Microlepidogaster arachas, a new species of hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil.

Microlepidogaster arachas Martins, Calegari & Langeani, sp. nov., a new Hypoptopomatinae, is described from the upper rio Paraná basin. The new species is distinguished from M. longicolla and M. dimorpha by having the anterior portion of the compound supraneural plus first dorsal-fin proximal radial contacting the neural spine of the ninth vertebra. The new species differs from M. perforatus by having 18-29 dentary teeth; median series of lateral plates complete, reaching caudal-peduncle end, and continuous lateral line; and 20-24 mid-dorsal plates. Microlepidogaster arachas is further distinguished from its congeners by several other osteological features.

Evaluation of cytotoxicity and degree of conversion of glass ionomer cements reinforced with resin.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and degree of monomer conversion of resin-reinforced glass ionomer cements (RGIC) over different time periods. Four RGICs: Fuji Ortho LC (FOLC), Fuji Ortho Band (FOB), Orthoglass (OGL), and Multicure Glass Ionomer (MCI) were evaluated for cytotoxicity in fibroblastic L929 cells and for their degree of monomer conversion over different time periods. Three control groups were also analysed: positive control (C+), consisting of Tween 80 cell detergent; negative control (C-), consisting of phosphate-buffered saline; and cell control (CC), consisting of cells exposed to any material. To evaluate the cytotoxicity, the dye-uptake technique was used and the degree of conversion was evaluated using infrared spectroscopy. The data obtained were analysed by analysis of variance and the Tukey's test. The results showed cytotoxicity of the RGICs at 1 and 24 hours; the viability values of these materials were statistically different from the C- and CC groups (P < 0.05). After 48 hours, the FOLC group was statistically similar to the CC and C- groups but different from the others. At 1 hour, there was no difference in the degree of conversion between the FOLC and OGL groups (P > 0.05) or between the FOB and MCI (P < 0.05) groups. However, at 48 hours, the FOLC group had greater conversion values than the other groups (P < 0.05). There is a direct relationship between the degree of conversion and RGIC cytotoxicity. Following initial polymerization, cytotoxicity decreases and, consequently, the degree of conversion of the material increases.

A new species of Microlepidogaster (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from rio Pardo, a coastal drainage in eastern Brazil.

A new species of Microlepidogaster is described from rio Pardo drainage, a coastal basin in eastern Brazil. This species can be differentiated from its congeners by having the following unique features: 1) anterior portion of snout with a large odontode-free band extending laterally from the anterior tip of snout to the postrostral plate 2; 2) transverse process of second dorsal-fin pterygiophore exposed and bearing odontodes; and 3) exposed area of pectoral girdle extended to the mesial symphysis, with odontodes mainly distributed in the coracoid ventral expansion. The new species is further distinguished by several other morphological non-exclusive features. Recently, some Microlepidogaster species were reallocated to Rhinolekos. The taxonomic changes involving these genera is herein discussed.

Poor taxonomic sampling undermines nomenclatural stability: A reply to Roxo et al. (2019).

A recent study based on genomic data by Roxo et al. (2019) provided a phylogeny of the Loricariidae, the largest catfish family and second largest Neotropical fish family with approximately 1,000 species. The study represents a valuable and innovative contribution for understanding higher-level relationships within the family. The phylogenetic tree inferred by Roxo et al. (2019) thoroughly corroborates the monophyly and relationships of most currently accepted subfamilies of Loricariidae, based on a fair taxon sampling (nearly 14% of the species in the family) representing most genera of each but one of the subfamilies, the Lithogeninae, the sister-group of the remaining members of the family (Pereira & Reis, 2017; Reis et al., 2017). In addition to a hypothesis of relationships, Roxo et al. (2019) also proposed a series of lower-level taxonomic changes, which are deemed premature considering that the taxonomic sampling of the study targeted higher-level clades, and go against one of the pillars of biological classification: nomenclatural stability (e.g., Heterick & Majer, 2018; Beninger & Backeljau, 2019). Here we (1) discuss implications of inadequate taxonomic sampling as a basis for changes in classification of species; (2) explain why the taxonomic sampling design of Roxo et al. (2019) is inadequate for the proposed nomenclatural changes; and (3) advocate that changes to classifications must be grounded on phylogenies with dense sampling of taxa at the relevant level.

Microlepidogaster negomata, a new hypoptopomatine catfish (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from Rio São Francisco basin, southeastern Brazil.

The number of species of Microlepidogaster recently increased considerably, the genus presently comprises six species distributed in the Paraná, São Francisco, and Jequitinhonha river basins. A new species of Microlepidogaster is herein described from the upper Rio São Francisco basin, which can be distinguished from all congeners by having two exclusive features within the genus: skin over swimbladder opening with two to five reduced unperforated platelets, and ventral laminar expansion of coracoid enclosing completely or almost completely the arrector fossa of the pectoral girdle. In addition, other features to recognize this species are: snout covered by many small plates bearing slender pointed odontodes; presence of iris operculum; exposure of pectoral girdle restricted to the lateral portion; presence of pectoral axillary slit only in juveniles; anterior portion of compound supraneural plus first dorsal-fin proximal radial contacting the neural spine of the eighth or ninth vertebra; first anal-fin pterygiophore covered only by skin; and uninterrupted, long median and mid-dorsal series of lateral plates.

Microlepidogaster discus, a new species of Hypoptopomatinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Jequitinhonha basin, southeastern Brazil.

A new Hypoptopomatinae is described from the upper rio Jequitinhonha basin. The new species is distinguished from all congeners by having the ventral laminar expansions of cleithrum and coracoid bearing only 1-30 odontodes, restricted to the area near the pectoral-fin insertion; the anterior plates of mid-ventral lateral series reduced, not ventrally elongated, the first or the second markedly round; pectoral-fin unbranched ray distinctly divided distally, with 7-15 ossified segments, reaching almost half of its length; and accessory process on first epibranchial present. Microlepidogaster discus is further distinguished from its congeners by several other osteological features. The problems concerning the taxonomy of Microlepidogaster, as well as the pattern of distribution of the genus, are discussed.

Redescription of Hisonotus notatus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae), the type species of the genus, and description of a new species from coastal drainages of southeastern Brazil

Our analyses showed that the type series of Hisonotus notatus , type species of the genus, is mixed, composed by two different species. Based on that, we redescribe H. notatus with the designation of a lectotype, restricting the species to rio São João drainage and other small coastal drainages running to the Baía de Guanabara and to the Baía de Sepetiba in Rio de Janeiro State. We also describe a new species of Hisonotus from drainages of the rio Paraíba do Sul, Lagoa Feia, rio Macaé, and coastal rivers of Espírito Santo State, from rio Itabapoana to rio Doce basin. These two species are sister-taxa and can be distinguished by the number of plates in the mid-dorsal series.

Nossas análises mostraram que a série-tipo de Hisonotus notatus , espécie-tipo do gênero, é mista, composta por duas diferentes espécies. Baseado nisso, nós redescrevemos H. notatus com a designação de um lectótipo, restringindo a espécie à drenagem do rio São João e outras pequenas drenagens que correm para a Baía de Guanabara e para a Baía de Sepetiba no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Também descrevemos uma nova espécie de Hisonotus das drenagens do rio Paraíba do Sul, Lagoa Feia, rio Macaé e rios costeiros do estado do Espírito Santo, do rio Itabapoana à bacia do rio Doce. Essas duas espécies são táxons irmãos e podem ser distinguidas pelo número de placas na série médio-dorsal.

A new spiny species of Hypostomus Lacépède (Loricariidae: Hypostominae) from thermal waters, upper rio Paraná basin, central Brazil

A new species of Hypostomus is described from the rio Quente, rio Paranaíba drainage, in the upper rio Paraná basin in central Brazil. The rio Quente is a peculiar small and shallow fast water stream with water temperatures around 34ºC. The new species is distinguished from all congeners by having the five lateral series of plates with hypertrophied odontodes not aligned in rows and more conspicuous on flanks of caudal peduncle of the larger specimens. The new species is only known from the rio Quente.

Uma nova espécie de Hypostomus é descrita do rio Quente, drenagem do rio Paranaíba, bacia do alto rio Paraná no Brasil Central. O rio Quente é um riacho peculiar, raso e de correnteza, cujas temperaturas atingem em torno de 34ºC. A espécie nova é distinguida de todas as congêneres por ter as cinco séries de placas laterais com odontódeos hipertrofiados, os quais não são alinhados em fileiras, sendo mais conspícuos nos flancos do pedúnculo caudal nos indivíduos maiores. A espécie nova é conhecida apenas do rio Quente.

Verbascoside isolated from Lepechinia speciosa has inhibitory activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro.

Verbascoside has been isolated form L. speciosa after several different chromatographic methods. After its purification, the structure has been unequivocally established using modern spectroscopic techniques. As for the antiviral activity, the maximum non toxic concentration has been established and this concentration has been used in the anti herpes assay, in vitro. Mechanism of action for this molecule regarding the anti-herpes activity has been studied encompassing the following assays: virucidal activity, cellular receptor assay, penetration assay and intracellular assay, in order to understand the activity for this natural product.

Efeito citotóxico de alginatos odontológicos sobre células fibroblastóides / Cytotoxic effects of a dentstry alginates applied on fibroblast-like cells

O alginato ou hidrocolóide irreversível é um dos materiais de moldagem mais aceitos e utilizados na Odontologia. Algumas substâncias presentes nesses pode levar toxicidade. O estuto foi avaliar a citotoxicidade de alginatos de uso odontológico. Foram avaliados quatro diferentes alginatos divididos em 4 grupos, assim denominados: Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum. Três grupos controle também participaram Controle positivo (C+) constituido pelo detergente celular Tween 80, controle negativo (C-) PBS, e controle de célula (CC) onde as células não foram expostas a nenhum material. Após manipulação dos materiais seguindo as orientações do fabricante foi confeccionado corpos de prova utilizando-se anéis de silicone. Em seguida os mesmos foram imersos em meio mínimo essencial de Eagle (MEM) por 2 min, onde então procedeu-se a remoção do sobrenadante e colocação em contato com fibroblastos L929. Após contato com o meio as células foram incubadas por mais 24 h onde então foram adicionados 100ml do corante vermelho neutro a 0,01%. Novamente as células foram incubadas por 3 h para que as mesmas incorporassem o corante. Passado esse período as mesmas foram fixadas e então, realizada contagem de células viáveis em espectrofotômetro (BioTek, Winooski, Vermont, USA) em um comprimento de onda de 492nm. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos CC e C-com os demais (P<0.05). Ausência de diferença estatística ocorreu entre os grupos Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum (P>0.05). Pode-se concluir com a realização desse trabalho que todos os alginatos testados mostraram caráter citotoxico.

Alginate or irreversible hydrocolloid is one of the most accepted and used impression materials in dentstry. Some substances present in these can lead toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of dental alginate of use. Was evaluated four different alginate divided into 4 groups, so called: Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum. Three control groups were also included: Group C+ (positive control), consisting of detergent Tween 80; Group C -(negative control), consisting of PBS, and Group CC (cell control), consisting of cells not exposed to any material. After manipulating the materials according to the manufacturer's instructions, samples were made by using silicon rings. Next, the samples were immersed into Eagle minimum essential medium (MEM) for 2 minutes, where the supernatants were removed and brought into direct contact with L929 fibroblasts. Following exposure to the medium, the cells were incubated for further 24 hours and then 100 ml of 0.01% neutral red dye were added. The cells were incubated again for 3 hours so that the dye could be absorbed. After this 3-hour period, the cells were fixed in order to count the viable ones by using a spectrophotometer (BioTek, Winooski, Vermont, USA) at a wavelength of 492nm. The results showed statistical differences between groups CC and C- with the others (P <0.05). Lack of statistical difference occurred between groups and between Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum (P> 0.05). Based on the results obtained in this work, one can conclude that all four alginate impression materials are potentially cytotoxic.