Total Ankle Replacement Versus Arthrodesis for End-Stage Ankle Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: End-stage ankle osteoarthritis causes severe pain and disability. There are no randomized trials comparing the 2 main surgical treatments: total ankle replacement (TAR) and ankle fusion (AF). OBJECTIVE: To determine which treatment is superior in terms of clinical scores and adverse events. DESIGN: A multicenter, parallel-group, open-label randomized trial. (ISRCTN registry number: 60672307). SETTING: 17 National Health Service trusts across the United Kingdom. PATIENTS: Patients with end-stage ankle osteoarthritis, aged 50 to 85 years, and suitable for either procedure. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly assigned to TAR or AF surgical treatment. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was change in Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire walking/standing (MOXFQ-W/S) domain scores between baseline and 52 weeks after surgery. No blinding was possible. RESULTS: Between 6 March 2015 and 10 January 2019, a total of 303 patients were randomly assigned; mean age was 68 years, and 71% were men. Twenty-one patients withdrew before surgery, and 281 clinical scores were analyzed. At 52 weeks, the mean MOXFQ-W/S scores improved for both groups. The adjusted difference in the change in MOXFQ-W/S scores from baseline was -5.6 (95% CI, -12.5 to 1.4), showing that TAR improved more than AF, but the difference was not considered clinically or statistically significant. The number of adverse events was similar between groups (109 vs. 104), but there were more wound healing issues in the TAR group and more thromboembolic events and nonunion in the AF group. The symptomatic nonunion rate for AF was 7%. A post hoc analysis suggested superiority of fixed-bearing TAR over AF (-11.1 [CI, -19.3 to -2.9]). LIMITATION: Only 52-week data; pragmatic design creates heterogeneity of implants and surgical techniques. CONCLUSION: Both TAR and AF improve MOXFQ-W/S and had similar clinical scores and number of harms. Total ankle replacement had greater wound healing complications and nerve injuries, whereas AF had greater thromboembolism and nonunion, with a symptomatic nonunion rate of 7%. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute for Health and Care Research Heath Technology Assessment Programme.

Knowledge and Attitude toward Antibiotic Use and Identification of Financially Feasible Options to Curb the Spread of Antibiotics in Environment.

A survey on antibiotic literacy in terms of the use and abuse of antibiotics to track and understand antibiotic consumption is crucial to optimize the use of antibiotics and minimizing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Purposive random sampling, using the snow-ball questionnaire technique, was adopted to ensure that the respondents distributed across India, coming from rural and urban settings, were adolescents as well as adults and had completed at least the higher secondary school level of education. Respondents were divided into five subcategories. The questionnaire was distributed between April 2021 and July 2021, during the second COVID-19 wave in India. The survey questionnaire included 34 questions, comprising multiple-choice and 5-point Likert scale-type questions. This study composed of 972 respondents. Most respondents considered antibiotics safe and frequently failed to discriminate between the symptoms of bacterial and viral infections, most often leading to self-prescription. About 34% of the rural participants and 50% of the urban participants considered antibiotic resistance a serious health concern. Antibiotic prescriptions by the medical or paramedical practitioner were largely empirical. At least 95% of participants acknowledged having heard about antibiotics; nearly 20% of antibiotic consumption came from nonprescription users, while 30% had not completed their antibiotic therapy for a variety of reasons. Sixty-two percent consumed antibiotics to treat cold and flu symptoms. Results from the survey suggest the presence of a crucial gap between the respondents' perception of antibiotics and levels of information regarding antibiotic use and misuse. The present study may serve as a benchmark that strongly recommends a financially feasible policy, which includes educating society regarding the spread of AMR and its severe consequences by incorporating AMR into the curriculum at the levels of senior secondary school and higher education.

A new "tension side" locking plate for Hallux Valgus: A prospective multicentre case series.

BACKGROUND: Proximal osteotomy of the first metatarsal is often indicated for Hallux Valgus correction. Previously recognised complications however, include transfer metatarsalgia, first metatarsophalangeal joint stiffness, problems with fixation and prominence of metalware. METHODS: We report on one year follow up of an international prospective series between June 2009 and October 2012 involving three centres, including 91 feet (58 patients) that underwent proximal osteotomy, using a new locking plate applied to the plantar surface of the metatarsal. RESULTS: Mean Hallux Valgus angle improved from 27.9 (±13.1)° to 12.4 (±8.2)° while mean Intermetatarsal angle improved from 12.5 (±8.4) to 7.1 (±3.4) and there was a statistically significant improvement in both mean AOFAS-HMI score 54.2 (±13.9) to 94.0 (±9.5) and Visual Analogue Pain Scale 4.7 (±1.5) to 0.6 (±1.3). 70% of patients were back at their preoperative employment at five weeks. Mean surgical time was 56min and the plate was generally well tolerated. There were five implant related complications. CONCLUSIONS: Locked fixation from the tension side of the construct encourages early weight bearing with a low risk of implant prominence. Our radiological, functional and clinical parameters are comparable with similar series and we therefore recommend this technique.

Technical Sprinting in the Early Phase of Hamstring Injury Rehabilitation to Accelerate Return to Full Participation in Track and Field Athletes: A Comparative Study of Two Rehabilitation Strategies.

INTRODUCTION: Hamstring injuries are common in track and field athletes with a higher incidence in males than females. It causes a significant loss in training time and a decline in performance. This study evaluated rehabilitation strategies to accelerate return to full participation following hamstring injury. METHODS: Thirty-three athletes (22 males; 11 females) were screened from November 2021 to October 2023 until their final major competition. Out of these, 17 athletes with hamstring injuries were included in this study which were further divided into two groups, A (n=8) and B (n=9), using stratified random sampling with single blinding. Group A received technical sprints using mini hurdles as part of their training from the early stages of rehabilitation, while Group B underwent high-volume low-intensity rehabilitation before progressing to sprints. The progress of each group was monitored on a weekly basis. The average time loss was calculated using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft® Corp., Redmond, WA) and Google Forms (Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA) with built-in validation. RESULTS:  The two groups demonstrated a significant difference in recovery times. In group A, the length of hamstring tenderness (LHT) improved from 9 ± 2.7 (95% CI 2.27) to 0.15 ± 0.3 (95% CI 0.62), active total knee extension (ATKE) from 161.8 ± 7.1 (95% CI 5.95) to 175.4 ± 2 (95% CI 2.3), and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) in the isometric test from 5.6 ± 1.09 (95% CI 0.88) to 0.6 ± 0.5 (95% CI 0.63) with p<0.05, and in Group B, LHT improved from 6.8 ± 2.1 (95% CI 1.62) to 0.6 ± 0.7 (95% CI 0.55), ATKE improved from 168.7 ± 8.2 (95% CI 6.3) to 178.7 ± 2.7 (95% CI 2.06) and NPRS with resisted isometric test improved from 6 ± 1.4 (95% CI 1.08) to 0.8 ± 0.7 (95% CI 0.51) with p<0.05. However, Group A took an average of 3.55 weeks (1.22 SD 95% CI 1.08) and Group B took an average of 4.53 weeks (1.98 SD, 95% CI 1.52) to resume full participation. Three athletes from Group A and six athletes from Group B experienced hamstring tightness during the competition, two athletes from Group B were forced to withdraw from the competition due to hamstring reinjury. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that an early technical sprint program can facilitate an early return to full participation. This research can be a guide toward accelerated and integrated hamstring injury rehabilitation among track and field athletes.

Dramatic increase in antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE clinical isolates over the 2010-2020 decade in India.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) constitute a threat to humans worldwide. India is now the most populous country. The goal was to investigate the evolution of the rates of antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens across India over the 2010-20 decade. METHODS: The data (89 studies) were retrieved from the Medline PubMed repository using specific keywords. RESULTS: The study of 20 177 ESKAPE isolates showed that A. baumannii isolates were the most represented (35.9%, n = 7238), followed by P. aeruginosa (25.3%, n = 5113), K. pneumoniae (19.5%, n = 3934), S. aureus (16.3%, n = 3286), E. faecium (2.6%, n = 517) and Enterobacter spp. (0.4%, n = 89). A notable increase in the resistance rates to antimicrobial agents occurred over the 2010-20 decade. The most important levels of resistance were observed in 2016-20 for A. baumannii (90% of resistance to the amoxicillin-clavulanate combination) and K. pneumoniae (81.6% of resistance to gentamycin). The rise in ß-lactamase activities was correlated with an increase in the positivity of Gram-negative isolates for ß-lactamase genes. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlighted that, in contrast to developed countries that kept resistance levels under control, a considerable increase in resistance to various classes of antibiotics occurred in ESKAPE pathogens in India over the 2010-2020 decade.

Co-existence of Extended Spectrum ß-Lactamase and carbapenemase-producing genes from Diarrheagenic Enteric pathogens isolated in a tertiary care hospital.

Multiple drug resistance (MDR) among bacterial pathogens is a growing concern that clinicians are facing worldwide. Diarrhea among infants is frequent and is caused by various bacterial and viral infectious agents. Two hundred and twelve stool specimens were collected from pediatric patients from a rural quaternary hospital in Barshi, Sholapur, India, between March and December 2017. Total 180 specimens were positive for various bacterial pathogens, while the remaining 32 diarrhea cases may have been caused by a viral or uncultured bacterial pathogen. Identification of the bacterium and its antibiotic susceptibility were primarily carried out with VITEK-2. Distribution of diarrhea-causing bacteria among the 180 samples was as follows: 61.11% (110) Escherichia coli, 30.55% (55) Klebsiella pneumoniae, 4.44% (8) Proteus mirabilis, 2.22% (4) Shigella spp. 1.11% (2) Morganella morganii and 0.55% (1) each for Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter koseri. There was a co-existence of multiple genetic traits conferring extreme drug resistance (XDR) status to 19 isolates, 17 of which were determined to be E. coli and one each of E. cloacae and C. koseri. Antibiotype determination using VITEK-2 and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the genetic traits indicated the co-existence of blaTEM and blaCTX-M15 isolates in all 19 isolates, with the exception of E. cloacae. Results showed that 10 out of 19 strains expressed the AmpC cephalosporinase blaCMY-2 gene, whereas metallo-carbapenemase was expressed in four isolates. Distribution of blaNDM-11 and acquired penicillinase blaSHV-1 resistance among 180 clinical isolates is discussed in the light of ESBL traits. This is the first report from the rural part of Maharashtra India showing that as many as 10.55% of the pathogenic strains were XDR, a step ahead of MDR.

Two to Five-Year Outcomes of Total Ankle Arthroplasty with the Infinity Fixed-Bearing Implant: A Concise Follow-up of a Previous Report.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Anatomic description of the distal tibia: implications for internal fixation.

Fracture fixation using minimally invasive plating techniques around the distal tibia are well described, although there are a number of potential hazards and complications. Our study provides an anatomical description of the distal tibia and its relations to surrounding structures. Twenty magnetic resonance imaging scans of the distal tibia were analyzed in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes. Measurements were taken by 2 observers on 2 occasions of the distance of anterior structures from the tibial cortex as well as dimensional parameters. The mean dimensions of the distal tibia at the level of the plafond were 39 mm medial-lateral and 36 mm anteroposterior. The anterior neurovascular bundle was found to be a mean of 3 mm from the anterior tibial cortex with the anterior tendinous structures located <6 mm. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the first observer was 0.8 and for the second observer was 0.78 with an interclass correlation coefficient of 0.8. This demonstrated excellent interobserver and intraobserver reliability. This study presents the first magnetic resonance imaging-based anatomical description of the distal tibia. It showed that key anatomical structures are in very close proximity to the distal tibia, and this is important to consider when treating fractures in this region with internal fixation.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Tridax procumbens Plant Extract and Screening of Its Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities.

In this study, we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Tridax procumbens (TNP), which acts as the source of the reducing and capping agent. The distinctive absorption at 370 nm suggested synthesis of TNPs, which was confirmed by TEM, with a size in the range of 11.1 nm to 45.4 nm and a spherical shape, having a face-centered cubic structure, analyzed by XRD, and a Zeta potential of -20.7 mV, which indicated a moderate stability of TNP. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of amines and hydroxyl groups with fluoro compounds over the TNPs. The HRLC-MS analysis of TNPs suggested the presence of a major capping agent such as fosinopril and reducing agents such as peptides (Gln Gly Ala, Ser Pro Asn, and Leu Met), terpenoids (lupanyl acid, tiamulin), polyphenol (peucenin), and alkaloids (8',10'-dihydroxydihydroergotamine, carteolol). The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates (Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Aeromonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida tropicalis) and had anticancer activity against A459 (IC50 42.70 µg/ml). The extraction of partially purified aqueous leaf extracts by silica gel column chromatography followed by HPLC to synthesize silver nanoparticles (TNP11) and analyzed by HRLC-MS suggested that dipeptides were involved in the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0. Overall, the results showed that the green silver nanoparticles of T. procumbens could be safe, as they are endowed with potential antimicrobial activity against MDR clinical isolates and human lung carcinoma cells.

Osteochondral Lesions of the Ankle Treated with Bone Marrow Concentrate with Hyaluronan and Fibrin: A Single-Centre Study.

Osteochondral defects of the ankle (OCD) are being increasingly identified as a clinically significant consequence of injury to the ankle, with the potential to lead to osteoarthritis if left untreated. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate a single-stage treatment of OCD, based on bone marrow aspirate (BMA) centrifuged to produce bone marrow concentrate (BMC). In a dual syringe, the concentrate was mixed with thrombin in one syringe, whereas hyaluronan and fibrinogen were mixed in a second syringe. The two mixtures were then injected and combined into the prepared defect. Clinical outcome and quality of life scores (MOXFQ and EQ-5D) were collected at baseline and yearly thereafter. Multilevel models were used to analyse the pattern of scores over time. Ninety-four patients were treated between 2015 and 2020. The means of each of the three components of the MOXFQ significantly improved between baseline and 1 year (p < 0.001 for each component), with no further change from year 1 to year 3. The EQ-5D index also improved significantly from baseline to 1 year, with no evidence for further change. Our results strongly indicate that this BMC treatment is safe for, and well tolerated by, patients with OCD of the ankle as both primary treatment and those who have failed primary treatment. This technique provides a safe, efficacious alternative to currently employed cartilage repair techniques, with favourable outcomes and a low complication rate at 36 months.

Avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus following posterior tibialis tendon dislocation: a case report.

Dislocation of the posterior tibialis tendon as an isolated injury is rare. The diagnosis is often delayed due to its rarity and the need for various second line imaging modalities. We present a case of a dislocated posterior tibialis tendon that resulted in an avulsion type fracture of the medial malleolus. The fracture was openly reduced and internally fixed with inter-fragmentary screws. The patient was asymptomatic at 1 year follow-up.

The management of talar osteochondral lesions - Current concepts.

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are a common complication following trauma, involving both the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone, with variable aetiologies and often presenting with non-specific symptoms. Diagnosis of OLTs requires a combination of clinical assessment and imaging and despite many different treatment options, there is no generalised consensus regarding which option is the most effective. Left untreated, OLTs risk progressing to osteoarthritis. Acute non-displaced OLTs can be treated non-operatively. However, OLTs refractory to non-surgical care for three to six months may be suitable for surgical care. In these cases, conservative treatments are often unsuccessful, particularly for larger and more severe defects and so the majority require surgical intervention. Although bone marrow stimulation techniques remain the "gold standard" for lesions <150 mm2, there still requires a need for better long term clinical data and cost-benefit analyses compared with other treatment options. Biological attempts at either regenerating or replacing the articular cartilage are however demonstrating some promising results, but each with their own advantages and disadvantages. In this review, we summarise the clinical management of OLTs and present the current concepts of different treatment regimes.

Design and psychometric testing of a new patient-reported outcome measure for ankle treatment.

BACKGROUND: Several outcome scores are used to assess the outcome of ankle surgery, but many are not validated and there is currently no 'gold-standard'. Consequently, there is demand to develop a new 'gold-standard' score to assess ankle surgery. The study aim was to review existing scores to develop and validate a new patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) to assess the outcome of operative ankle surgery. METHODS: The questionnaire items covered three areas: pain, symptoms and activity. The scale was reviewed by a patient group, resulting in the Oswestry Ankle score (Os-Ankle). The Os-Ankle was validated using a cohort of 206 patients at both pre-operative and post-operative stages of ankle surgery. Patients provided two other outcome scores, the scores currently used at our centre: the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOxFQ) and the Veterans Rand-12 (VR-12). Factor analysis and Rasch were determined to assess the psychometric testing and design of the Os-Ankle score. A follow up paper assesses the validity of the Os-Ankle against two existing scores. RESULTS: Results of the factor and Rasch analysis suggested that 12-items should be removed. The remaining 18-items fitted the Rasch model well, suggesting good internal consistency. CONCLUSION: A new ankle PROM, the Os-Ankle, was successfully developed and demonstrated good psychometric testing. The Os-Ankle evaluates pain, symptoms and activities and results in a single score. The Os-Ankle has been validated in our follow up paper, and is ready to be implemented by ankle clinicians to monitor clinical outcomes. With the publication of two back to back papers, it will allow for further engage with other clinicians and other centres. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective comparative study.

Tenosynovial osteochondromatosis of the flexor hallucis longus tendon.

We present a case of tenosynovial osteochondromatosis affecting the flexor hallucis longus tendon in a 29-year-old male with chronic ankle pain. Clinical examination was normal. Plain radiographs and MRI revealed multiple calcified lesions. These were removed surgically and histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis. This condition is rare, particularly in the foot and ankle. This is the first reported case of such a lesion with an absence of any clinically palpable nodules and highlights the need for a high index of suspicion and the need for imaging.

Retained blackthorn causing peroneal tendonitis: a case report.

We present the first reported case of peroneal tenosynovitis secondary to a retained blackthorn in a patient with a 4 months history of persistent pain and swelling around her lateral malleolus following a penetrating injury. Ultrasonography reported considerable subcutaneous fluid but no identifiable foreign body. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed peroneal sheath synovitis with a possible retained foreign body posteriorly. Surgical exploration revealed marked synovitis and chronic inflammation of the peroneal sheath with the tip of a blackthorn deep to peroneus longus. This case illustrates the many ways in which penetrating blackthorn injuries may present. In particular it highlights the need for a high index of suspicion for retained foreign material and the need for further imaging and surgical exploration when symptoms do not resolve.

A comparison of radiation exposure with the conventional versus mini C arm in orthopedic extremity surgery.

BACKGROUND: The mini C arm is a mobile fluoroscopic device for use on extremities. It has been reported that this type of device has several advantages over a conventional C arm, the most important of which is a decreased level of radiation scatter to the surgeon. METHODS: This was a case control study. The radiation dose to the surgeon was calculated from the radiation exposure time and distance from the x-ray emitter. Cases using the mini C arm were compared with operation-matched controls that had the identical procedure performed with a conventional C arm. RESULTS: The mini C arm caused statistically less radiation scatter to the surgeon, but there was no statistically significant difference in the radiation exposure to the patient. This was despite a significantly larger number of exposures with the mini C arm for each operation type. CONCLUSIONS: The mini C arm should be used in preference to the conventional C arm for extremity surgery, if both are available.

Correlation of the AOFAS scores with a generic health QUALY score in foot and ankle surgery.

BACKGROUND: The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) is one scoring system used to assess and monitor the progress of patients after foot and ankle surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of the AOFAS score over a period of time and correlate it with the QUALY score, which is a valid and reliable scoring system. METHODS: All patients undergoing surgery by one foot and ankle surgeon between January, 2001, and July, 2003, were reviewed. The preoperative AOFAS and QUALY and postoperative scores at 3, 6 and 12 months, and yearly were collected prospectively. RESULTS: This study includes 204 operative procedures in 159 patients. The mean age of the patients was 51.9 (range 12 to 89) years. The AOFAS scores increased from a mean of 45.5 preoperatively to 76.5 at 3 months and reached a peak of 81.5 at 6 months and then started to decrease to 79.2 at 12 months. This fall, though seemingly marginal, was significant (p < 0. 01). This trend seems to be consistent for all the procedures. The 6-month AOFAS score was found to have a higher correlation with the final QUALY score (r(2) = 0.423) than the 12-month AOFAS score (r(2) = 0.326). CONCLUSIONS: The AOFAS score has low levels of correlation with the validated generic health QUALY score. Our study suggests that scores collected preoperatively, at 6 and 12 months after surgery, and annually there after may be best. The 3-month score may not be necessary. We recommend that a generic health score such as the QUALY score be used in conjunction with the AOFAS score to reflect outcome.

Vacuum-assisted closure to aid wound healing in foot and ankle surgery.

BACKGROUND: Although vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) is a well-established technique in other surgical specialties, its use has not been established in the foot and ankle. The aims of this study were to determine if vacuum-assisted closure therapy (VAC) helps assist closure in diabetic foot ulcers and wounds secondary to peripheral vascular disease, if it helps debride wounds, and if it prevents the need for further surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 15 patients (18 wounds or ulcers) with primary diagnoses of diabetes (10 patients), chronic osteomyelitis (two patients), peripheral vascular disease (two patients), and spina bifida (one patient). Eleven of the 15 patients had serious comorbidities, such as peripheral neuropathy, renal failure, and wound dehiscence. All wounds were surgically debrided before VAC therapy was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. The main outcome measures were time to satisfactory wound closure, changes in the wound surface area, and the need for further surgery. RESULTS: Satisfactory healing was achieved in 13 of the 18 wounds or ulcers at an average of 2.5 months. VAC therapy failed in five patients (five class III ulcers), three of whom required below-knee amputations. Wound or ulcer size decreased from an average of 7.41 cm(2) before treatment to an average of 1.58 cm(2) after treatment. CONCLUSION: VAC therapy is a useful adjunct to the standard treatment of chronic wound or ulcers in patients with diabetes or peripheral vascular disease. Its use in foot and ankle surgery leads to a quicker wound closure and, in most patients, avoids the need for further surgery.

Treatment of talar osteochondral lesions using local osteochondral graft.

Twelve patients with an osteochondral lesion of the talus were treated with excision of the lesions and local osteochondral autogenous grafting. The lesion was accessed through a replaceable bone block removed from the anterior tibial plafond. The graft was harvested from the medial or lateral talar articular facet on the same side of the lesion. The average age of the patients was 41 years and duration of symptoms was 90 months (ave.). There were six males and six females with the right talus involved in eight and the left in four patients. Graft sizes ranged from four to eight millimeters in diameter. There was a significant improvement in the AOFAS score from 64.4 (ave.) pre-operatively to 90.8 (ave.) postoperatively (p<0.0001), at a follow-up of 25.3 months (ave.). The AOFAS score was slightly higher in patients under 40 years of age and in those without pre-existing joint arthritis. All patients were very satisfied with the procedure. Arthroscopy performed in two patients at six and 12 months following surgery showed good graft incorporation. No complications occurred at the donor site or the site of bone block removal on the distal tibia. The results show that stage III and IV talar osteochondral lesions can be accessed successfully excising a tibial bone block and using local autogenous osteochondral graft harvested from the ipsilateral talar articular facet.

Cell cultured chondrocyte implantation and scaffold techniques for osteochondral talar lesions.

Cell cultured techniques have gained interest and popularity in osteochondral defects because, unlike bone marrow stimulation methods, where fibrocartilage fills the defect, they allow for the regeneration of "hyaline-like cartilage" with better stiffness, resilience, and wear characteristics. Osteochondral defects in the ankle are a rare but challenging problem to treat in young active patients. If left alone, they can cause pain and reduced function and risk progressive degenerative changes in the joint. Clinical results of cell cultured and scaffold technology in the ankle, although still limited by small studies and midterm follow-up, are certainly encouraging.