Human adenoviral (HAdV) chronic arthritis expands the infectious spectrum of primary agammaglobulinemia.

Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a heterogeneous entity with an increasing number of late diagnoses. Besides infections, inflammatory manifestations are a growing part of the clinical landscape of IEI. These complications are of unknown causes and often lead to the prescription of immunosuppressive agents that worsen the underlying immune defect. We here report the case of an adult patient diagnosed with chronic Human Adenovirus C-1 arthritis in the setting of primary agammaglobulinemia. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing led to the correct diagnosis and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins resulted in complete recovery. This observation gives new insights into adenoviral immunity and underlines the importance of metagenomics in the diagnosis of inflammatory manifestations in immunocompromised patients.

Cytomegalovirus proctitis as a complication of COVID-19 with immunosuppressive treatments.

We report a case of reactivated biopsy-proven cytomegalovirus proctitis complicating the course of severe COVID-19 pneumonia treated with dexamethasone, anakinra and lopinavir/ritonavir. No other contributing factor was found than iatrogenic immunosuppression and COVID-19 immune dysregulation. We draw attention to the immunosuppressive risk when treating severe COVID-19 pneumonia with immunomodulators.

Fatal Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 pleural empyema: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is a gram-negative intracellular bacillus composed of sixteen different serogroups. It is mostly known to cause pneumonia in individuals with known risk factors as immunocompromised status, tobacco use, chronic organ failure or age older than 50 years. Although parapneumonic pleural effusion is frequent in legionellosis, pleural empyema is very uncommon. In this study, we report a case of fatal pleural empyema caused by L. pneumophila serogroup 1 in an 81-year-old man with multiple risk factors. CASE SUMMARY: An 81-year-old man presented to the emergency with a 3 wk dyspnea, fever and left chest pain. His previous medical conditions were chronic lymphocytic leukemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney failure, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, without tobacco use. Chest X-ray and comouted tomography-scan confirmed a large left pleural effusion, which puncture showed a citrine exudate with negative standard bacterial cultures. Despite intravenous cefotaxime antibiotherapy, patient's worsening condition after 10 d led to thoracocentesis and evacuation of 2 liters of pus. The patient progressively developed severe hypoxemia and multiorgan failure occurred. The patient was treated by antibiotherapy with cefepime and amikacin and with adequate symptomatic shock treatment, but died of uncontrolled sepsis. The next day, cultures of the surgical pleural liquid samples yielded L. pneumophila serogroup 1, consistent with the diagnosis of pleural legionellosis. CONCLUSION: L. pneumophila should be considered in patients with multiple risk factors and undiagnosed pleural empyema unresponsive to conventional antibiotherapy.