The hormone receptor GUCY2C suppresses intestinal tumor formation by inhibiting AKT signaling.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: GUCY2C is the intestinal receptor for the paracrine hormones guanylin and uroguanylin that converts guanosine-5'-triphosphate to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). It functions as a tumor suppressor; its loss disrupts intestinal homeostasis and promotes tumorigenesis. We investigated the effects of GUCY2C loss on intestinal cell proliferation, metabolism, signaling, and tumorigenesis in mice. METHODS: Intestinal cell proliferation and metabolism were examined in Gucy2c(-/-) and colon cancer cells by microscopy, immunoblot, and functional analyses. Microarray analyses compared gene expression profiles of intestine cell from Gucy2c(-/-) and wild-type mice. v akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) regulation and signaling were examined, and the role of AKT in GUCY2C-dependent tumorigenesis was defined in Gucy2c(-/-)Akt1(-/-) mice. RESULTS: The size and number of intestinal crypts increased in Gucy2c(-/-) mice; the associated epithelial cells showed accelerated proliferation, increased glycolysis, and reduced oxidative phosphorylation, which was reversed by oral administration of cGMP. Conversely, activating guanylyl cyclase C in human colon cancer cells delayed cell-cycle progression, decreased DNA synthesis and colony formation, reduced glycolysis, and increased mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production. AKT signaling pathways were activated in intestines of Gucy2c(-/-) mice, associated with increased AKT phosphorylation. Disruption of AKT activity, pharmacologically or genetically, reduced DNA synthesis, proliferation, and glycolysis, and increased mitochondrial biogenesis. Intestinal tumorigenesis increased after administration of azoxymethane to Gucy2c(-/-) mice, compared with wild-type mice, but was eliminated in Gucy2c(-/-)Akt1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS: GUCY2C is a tumor suppressor that controls proliferation and metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells by inactivating AKT signaling. This receptor and its ligands, which are paracrine hormones, might be novel candidates for anticolorectal cancer therapy.

Guanylyl cyclase C as a biomarker for targeted imaging and therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer.

The guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) receptor posseses several well-established properties ideal for use as a biomarker in gastrointestinal malignancies. The GCC receptor is constitutively expressed in the apical membranes of the intestine and its expression is universally preserved in primary colorectal tumors and their metastases. Moreover, receptor binding is retained by GCC's cognate ligand, the bacterial enterotoxin ST, even after conjugation to functional moieties. Selective tumor, but not gastrointestinal, uptake of ST in mice bearing GCC-expressing colon cancer xenografts demonstrates the potential of exploiting ST-GCC interaction for diagnostic imaging and targeted therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer. We expect this specific targeting provided by ST-GCC interaction to improve diagnosis, staging and management of colorectal cancer metastases, and ultimately prolong patient survival in this disease.