Population data for 21 autosomal STR loci (GlobalFiler kit) in two Mexican-Mestizo population from the northwest, Mexico.

Mexican Mestizos (admixed) have been poorly studied for short tandem repeats (STRs) included for new human identification (HID) kits, such as the GlobalFiler PCR Amplification kit. Therefore, this kit was analyzed in 784 unrelated volunteers from the city of Tijuana (n = 381) and Sonora state (n = 403) in the northwest region of Mexico. Allele frequencies, forensic parameters, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and linkage equilibrium were estimated or evaluated for 21 autosomal STRs, respectively. For this HID kit, the combined power of discrimination (PD) was > 0.99999999999999 (RMP range = 1.23 to 3.0 × 10-25), and the combined power of exclusion (PE) were 0.999999993 and 0.999999997 in Tijuana city and Sonora state, respectively. Interpopulation analyses based on STRs of the GlobalFiler kit was performed, including four Mexican Native American, one Mexican Mestizo, and four ethnic American populations (USA), previously studied. The low-but significant-differentiation observed among Mexican Mestizos (FST = 0.0969%; p = 0.02584) justifies the creation of STR databases for HID purposes in this country. In brief, results allow the confident use of the GlobalFiler kit for HID purposes in Mestizo population from the Northwest region Mexico.

Forensic parameters and admixture in Mestizos from five geographic regions of Mexico based on 20 autosomal STRs (Powerplex 21 system).

We analyzed Mestizo (admixed) population samples from different geographic regions of Mexico (n = 1283) with 20 autosomal STRs (PowerPlex® 21, Promega Corp.). Allele frequencies and forensic parameters from the Northwest, Northeast, West, Center, and Southeast regions are reported, as well as from the pooled Mexican population sample. The combined PD and PE for this 20 STR system were > 0.9999999999 and > 0.99999996593% in all five population samples, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of these Mexican population samples, plus Monterrey (Northeast) and Mexico (Center) Cities, showed low but significant differences among Mexican-Mestizos from the seven populations (Fst = 0.20%; p = 0.0000). Structure analysis showed the highest proportion of Native American ancestry in Mexico City, Center, and Southeast regions, respectively, which was in agreement with the estimated genetic distances represented in a MDS plot and a NJ tree. The best fit of population clusters (K = 4) obtained with the Structure software indicates that Mexican-Mestizos are mainly composed by European, African, and two Native American ancestries. The European and Native American ancestries displayed a contrary gradient, increasing toward the North-West and South-Southeast, respectively. These 20 autosomal STR loci improved the admixture estimation regarding previous studies with the 13 CODIS-STRs, as supported by the higher similarity with previous estimates based on genome-wide SNP. In brief, this study validates the confident use of the PowerPlex® 21 system for human identification purposes in Mestizo populations throughout the Mexican territory.

Correspondence between the CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 genotypes with the inferred metabolizer phenotype by omeprazole administration in Mexican healthy children.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: CYP2C19 genotypes presumably allow the prediction of the metabolizer phenotypes: poor (PMs), extensive (EMs) and ultra-rapid (UMs). However, evidence from previous studies regarding this predictive power is unclear, which is important because the benefits expected by healthcare institutions and patients are based on this premise. Therefore, we aimed to complete a formal evaluation of the diagnostic value of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 genes for predicting metabolizer phenotypes established by omeprazole (OME) administration in 118 healthy children from Jalisco (western Mexico). METHODS: The genotypes for CYP3A4*1B and CYP2C19*2, *3, *4, *5 and *17 alleles were determined. CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 phenotypes were obtained after 20 mg OME administration and HPLC quantification in plasma to estimate the Hydroxylation Index (HI = OME/HOME) and Sulfonation Index (SI = OME/SOME), respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The distribution of genotypes and phenotypes for CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 was similar to previous studies in Mexico and Latin America. We estimated the CYP2C19 UM, EM and PM phenotype frequency in 0.84%, 96.61% and 2.54%, respectively. Although differences in the HI distribution were observed between CYP2C19 genotypes, they showed a poor diagnostic ability to predict the CYP2C19 metabolizer phenotype. Similarly, the number of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 functional alleles was correlated with the HI distribution, but also their diagnostic ability to predict the CYP2C19 phenotype was poor. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: The CYP2C19 phenotype is not predicted by the number of functional alleles of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 genes. Phenotyping is still the most valuable alternative to dose individualization for CYP2C19 substrate drugs.

Forensic parameters of the Investigator DIPplex kit (Qiagen) in six Mexican populations.

Allele frequencies and statistical parameters of forensic efficiency for 30 deletion-insertion polymorphisms (DIPs) were estimated in six Mexican populations. For this purpose, 421 unrelated individuals were analyzed with the Investigator DIPplex kit. The Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium was demonstrated for this 30-plex system in all six populations. We estimated the combined power of discrimination (PD ≥ 99.999999%) and combined power of exclusion (PE ≥ 98.632705%) for this genetic system. A low but significant genetic structure was demonstrated among these six populations by pairwise comparisons and AMOVA (F ST ≥ 0.7054; p ≤ 0.0007), which allows clustering populations in agreement with geographical criteria: Northwest, Center, and Southeast.

Population data of 23 STR loci (PowerPlex® Fusion System) in Mexican Mestizos from the West Region.

We analyzed 238 unrelated Mestizo (admixed) individuals from the West region of Mexico with the PowerPlex® Fusion System (Promega Corp.). Allele frequencies and forensic parameters were estimated for the 23 STRs included in this kit. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by locus and non-association between pair of loci were demonstrated by exact tests in this population. The combined PE and PD offered by this HID kit were ≥0.9999999986, representing a substantial improvement with respect to those previously offered by 15 STR systems. Interpopulation comparison by AMOVA tests demonstrated low but significant differences among Mexican Mestizos from West, Center, and Northeast regions (Fst = 0.01558; p = 0.0000), similar to the observed among three main ethnic groups from USA (Fst = 0.02048; p = 0.0000). This finding is consistent with the contrary clines of European and Amerindian ancestries described throughout the Mexican territory for Mestizos, the largest population (~90 %) in this country.

Forensic evaluation of the AmpFℓSTR Identifiler kit in nine Mexican native populations from the pre-Columbian Mesoamerican region.

Allele frequency distribution and forensic parameters of the AmpFℓSTR Identifiler kit was determined in nine Mexican Amerindian populations based on 1,040 unrelated individuals from the pre-Columbian region known as Mesoamerica. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was demonstrated for most of the short tandem repeats (STRs) in all nine populations. The power of discrimination and exclusion were higher than 0.99999 and 0.997942, respectively. In addition, a brief overview of the genetic relatedness and structure (F st = 2.62 %; p = 0.00000) between these populations is presented.

Origin and genetic differentiation of three Native Mexican groups (Purépechas, Triquis and Mayas): contribution of CODIS-STRs to the history of human populations of Mesoamerica.

BACKGROUND: CODIS-STRs in Native Mexican groups have rarely been analysed for human identification and anthropological purposes. AIM: To analyse the genetic relationships and population structure among three Native Mexican groups from Mesoamerica. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 531 unrelated Native individuals from Mexico were PCR-typed for 15 and 9 autosomal STRs (Identifiler™ and Profiler™ kits, respectively), including five population samples: Purépechas (Mountain, Valley and Lake), Triquis and Yucatec Mayas. Previously published STR data were included in the analyses. RESULTS: Allele frequencies and statistical parameters of forensic importance were estimated by population. The majority of Native groups were not differentiated pairwise, excepting Triquis and Purépechas, which was attributable to their relative geographic and cultural isolation. Although Mayas, Triquis and Purépechas-Mountain presented the highest number of private alleles, suggesting recurrent gene flow, the elevated differentiation of Triquis indicates a different origin of this gene flow. Interestingly, Huastecos and Mayas were not differentiated, which is in agreement with the archaeological hypothesis that Huastecos represent an ancestral Maya group. Interpopulation variability was greater in Natives than in Mestizos, both significant. CONCLUSION: Although results suggest that European admixture has increased the similarity between Native Mexican groups, the differentiation and inconsistent clustering by language or geography stresses the importance of serial founder effect and/or genetic drift in showing their present genetic relationships.

Forensic parameters of the X-STR Decaplex system in Mexican populations.

We studied the X-STR decaplex system in 529 DNA female samples of Mexican populations from five geographic regions. Allele frequencies and forensic parameters were estimated in each region and in the pooled Mexican population. Genotype distribution by locus was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations in each Mexican population sample. Similarly, linkage equilibrium was demonstrated between pair of loci. Pairwise comparisons and genetic distances between Mexican, Iberoamerican and one African populations were estimated and graphically represented. Interestingly, a non-significant interpopulation differentiation was detected (Fst = 0.0021; p = .74389), which allows using a global Mexican database for forensic interpretation of X-STR genotypes.

A GHEP-ISFG collaborative study on the genetic variation of 38 autosomal indels for human identification in different continental populations.

A collaborative effort was carried out by the Spanish and Portuguese Speaking Working Group of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (GHEP-ISFG) to promote knowledge exchange between associate laboratories interested in the implementation of indel-based methodologies and build allele frequency databases of 38 indels for forensic applications. These databases include populations from different countries that are relevant for identification and kinship investigations undertaken by the participating laboratories. Before compiling population data, participants were asked to type the 38 indels in blind samples from annual GHEP-ISFG proficiency tests, using an amplification protocol previously described. Only laboratories that reported correct results contributed with population data to this study. A total of 5839 samples were genotyped from 45 different populations from Africa, America, East Asia, Europe and Middle East. Population differentiation analysis showed significant differences between most populations studied from Africa and America, as well as between two Asian populations from China and East Timor. Low FST values were detected among most European populations. Overall diversities and parameters of forensic efficiency were high in populations from all continents.

Forensic efficiency parameters of the Investigator Argus X-12 kit in women from two Mestizo and seven Amerindian populations from Mexico.

Allele frequency distribution and statistical parameters of forensic efficiency concerning the Investigator Argus X-12 kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) were determined in a total sample of 641 unrelated Mexican females, including two Mestizo-admixed- populations (n=309) and seven Amerindian groups (n=332) from the main regions of the country. Most of the 12 X-STRs were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations in all nine Mexican populations. The power of discrimination in females (PD) and Median exclusion chance for trios (MECT) and duos (MECD) of this genetic system based on X-STRs were >99.99%. Although Mexican populations showed significant pairwise differentiation, a closer relationship was evident between Amerindian groups and nearby Mestizos, in agreement with historical records, previous genetic studies, and X-linked inheritance pattern expectations.

Forensic potential of the STR DXYS156 in Mexican populations: inference of X-linked allele null.

The pentanucleotide STR (TAAAA)n DXYS156 offers advantages for genetic identity testing. In addition to establish the gender, DXYS156 expands the DNA profile and is able to indicate the possible geographic origin of the individual. We analyzed DXYS156 in 757 individuals of both sexes from Mexican populations. We studied the cosmopolitan Mestizo population and six Mexican ethnic groups: Tarahumaras, Purépechas, Nahuas, Mayas, Huicholes and Mezcala Indians. The six shorter (4-10) and the three larger alleles (11-13) were specific for the X and Y-chromosomes, respectively. A random distribution of alleles into genotypes was observed in males and females from each population. We estimated the power of exclusion for paternity testing according to the son's gender, and the power of discrimination in forensic casework. In addition, we detected a relatively high frequency of an X-linked allele null, principally in Mexican-Mestizos (3.6%), which must be considered when DXYS156 be applied for identification purposes.

Genetic structure and forensic parameters of 38 Indels for human identification purposes in eight Mexican populations.

Insertion-deletions for human identification purposes (HID-Indels) offer advantages to solve particular forensic situations and complex paternity cases. In Mexico, admixed population known as Mestizos is the largest (∼90%), plus a number of Amerindian groups (∼10%), which have not been studied with HID-Indels. For this reason, allele frequencies and forensic parameters for 38 HID-Indels were estimated in 531 unrelated individuals from one Amerindian (Purépecha) and seven Mestizo populations from different regions of the country. Genotype distribution was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations in almost all loci/populations. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) test did not reveal possible associations between loci pairs in all eight Mexican populations. The combined power of discrimination was high in all populations (PD >99.99999999998%). However, the power of exclusion of the 38 HID-Indel system (PE >99.6863%) was reduced regarding most of autosomal STR kits. The assessment of genetic structure (AMOVA) and relationships between populations (FST) demonstrated significant differences among Mexican populations, mainly of the Purépecha Amerindian group. Among Mexican-Mestizos, three population clusters consistent with geography were defined: (i) North-West region: Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Jalisco; (ii) Central-Southern region: Mexico City, Veracruz and Yucatan; (iii) South region: Chiapas. In brief, this report validates the inclusion of the 38 HID-Indel system in forensic casework and paternity cases in seven Mexican-Mestizo populations from different regions, and in one Mexican Amerindian group.

Deletion mapping and paternal origin of a Mexican AMELY negative male.

The amelogenin represents the gender marker most widely used for human identification and biomedical purposes. However, some failures in sex-typing have been observed globally. In this study, we could approximate the population frequency of AMELY negative males in 1230 individuals from five states of Mexico (0.081%). For the sole AMELY negative male detected, we constructed a deletion map by means of 10 markers (7 STS and 3 Y-STRs). This allowed classifying the case into the most common category (Class I deletion), according to the nomenclature proposed by Jobling et al. (2007). Interestingly, the Mexican sample was R1a1(∗), a Y-chromosome haplogroup non-previously reported for AMELY negative cases. The geographic distribution of R1a1(∗), and the Y-STR haplotype similarity with a reported case from Slovenia, suggests an Eastern-Europe paternal origin for this case from Mexico. To our knowledge, this is the first report in Latin America that implies a low population frequency and European paternal origin of AMELY negative cases.