Air Pollution: A Neglected Risk Factor for Dementia in Latin America and the Caribbean.

The risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) rises with increasing age and polluted air. Currently, at least 172 million people breathe unhealthy levels of air pollution in LAC countries. Several cohort studies have indicated that air pollution increases the risk of developing dementia and neurodegenerative diseases, but the mechanisms underlying the association are still not clear. Air pollution causes and aggravates five established risk factors for dementia (obesity, hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and heart diseases) and is linked to three other risk factors (physical inactivity, cognitive inactivity, and depression). Some of these risk factors could be mediating the association between air pollution and dementia. Reducing the risks for dementia is crucial and urgently needed in LAC countries. There is room for improving air quality in many urban areas in the LAC region and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), a routealready explored by many urban areas in developing regions. Moreover, reducing air pollution has proved to improve health outcomes before. In this article, we propose that despite the ongoing and valid scientific discussion, if air pollution can or cannot directly affect the brain and cause or aggravate dementia, we are ready to consider air pollution as a potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia in LAC and possibly in other LMICs. We suggest that controlling and reducing current air pollution levels in LAC and other LMIC regions now could strongly contribute.

Observations on the female internal reproductive organs of the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans).

Alouatta guariba clamitans (brown howler monkey) is an endemic primate from the southeastern Brazil tropical forests, classified as near threatened by the IUCN Red List 2007. The genus Alouatta is one of the most difficult New World monkeys to breed and rear in captivity. In this study we examined the macroscopic and histological aspects of the female genital tract of wild brown howler monkeys to provide baseline information for future reproduction research. The anatomical relationship between the vagina, uterus, broad ligament, oviducts and ovaries are those of a typical primate reproductive tract. The fundic portion of the uterus is globoid, the cervix is well developed, which confers to the uterus an elongated shape, and the vagina is a long flattened channel. Histological analysis conducted in females in the follicular phase revealed large quantities of interstitial luteinized tissue in the ovaries, a stratified nonkeratinized vaginal epithelium, lack of glands in the vaginal mucosa and simple tubular endometrial glands. The observed anatomical features should be considered in the adaptation and application of assisted reproductive techniques aimed at improving captive reproduction for species conservation.

Electromyographic evaluation of upper limb muscles involved in armwrestling sport simulation during dynamic and static conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the electromyographic activity of the Pectoralis Major (PM), Biceps Brachii (BB), Pronator Teres (PT) and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU) muscles involved in simulated armwrestling. METHODS: Ten trained volunteers were selected to perform the armwrestling movement, during dynamic tests with 40% and 80% of maximum voluntary load (MVL) and static tests in the initial, intermediary and final positions. Electromyographic and force data were normalized for analyses. RESULTS: In dynamic tests with 40% MVL, electric activity of the PT muscle was greater than FCU (p<0.01) and BB (p<0.05) muscles, and with 80% MVL, PM and PT muscles were the most active. In static tests, electric activity increased from the initial to final positions for the PM muscle (p<0.05), while it decreased for the BB and PT muscles (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). No significant changes were observed for force and no correlation was found with the simultaneous electric activity. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the PM and FCU muscles participate as agonists in the simulated armwrestling whereas the BB and PT muscles seem to perform secondary functions. Electric activity showed to be dependent on the load and on the position of the upper limb, but not on the force produced during the movement.

Análise eletromiográfica comparativa dos músculos reto do abdome e reto femoral em exercícios abdominais com e sem a utilização do aparelho ab swing / Comparative electromyographic analysis of the rectus abdominis and rectus femoris muscles in abdominal exercises with or without the ab swing device

Atividade física, dieta adequada e exercícios abdominais são opções para pessoas que buscam qualidade de vida, prevenção e/ou reabilitação de dores na região lombar e estética. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise eletromiográfica comparativa dos músculos Reto do Abdome (parte superior - RAS, parte inferior - RAI) e Reto Femoral (RF) durante execução do exercício abdominal tradicional e com utilização do aparelho Ab Swing (níveis principiante e intermediário) em nove voluntários sem distúrbio neuromuscular. A coleta de dados foi realizada utilizando-se eletrodos de superfície ativos, diferenciais simples com ganho de 20 vezes, e registrada através de um eletromiógrafo. O sinal eletromiográfico foi quantificado pela Raiz Quadrada da Média (Root Mean Square - RMS) e normalizado (RMSn) pela Contração Isométrica Voluntária Máxima. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística paramétrica, empregando-se testes de ANOVA One-Way e teste t de Student. Os principais resultados demonstram que não houve diferenças significativas no RMSn dos músculos RAS e RAI durante o exercício Tradicional e com Ab Swing-nível intermediário, os quais foram significativamente maiores do que Ab Swing-nível principiante. Em relação ao músculo RF o exercício com Ab Swing - nível intermediário apresentou maior valor de RMSn em comparação com Ab Swing- nível principiante e exercício Tradicional. De acordo com metodologia empregada, conclui-se que os exercícios com Ab Swing - níveis principiante e intermediário podem ser escolhidos para treinamento dos músculos abdominais, entretanto, devem ser utilizados com precauções para pessoas que tenham musculatura abdominal fraca e/ou problemas na região lombar devido a grande ativação do músculo RF quando comparado com exercício Tradicional.

Physical activity, appropriate diet and abdominal exercises are choice measures for people that look for life quality, prevention and/or rehabilitation of lumbar pain as well physical beauty. The aim of this study was to analyze the electromyographic activity of the upper portion of Rectus Abdominis (URA), lower portion of Rectus Abdominis (LRA) and Rectus Femoris (RF) muscles during abdominal exercises with or without the AB Swing device. Nine healthy volunteers performed traditional abdominal exercises and then the same abdominal exercises using the AB Swing device (initial and intermediate levels). Data collection was performed using the active differential surface electrodes (gain of 20 times), recorded in a computer-connected electromyography and expressed in numeric values of RMS (root mean square), which were normalized (RMSn) through the maximum voluntary contraction. The obtained data were submitted to the parametric statistical analysis using ANOVA One-Way and Student t tests. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences in RMSn of the URA and LRA muscles during the traditional exercises and using the AB Swing device at intermediate level, but were significantly greater as compared to the AB Swing at initial level. Regarding the RF muscle, RMSn values were greater after the abdominal exercises with AB Swing at intermediate level in comparison with AB Swing at initial level and traditional exercises. It can be concluded that the exercises using the AB Swing at initial and intermediate levels can be chosen for training of abdominal muscles. However, such exercises should be indicated with precautions for people that have weak abdominal musculature and/or lumbar disorders due to strong activation of the RF muscle when compared to traditional abdominal exercises.

Características estruturais e estereológicas do plexo cardíaco de camundongos expostos à poluição ambiental / Stereological and Structural characteristics of the cardiac plexus in mice exposed to environmental air pollution

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram determinar a morfologia do plexo cardíaco e verificar se o coração de camundongos é alterado pela exposição à poluição atmosférica em relação ao peso, ao número de neurônios e gânglios. Camundongos foram mantidos em câmaras situadas próximas a vias de trafego intenso em São Paulo. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=5) segundo a exposição à poluição atmosférica no período gestacional e/ou pós natal: ar filtrado (F-F), ar não filtrado (NF-NF), ar filtrado e ar não filtrado (F-NF) e ar não filtrado e ar filtrado (NF-F). Ao atingirem 120 dias de vida, os animais foram eutanasiados e seus corações removidos. O número de neurônios cardíacos assim como seu volume, volume do gânglio, área do neurônio, perímetro e o diâmetro de Feret máximo (FMax) e mínimo (FMin) foram estimados por meio de avaliações morfométricas e estereológicas. Os neurônios e gânglios cardíacos foram corados pelo método de Giemsa. As fibras colágenas foram identificadas pelo método de Picro-sirius sob luz polarizada. Verificou-se que as fibras colágenas tipo III são predominantes na cápsula do gânglio nos grupos NF-F e NF-NF. O peso corpóreo foi significativamente menor nos animais que foram expostos no período pós natal (F-NF, NF-NF) quando comparados aos grupos F-F e NF-F. A média do perímetro neuronal foi maior no grupo F-F que nos grupos expostos no período gestacional e pós natal (F-NF, NF-F e NF-NF). O FMax foi estatisticamente diferente entre o grupos expostos no período pós natal (F-NF e NF-NF) (p<0,05). Houve uma redução significativa no volume dos neurônios nos grupos F-NF e NF-NF. Os resultados permitem especular que a mudanças no controle autonômico do coração resultante da exposição à poluição atmosférica, pode ser relacionado a alterações no desenvolvimento do plexo cardíaco...

The aims of the present study were to determine the cardiac plexus morphology and to test whether or not the heart of the mice alters in weight, neuronal and ganglia number with air pollution exposure. Mice were maintained in exposure chambers situated close to a busy crossroads in São Paulo. Animals were grouped in to four groups (n=5) according to prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to air pollution: filtered air (F-F); non-filtered air (NFNF); filtered and non-filtered air (F-NF); non-filtered and filtered air (NF-F). Reaching 120 days of life, the animals were euthanized for obtaining their hearts. The number of cardiac neurons as well as their volume, ganglion volume, neuron sectional area, perimeter and maximum (FMax) and minimum (FMin) Ferrets diameter were estimated under the stereological and morphometric aspects. The cardiac neurons and ganglia were stained employing the Giemsa method. Collagen fibers were identified by Picro-sirius under polarized light. Type III collagen fibers predominate in the ganglion capsule of the NF-F and NF-NF groups. Body weight was significantly reduced in those animals exposed to air pollution postnatally (F-NF, NF-NF) when compared to groups F-F and NF-F. The average of the neuronal perimeter was larger in F-F group than in those groups with gestational and postnatal exposure (F-NF, NF-F and NF-NF). The volume, volume do gânglio, área do neurônio, perímetro e o diâmetro de Feret máximo FMax was statistically different among the groups exposed to air pollution postnatally (F-NF and NF-NF) (p<0.05). A decrease in the total neuronal volume was significantly detected in F-NF and NF-F groups. The mean neuron volume was significant in the F-NF and NF-NF. Our results, allow us to speculate that changes in autonomic control of heart resulting from exposure to air pollution may be linked to alterations in the development of the cardiac plexus...

Analysis of the brainstem internal morphology of the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) / Análise da morfologia interna do tronco encefálico de macaco-prego (Cebus apella)

The gross anatomy and the internal morphology of the brainstem of the monkey Cebus apella were described based on the observations made on adult brainstens. Six adult Cebus apella monkeys were used for anatomical observations and for the study of the internal morphology they were cut into serial sections at six different levels (pyramidal decussation; superior portion of the olive; inferior portion of the olive; pons; superior colliculus and inferior colliculus) and properly stained for studies of the internal structure. Our results show that the Cebus apella brainstem is characterized by the presence of a bulbpontine sulcus; an enlarged brainstem, particularly of the medulla oblongata, with a consequent laterization of the trapezoid body, the presence of inferior olivary complex, the apparent origin of cranial nerves distant from the pyramids and of its decussation; presence of the antero-lateral sulcus separating the pyramids of the olives; expressive development of the trapezoid body, of the pons, nuclei of the pons and of the cerebral peduncle. These results are consistent with previous descriptions for other primates and suggest that the organization and development of the Brainstem structures share similarities with superior primates including humans which reflect the motor abilities of the studied species.

A anatomia e a morfologia interna do tronco encefálico (TE) do macaco-prego (Cebus apella) foram descritas com base nas observações feitas em troncos encefálicos de macacos adultos. Seis macacos Cebus apella adultos foram utilizados para as observações anatômicas. Para os estudos da morfologia interna os TE foram cortados seriadamente em seis níveis diferentes: decussação piramidal, porção superior da oliva, porção inferior da oliva, ponte, colículo superior e colículo inferior. Após esse procedimento eles foram corados com a técnica de Mulligan modificada por nós. Nossos resultados mostram que o TE de Cebus apella é caracterizado pela presença do sulco bulbo-pontino, aumento do tamanho do TE, especialmente da medula oblonga, com consequente lateralização do corpo trapezoide, presença do sulco ântero-lateral separando as pirâmides das olivas; desenvolvimento expressivo do corpo trapezoide, da ponte, dos núcleos da ponte e do pedúnculo cerebral. Estes resultados são consistentes com descrições prévias para outros primatas na literatura e sugerem que a organização e desenvolvimento do TE exibe semelhanças com primatas superiores, incluindo o homem, o que reflete as habilidades motoras da espécie estudada.