Anesthetic activity and bio-guided fractionation of the essential oil of Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc. in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen.

This work aimed to determine the efficacy of the essential oil of A. gratissima as anesthetic for silver catfish, and to perform the bio-guided fractionation of essential oil aiming to isolate compounds responsible for the noted effects. Fish were submitted to anesthesia bath with essential oil, its fractions and isolated compounds to determine time of anesthetic induction and recovery. Eugenol (50 mg L(-1)) was used as positive control. Essential oil of A. gratissima was effective as an anesthetic at concentrations of 300 to 900 mg L(-1). Fish presented involuntary muscle contractions during induction and recovery. The bio-guided fractionation of essential oil furnished E-(-)-pinocamphone, (-)-caryophyllene oxide, (-)-guaiol and (+)-spathulenol. E-(-)-pinocamphone caused the same side effects observed for essential oil. (-)-Caryophyllene oxide, (-)-guaiol and (+)-spathulenol showed only sedative effects at proportional concentrations to those of the constituents in essential oil. (+)-Spathulenol (51.2 mg L(-1)) promoted deep anesthesia without side effects. A higher concentration of (+)-spathulenol, and lower or absent amounts ofE-(-)-pinocamphone could contribute to increase the activity and safety of the essential oil of A. gratissima. (+)-Spathulenol showed potent sedative and anesthetic activities in silver catfish, and could be considered as a viable compound for the development of a new anesthetic.

Mycotoxicological monitoring of breakfast and infant cereals marketed in Brazil.

A mycotoxicological survey was conducted in breakfast (n = 172) and infant (n = 43) cereals commercialized in Brazil. Samples were collected in 2018 for analyses of: aflatoxins (AFs) B1 (AFB1), B2, G1 and G2; fumonisins (FBs) B1 (FB1) and B2; zearalenone (ZEN); the trichothecenes (TRCs) deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, fusarenon X, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol; and ochratoxin A. FB1 was the most prevalent metabolite in breakfast cereals, being detected in 26.7% of the samples (mean 105 µg/kg); ZEN had the second highest positivity, 14.8% (mean 17 µg/kg), followed by DON with 10% (mean 44 µg/kg). In infant cereals, FB1 also had the highest incidence, 27.8% (mean 55 µg/kg), followed by DON with 10.3% (mean 36 µg/kg) and ZEN with 6.9% (mean 3 µg/kg). Mycotoxins contamination was found in 31.4% (n = 54) of the breakfast cereals and in 18.6% (n = 8) of the infant cereals. In these positive samples, co-occurrence of two or three mycotoxins was detected in 31.5% (n = 17) of the breakfast cereals and in 25% (n = 2) of the infant cereals. The mycotoxins found co-contaminating the breakfast cereals belong to the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium; ZEN, followed by AFB1, were the most prevalent ones. As for the infant cereals, the associated fungal metabolites are produced by the genus Fusarium; the highest incidence was seen for ZEN. Low contamination and positivity of mycotoxins were found herein; nonetheless, in some samples these substances were present at levels which transgress those preconized in the Brazilian legislation. Therefore, mycotoxicological monitoring of this type of product throughout the nation is crucial in order to identify the potential risk to which the Brazilian population is exposed, particularly the children.

Influence of environmental factors on tenuazonic acid production by Epicoccum sorghinum: An integrative approach of field and laboratory conditions.

Sorghum is the fifth most cultivated and consumed grain in the world. However, this grain is frequently contaminated with toxins from fungi. The present study evaluated the effects of environmental factors on tenuazonic acid (TeA) production by Epicoccum sorghinum in the field and in controlled laboratory conditions. In this study, 50 sorghum grain samples were collected from summer and autumn growing seasons and analyzed for TeA contamination using LC-MS/MS. To further understand the ecophysiology of this fungus, an isolated strain of E. sorghinum from the field was investigated for its development and TeA production under controlled environmental conditions in the laboratory. In the ecophysiological investigation, the effects of water activity (0.90, 0.95, 0.99) and temperature (18, 22, 26 and 30 °C) were evaluated on the radial growth, enzymatic production and expression of TAS1, which is the gene involved in TeA production. Results showed that in the field, the summer season presented the highest TeA average level in the grains (587.8 µg/kg) compared to level found in the autumn (440.5 µg/kg). The ecophysiological investigation confirmed that E. sorghinum produces more actively TeA under environmental conditions simulating the summer season. Optimum growth, maximum TAS1 gene expression, and higher extracellular enzymatic production were observed at 26 °C with a water activity of 0.99. Pearson correlation analyses showed that the production of TeA highly correlates with fungal growth. The present study demonstrates that abiotic factors in a combined approach of field and laboratory conditions will assist in predicting the driving environmental factors that could affect growth of E. sorghinum and TeA production in sorghum grains.

Natural occurrence of tenuazonic acid and Phoma sorghina in Brazilian sorghum grains at different maturity stages.

A survey of 100 samples of sorghum grains was carried out to determine Phoma spp. and tenuazonic acid (TA) contamination using molecular tools and LC-MS/MS. Sorghum samples were obtained at the following four grain maturity stages: milk (S1), soft dough (S2), hard dough (S3), and physiological maturity (S4). The results revealed a good correlation between Phoma and TA occurrence during grain development. The samples showed Phoma contamination with frequencies ranging from 2.4% (S1) to 87.4% (S4), and the molecular identification revealed P. sorghina as the only Phoma specie isolated. Tenuazonic acid was found in sorghum grains at all maturity stages. In S2, S3 and S4, 100% of the samples showed TA contamination with levels ranging from 20 to 1234µg/kg. Low levels of TA were detected in 36% of the samples collected at S1 stage. This is the first report of tenuazonic acid in Brazilian sorghum grains.

Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites.

This study addresses the occurrence of carbamazepine and diazepam and their metabolites in the wastewater of the University Hospital (HUSM) of the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS-Brazil. Samples were collected from three sampling points of the sewage treatment system: point A ('emergency effluent'), point B ('general effluent') and point C ('water course-receptor'). Eight metabolites were identified: carbamazepine-10-11-epoxide, 10-dihydro-carbamazepine, 2-OH-carbamazepine, iminoquinone, acridone, nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam. The mean concentrations in the emergency, general effluent and water course-receptor were as follows: 433.0 ± 4.7, 349.0 ± 5.0 and 485.0 ± 5.6 ng L(-1), for carbamazepine and 550.0 ± 4.3, 441.0 ± 7.9 and 586.6 ± 9.3 ng L(-1), for diazepam, respectively. Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS) proved to be a method fit-to-purpose. The determination of carbamazepine and diazepam, and the identification of active metabolites showing environmental persistence (carbamazepine-10-11-epoxide, nordiazepam and oxazepam) revealed the need for a more effective treatment of the HUSM effluent. As far as we know, no similar study has been carried out on the wastewater of Brazilian hospitals.

Determination of anti-anxiety and anti-epileptic drugs in hospital effluent and a preliminary risk assessment.

In this study, an analytical methodology was developed for the determination of psycho-active drugs in the treated effluent of the University Hospital at the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS - Brazil. Samples were collected from point A (Emergency) and point B (General effluent). The adopted methodology included a pre-concentration procedure involving the use of solid phase extraction and determination by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The limit of detection for bromazepam and lorazepam was 4.9 ± 1.0 ng L(-1) and, for carbamazepine, clonazepam and diazepam was 6.1 ± 1.5 ng L(-1). The limit of quantification was 30.0 ± 1.1 ng L(-1), for bromazepam, clonazepam and lorazepam; for carbamazepine was 50.0 ± 1.8 ng L(-1) and was 40.0 ± 1.0 ng L(-1) for diazepam. The mean concentrations in the Emergency and General effluent treated currents were as follows: for bromazepam, 195 ± 6 ng L(-1) and 137 ± 7 ng L(-1); for carbamazepine, 590 ± 6 ng L(-1) and 461 ± 10 ng L(-1); for diazepam, 645 ± 1 ng L(-1) and 571 ± 10 ng L(-1); for lorazepam, 96 ± 7 ng L(-1) and 42 ± 4 ng L(-1); and for clonazepam, 134 ± 10 ng L(-1) and 57 ± 10 ng L(-1). A preliminary risk assessment was conducted: carbamazepine and diazepam require considerable attention owing to their environmental toxicity. The occurrence of these psychoactive-drugs and the environmental risks that they pose demonstrated the need for a more efficient treatment system. As far we are aware, there have been no comparable studies to this on the hazards of hospital effluents in Brazil, and very few that have carried out a risk assessment of psycho-active drugs in hospital effluent in general.

Influence of package, type of apple juice and temperature on the production of patulin by Byssochlamys nivea and Byssochlamys fulva.

Although the production of patulin in apple fruits is mainly by Penicillium expansum, there is no information on the ability of heat resistant moulds that may survive pasteurization to produce this mycotoxin in juice packages during storage and distribution. In this study, the production of patulin by Byssochlamys spp (Byssochlamys nivea FRR 4421, B. nivea ATCC 24008 and Byssochlamys fulva IOC 4518) in cloudy and clarified apple juices packaged in laminated paperboard packages or in polyethylene terephthalate bottles (PET) and stored at both 21 degrees C and 30 degrees C, was investigated. The three Byssochlamys strains were able to produce patulin in both cloudy and clarified apple juices. Overall, the lower the storage temperature, the lower the patulin levels and mycelium dry weight in the apple juices (p<0.05). The greatest variations in pH and degrees Brix were observed in the juices from which the greatest mycelium dry weights were recovered. The maximum levels of patulin recovered from the juices were ca. 150 microg/kg at 21 degrees C and 220 microg/kg at 30 degrees C. HPLC-UV, HPCL-DAD and mass spectrometry analyses confirmed the ability of B. fulva IOC 4518 to produce patulin. Due to the heat resistance of B. nivea and B. fulva and their ability to produce patulin either in PET bottles or in laminated paperboard packages, the control of contamination and the incidence of these fungi should be a matter of concern for food safety. Control measures taken by juice industries must also focus on controlling the ascospores of heat resistant moulds.

Effects of fumonisin B1 on selected biological responses and performance of broiler chickens / Efeitos da fumonisina B1 sobre respostas biológicas e desempenho de frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of three doses of fumonisin B1 (0, 100, and 200mg/kg of feed) on biological variables (relative weight of liver [RWL], total plasma protein [TPP], albumin [Alb], calcium [Ca], phosphorus [P], uric acid [UA], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], gamma glutamyltransferase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [AP], total cholesterol [Chol], triglycerides [Tri], sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio [SA:SO], and C-reactive protein [CRP]), morphological evaluation of the small intestine (villus height [VH], crypt depth [CD], and villus-to-crypt ratio [V:C]), histological evaluation, and on performance (body weight [BW], feed intake [FI], and feed conversion rate [FCR]) of broiler chickens. Significant effects of FB were observed on BW and FI (reduced), on RWL, TPP, Ca, ALT, AST, GGT, Chol, and Tri (increased) at both 14 and 28 days evaluations. In addition, significant increase was observed on FCR, Alb, P, SA:SO, and CRP and significant reduction in UA, VH, and V:C only at the 28 days evaluation. Significant histological lesions were observed on liver and kidney of FB inoculated broilers at 14 and 28 days. Those results show that FB has a significant effect on biological and histological variables and on performance of broiler chickens.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os efeitos de três doses de fumonisina B1 (0, 100 e 200 mg/kg de ração) sobre variáveis biológicas (peso relativo de fígado [RWL], proteínas plasmáticas totais [TPP], albumina [Alb], cálcio [Ca], fósforo [P], ácido úrico [UA], alanina aminotransferase [ALT], aspartato aminotransferase [AST], gama glutamiltransferase [GGT] fosfatase alcalina [AP], colesterol total [Chol], triglicerídeos [Tri], relação esfinganina:esfingosina [SA:SO] e proteína C-reativa [CRP]), avaliação morfológica do intestino delgado (altura de vilosidades [VH], profundidade de criptas [CD] e relação entre vilosidade e cripta [V:C]), avaliações histológicas e no desempenho (peso corporal [BW], consumo de ração [FI] e conversão alimentar [FCR]) de frangos de corte. Efeitos significativos da FB foram observados sobre BW e FI (diminuição), sobre RWL, TPP, Ca, ALT, AST, GGT, Chol e Tri (aumento) aos 14 e 28 dias. Além disso, houve aumento significativo nos parâmetros FCR, Alb, P, SA:SO e CRP e redução nos parâmetros UA, VH e V:C somente aos 28 dias. Lesões histológicas significativas foram observadas no fígado e rins das aves intoxicadas, tanto aos 14 quanto aos 28 dias. Estes resultados indicam que a FB tem um efeito significativo sobre variáveis biológicas e de desempenho de frangos de corte.

Intoxicação experimental por aflatoxina em bezerros / Experimental aflatoxin poisoning in calves

Foram realizados dois experimentos para determinar os efeitos tóxicos de diferentes doses de aflatoxinas em bezerros, considerando-se aspectos clínicos, produtivos e patológicos. ... No primeiro experimento, o ganho de peso dos bezerros recebendo AFB1 foi equivalente ao do grupo controle durante todo período experimental. ...Durante o período experimental, e três semanas após o término desse período, não foram observados sinais clínicos e alterações histopatológicas associadas ao consumo de aflatoxinas, em qualquer dos bezerros do grupo tratamento do primeiro experimento.... Níveis alterados da atividade sérica de FA e GGT foram observados em todos os bezerros do grupo tratamento durante grande parte do período experimental. Queda acentuada do nível da AS sérica foi observada na coleta do 49º dia do experimento no bezerro que recebia a maior dose de aflatoxina. Não foram observadas variações no hematócrito e na atividade sérica da AST, nem nos níveis séricos de proteína total, bilirrubina total e bilirrubina direta em qualquer dos bezerros desse experimento. Alterações histopatológicas nos bezerros intoxicados incluíram proliferação de ductos biliares, degeneração citoplasmática vacuolar consistente com acumulação hepatocelular de lipídios, fibrose periportal, ou em ponte, megalocitose, fibrose subendotelial das veias hepáticas terminais e edema. Achados de necropsia do bezerro recebendo a maior dose de AFB1 incluíram fígado levemente aumentado de tamanho, difusamente amarelo-claro e firme, discreta ascite, edema de mesentério e submucosa do abomaso. Os dados obtidos nesses experimentos permitem afirmar que doses de 500±100 ppb de AFB1 não causam alterações patológicas e produtivas em bezerros em condições experimentais, mas podem estar associadas à mínimas alterações bioquímicas, enquanto doses de 1.250, 2.500 e 5.000 ppb de aflatoxina B1 causam doença hepática crônica em bezerros em condições experimentais.

Two experiments were performed in order to determine the toxic effects of varying doses of aflatoxins in calves. Clinical, productive and pathologic aspects of affected calves were considered….During all the experimental period of the first experiment, the weight gain of the calves receiving AFB1 was equivalent to that of the control group.…During the whole experimental period and up to three weeks after the final of the experiment, no clinical signs or histopathological changes associated with the consumption of aflatoxins were observed in any of the calves of the first experiment….Increased activity of AF and GGT were observed in all the calves of the treated group during most part of the experimental period. A marked drop in the serum levels of SA was observed in the serum sampled on the 49º day of the experiment in the calf receiving. the largest dose of aflatoxin. No changes were observed regarding PCV, TP, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and in the serum activity of AST in any of the calves of the second experiment. Histopathological changes in intoxicated calves included bile duct proliferation, cytoplasmic vacuolar hepatocelular degeneration consistent with hepatocelular deposit of lipids, periportal to bridging fibrosis, megalocytosis, subendothelial edema and fibrosis in terminal hepatic veins. Necropsy findings in the euthanatized calf which receive de largest doses of AFB1 included slight enlargement of the liver which was firm and diffusely light-yellow, mild ascites, and edema of the mesentery and of abomasal folds. Data stemmed from these two experiments allow to conclude that AFB1 doses of 500±100 in the ration do not cause pathologic changes or decrease in productivity in calves kept in experimental conditions, but can be associated to minimal serum biochemistry; while AFB1 doses of 1.250, 2.500 e 5.000 ppb in the ration cause chronic hepatic disease in calves in kept in experimental conditions.

Composição química, atividade antibacteriana in vitro e toxicidade em Artemia salina do óleo essencial das inflorescências de Ocimum gratissimum L., Lamiaceae / Chemical composition, antibacterial activity in vitro and brine-shrimp toxicity of the essential oil from inflorescences of Ocimum gratissimum L., Lamiaceae.

O óleo essencial das inflorescências de Ocimum gratissimum L., Lamiaceae foi obtido por hidrodestilação e analisado por CG/EM. Os constituintes majoritários identificados foram eugenol (81,94 por cento) e γ-muuroleno (12,58 por cento). O óleo essencial das inflorescências demonstrou atividade antibacteriana frente a todas as cepas bacterianas testadas pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Merece destaque a atividade verificada frente às cepas resistentes de Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. Os valores obtidos de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) variaram, respectivamente, entre 0,5-2 mg/mL e 1-4 mg/mL. Valores de CL50 de 233,8 (200,7-272,0) µg/mL para o óleo essencial e 186,1 (144,1-228,5) µg/mL para o eugenol, utilizado como controle positivo, foram observados frente à Artemia salina L.

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the inflorescences of Ocimum gratissimum L. was analyzed by GC/MS. The main constituents were eugenol (81.94 percent) and γ-muurolene (12.58 percent). Antibacterial activity was shown against all assayed strains by the broth microdilution method. It's worth noting the activity against resistant strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged between 0.5-2 mg/mL and 1-4 mg/mL, respectively. Preliminary toxicity assayed by the brine-shrimp (Artemia salina L.) test showed LC50 values of 233.8 (200.7 - 272.0) µg/mL and 186.1 (144.1 - 228.5) µg/mL, respectively for the essential oil and eugenol (positive control).

Fracionamento do extrato diclorometânico de Senecio desiderabilis Vellozo e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana / Fractionation of dichlorometane extract from Senecio desiderabilis Vellozo and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity

O presente trabalho descreve a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de uma fração sesquiterpênica, obtida a partir do extrato CH2Cl2 de Senecio desiderabilis Vellozo (Asteraceae), e do germacreno D, isolado a partir desta. A fração e o germacreno D foram obtidos mediante cromatografia em coluna e analisados por CG-EM e também por RMN, no caso da substância isolada. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada frente a leveduras e bactérias pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, conforme preconizado pelo NCCLS, nos documentos M27-A2 para fungos leveduriformes, e M7-A4 para bactérias. A fração sesquiterpênica evidenciou moderada atividade antimicrobiana, enquanto que o germacreno D não inibiu o crescimento dos microrganismos testados.

The present work describes the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of a sesquiterpene fraction obtained from CH2Cl2 extract of Senecio desiderabilis Vellozo (Asteraceae), and of germacrene D isolated from it. The sesquiterpene fraction and the isolated substance were obtained by column chromatography and analysed by GC-MS. Substance identification was carried out by NMR. The antimicrobial activity was assayed by broth microdilution method, as preconized by NCCLS in the documents M27-A for yeasts and M7-A4 for bacteria. The sesquiterpene fraction showed moderated antimicrobial activity, and germacrene D did not inhibit the tested microorganisms.

Equine leukoencephalomalacia associated with ingestion of corn contaminated with fumonisin B1

This article describes clinical, etiologic and pathologic diagnosis of an outbreak of equine leukoencephalomalacia. Two samples of the corn consumed by the affected horses contained fumonisin B1 at levels of 46 and 53 ug/g and Fusarium moniliforme, a good in vitro mycotoxin producer.

Qualidade do armazenamento de alimentos em estabelecimentos comerciais da cidade de Santa Maria, RS / Quality of the food storage in commercial establishments of the city of Santa Maria, RS

Devido a importância do armazenamento correto dos alimentos, realizou-se a inspeção da qualidade de armazenamento dos mesmos em 154 estabelecimentos comerciais na cidade de Santa Maria-RS. Analisou-se a sobreposição de alimentos, alimentos embalados armazenados com não embalados, alimentos sem proteção, em temperatura ambiente e seus respectivos prazos de validade. Observou-se que em 50 por cento dos estabelecimentos inspecionados existiam alimentos com algum tipo de deficiência em suas embalagens. Em 9,7 por cento dos estabelecimentos houve sobreposição indevida de alimentos e 16,2 por cento dos estabelecimentos armazenaram alimentos embalados com outros sem embalagem. Durante as vistorias, foi constatado que quase a metade dos estabelecimentos (42,2 por cento) mantinham os alimentos sem qualquer proteção e em 9,1 por cento dos estabelecimentos foi encontrado, pelo menos, um tipo de alimento perecível mantido à temperatura ambiente. Do total de estabelecimentos verificados, 31,1 por cento estavam comercializando produtos alimentícios com prazo de validade expirado. Constataram-se diversas inadequações, relacionada a conservação de alimentos, nos estabelecimentos inspecionadas, podendo acarretar perdas de qualidade e deterioração do alimento.

Temperaturas de conservadores a frio em estabelecimentos que comercializam alimentos, na cidade de Santa Maria / RS / Conservatives temperatures of cold in establishments that food trade, from Santa Maria / RS city

Tendo em visa a importância do frio na conservação dos alimentos, objetivou-se investigar as temperaturas dos equipamentos de frio dos estabelecimentos que comercializam alimentos na cidade de Santa Maria, RS. Foram verificadas as temperaturas de 163 equipamentos (50 congeladores, 51 refrigeradores, 14 câmaras frias, 38 balcões de refrigeração e 10 balcões de congelamento) em 45 estabelecimentos. Do total de equipamentos, 57 por cento estava com a temperatura acima do normatizado pela Legislação Estadual. O maior índice de desacordo (92 por cento), estava relacionado com os equipamentos de congelamento, sendo que a média da temperatura estava 8,5ºC acima do adequado. Em relação a refrigeração, 34 por cento dos equipamentos estava com temperatura inadequada. A câmara fria apresentou a maior confiabilidade, com uma média de temperatura de 3,75ºC e 78,6 por cento de adequação. Constatou-se com esse estudo, que a maioria (57 por cento) dos equipamentos de frio destinados à conservação de alimentos apresentou temperaturas inadequadas, o que pode constituir um risco a conservação dos alimentos e conseqüentemente para a saúde do consumidor.

Ocorrência de aflatoxinas em amendoim e seus produtos comercializados no Estado da Bahia durante o ano de 2002 / Occurrence of Aflatoxins in peanut and peanut products commercialized in the state of Bahia during the year 2002

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a contaminação por aflatoxinas (B1,B2,G1 e G2) em amostras de amendoim comercializadas em alguns municípios do estado da Bahia. Foram analisadas 100 amostras, sendo 33 de amendoim e 67 de produtos a base de amendoim. A coleta das amostras foi realizada aleatoriamente em diferentes estabelecimentos comerciais da cidade de Salvador (75 amostras) e em municípios do estado da Bahia (25 amostras) durante o período de janeiro a outubro de 2002. A extração foi realizada com acetonitrila:água (84:16, v/v), e a quantificação das aflatoxinas procedida pelo método de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), empregando detecção por fluorescência. Das 31 amostras de amendoim analisadas, 29 (93,55 por cento) foram positivas, sendo que 17 (54,84 por cento), apresentaram teor de contaminação por B1 + B2 + G1+G2 superior a 20 ug/kg. Para as 69 amostras de derivados de amendoim, apenas 6 (8,7 por cento) apresentaram contaminação por aflatoxinas B1+B2+G1+G2 superior ao limite. Os resultados ainda revelaram que 20(80 por cento) do total de amostras coletadas nos municípios do Estado (25) e 38 (50,7 por cento) das 75 amostras procedentes de Salvador foram positivas. Os resultados ressaltam a necessidade de um controle eficaz dos níveis de aflatoxinas destes produtos na região