibiotiques de réserve ¼ restait élevée, mais 32,8% des isolats étaient résistants à l'aztréonam. Dans l'ensemble, 190 (42,5%) isolats étaient MDR et 99 (22,1%) XDR (premier rapport népalais) sur la base d'échantillons principalement non respiratoires. La majorité des patients infectés étaient âgés de >40 ans (n = 229 ; 63,2%) ou hospitalisés (n = 181, 50,0%). Une issue défavorable a été rapportée chez 36 patients (15,2%), dont des décès (n = 25 ; 10,5%). Notre vaste étude a montré l'absence d'amélioration sur huit études antérieures qui couvrent 10 années. CONCLUSION: Une résistance de P. aeruginosa aux 19 antibiotiques de la classification AWaRe testés a été observée. Ces souches résistantes font encourir un risque significatif aux patients vulnérables, avec un taux de mortalité élevé. Un contrôle et une surveillance durable et satisfaisante des antibiotiques sont nécessaires au Népal, puisque le taux de résistance antimicrobienne a augmenté au cours des 10 dernières années.

More than a decade on: review of the use of imiquimod in lower anogenital intraepithelial neoplasia.

To assess the effectiveness of 5% imiquimod cream (IQ) in the treatment of vulvar, penile and anal intraepithelial neoplasias (VIN, PIN and AIN), we searched Medline, Embase, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. With regard to VIN there were two randomized controlled trials (RCTs), eight uncontrolled/cohort studies, nine case reports and one review article. Use of IQ in PIN and AIN were only supported by cohort studies (two each for PIN and AIN) and case reports (15 for PIN and 3 for AIN). On pooled analysis of RCTs, uncontrolled and cohort studies, the mean complete response (CR) rate for VIN, PIN and AIN were 51%, 70% and 48%, respectively. The mean partial response (PR) rate for VIN, PIN and AIN were 25%, 30% and 34% respectively. The recurrence (RR) rate for VIN, PIN and AIN were 16%, 0% and 36%, respectively. The follow-up period for VIN, PIN and AIN ranged from 2 to 32 months, 10 to 12 months and 11 to 39 months, respectively. Although the results for PIN look the best, the strongest evidence regarding efficacy of IQ in anogenital intraepithelial neoplasia is for VIN supported by RCTs. Evidence for use of IQ in AIN was essentially limited to HIV-positive men who have sex with men. IQ was reasonably well tolerated with side-effects being managed with reduction in frequency of drug usage and/or rest periods. Based on these results, IQ seems to be a safe mode of treatment and is possibly an alternative to currently available methods of treatment. However, there are no comparative studies assessing its efficacy against traditional modes of treatment.

Diagnosis, management and prevalence estimation of gonorrhoea: influences of Aptima Combo 2 assay with alternative target confirmation.

Case-notes and laboratory data were retrospectively reviewed for influences of dual testing by Aptima Combo 2 (AC2) for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) on the diagnosis, management and prevalence estimation of gonorrhoea in the genitourinary (GU) medicine clinic and community. NG positives by AC2 were confirmed by Aptima Gonococcus assay. Unconfirmed positives were rare. Our study showed that in the GU medicine clinic, AC2 detected about 20% extra cases of NG beyond culture. For best standard of care, NG culture and microscopy are still required in some patients to ensure that treatment is rapid and appropriate. Compared to self-referral at the GU medicine clinic, community tests made a substantial contribution to the overall number of NG cases found (40 community versus 35 Macclesfield GU medicine clinic). The ratio of female to male NG cases found was significantly higher (P = 0.002) in the community (13 M, 27 F) than at the GU medicine clinic (25 M, 10 F). In the community, over 60% of NG infections occurred in chlamydia-negative patients. The overall prevalence of NG in the GU medicine clinic was 1.3%, the true prevalence being much lower at 0.9% on primary test. Prevalence in the community was 0.4%. Data from dual testing in the community can clarify NG prevalence beyond the existing KC60 (sexually transmitted infections) reports.

A case of linear epidermal naevus presenting as genital warts--a cautionary tale.

Linear epidermal naevus (LEN) in the genital area is quite rare. It may present at birth or appear later on in life, in infancy or childhood and occasionally for the first time in adult life. There are several variants of epidermal naevi (EN), which, to the less experienced, can be mistaken for warts. When extensive, it can be associated with abnormalities in other organ systems (epidermal naevus syndrome). The definitive treatment of LEN is surgical ablation with excision of underlying dermis, but this frequently leads to scarring. Laser therapy is an alternative treatment modality and good results have been shown. We report an unusual case of LEN in the genital area in a 60-year-old man presenting as genital warts.

Finding cases of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in England.

We describe the use of a new molecular assay for Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), the Gen-Probe Aptima TV (ATV) in female attendees at community clinics, a genitourinary (GU) medicine clinic and a prison GU medicine service. Positivity rates at community clinics and GU medicine were 0/382 (0%) and 3/358 (0.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0-1.7%), respectively. Positivity was significantly higher, 29/269 (10.8%, 95% CI 7.1-14.5%), odds ratio (OR) 14.3 (4.11 < OR < 59.55), in those tested at the prison. A questionnaire survey of English GU medicine clinics and data from the UK Health Protection Agency (HPA) for England both demonstrated the large variation in case rates by region and testing methods employed. Higher rates were seen in women, in prison GU medicine services and in London GU medicine clinics. The ATV assay is now CE-marked (Conformité Européenne) and so a larger prospective study of its potential application is warranted.

Should we consider alternatives to combined cervical and urethral swabs for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in females?

BACKGROUND: The optimum approach for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is considered to be combined cervical and urethral testing. OBJECTIVE: To assess the contribution of female urethral swabs in CT diagnosis and to examine alternatives. METHOD: Urethral and endocervical samples for CT were performed on 757 sexually active female patients, >16 years, attending the genitourinary medicine clinic at Macclesfield District General Hospital from October 2005 to November 2006. Swabs were collected and transported to the laboratory in separate AC2 sample collection tubes and were tested by AC2 assay. RESULTS: Of the 757 patients tested simultaneously by both endocervical and urethral swab, a total of 90 had CT identified by either method giving a positivity rate of 11.9%. Results for urethral and endocervical swabs were concordant in 77 patients (85.6%). Eighty two infections (91.1%) would have been diagnosed by swabbing the cervix only but an additional 8 (8.9%) were picked up by urethral swab. Urethral symptoms had been mentioned by 1 of these 8 women. CONCLUSION: 8.9% infected women were positive only on urethral swab. One of these would have been picked up owing to presenting symptoms, hence reducing the extra yield to 7.8% and leaving only 7 positives on 757 urethral swabs with a detection rate of 1% of all urethral swabs. Considering the low yield and the discomfort of urethral swabbing, an additional urethral swab appears unwarranted on grounds of both cost and patient care. As a small number of cases were detected at the urethra but not the cervix, it may be worthwhile investigating the performance of AC2 when placing an endocervical swab in first catch urine. An effective and simpler approach may be a switch to testing vaginal swabs by AC2.

Knowledge, attitudes and health outcomes in HIV-infected travellers to the USA.

BACKGROUND: The USA bans entry to non-citizens unless they obtain a waiver visa. AIM: To establish how many people with HIV infection travelled to the USA, whether they were aware of the travel restriction, whether they travelled with a waiver visa and HIV inclusive medical insurance and how they managed with their antiretroviral medication (ARV). DESIGN: Collation of data from cross-sectional studies conducted independently at three different medical centres, Manchester, Brighton and London, using a structured self-completion questionnaire. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 66.6% (1113 respondents). 349 (31%) had travelled to the USA since testing HIV positive, of whom only 14.3% travelled with a waiver visa. 64% and 62% of the respondents at Manchester and Brighton were aware of the need of a waiver visa. 68.5% (212) were on ARV medication at the time of travel and, of these, 11.3% stopped their medication. Of those taking ARV medication, only 25% took a doctors' letter, 11.7% posted their medication in advance. Of those discontinuing treatment (n=27), 55.5% sought medical advice before stopping, 11 were on NNRTI-based regimen and one developed NNRTI-based mutation. Only 27% took up HIV inclusive medical insurance. Many patients reported negative practical and emotional experiences resulting from travel restrictions. CONCLUSION: The majority of HIV patients travel to the USA without the waiver visa, with nearly half doing so with insufficient planning and advice. A significant minority (11.3%) stop their medication in an unplanned manner, risking the development of drug resistance.