Spontaneous slow and fast MEG activity in male schizophrenics treated with clozapine.

RATIONALE: The atypical neuroleptic clozapine induces specific electroencephalogram changes, which have not been investigated using the technique of magnetoencephalography (MEG). OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated whether spontaneous magnetoencephalographic (MEG) activity in patients treated with clozapine differs from that in patients treated with haloperidol and untreated control subjects. METHODS: A 2 x 37 channel biomagnetic system was used to record spontaneous magnetic activity for the frequency ranges (2-6 Hz), (7.5-12 Hz), (12.5-30 Hz) in schizophrenic patients and controls in two trials within 3 weeks. After data acquisition, the processed data were digitally filtered and the spatial distribution of dipoles was determined by a 3-D convolution with a Gaussian envelope. The dipole localisation was calculated by the dipole density plot and the principal component analysis. The target parameters were absolute dipole values and the dipole localisations. The relationship between absolute dipole values, dipole localisations and psychopathological findings (documented by the use of the PANSS, BPRS-scale) during a 3 week period with constant doses of clozapine and haloperidol was investigated using correlation analysis. RESULTS: Our results lend strong support to the assumption of a significant elevation of absolute dipole values [dipole density maximum (Dmax), dipole number (Dtotal), absolute and relative dipole density] in the fast frequency range (12.5-30 Hz) over the left hemisphere, especially in the temporoparietal region by clozapine. In this area, we found a dipole concentration effect only in patients treated with the atypical neuroleptic, whereas the dipole distribution in patients treated with haloperidol and healthy controls was concentrated in the central region. With regard to the absolute dipole values in the frequency ranges 2-6 Hz (delta, theta) and 7.5-12 Hz (alpha), we found no statistically significant differences between the groups investigated. In the slow frequency range (2-6 Hz) no difference was found between the clozapine and haloperidol group for the dipole localisation, which predominated in the temporoparietal region, in contrast to the central dipole distribution in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The results of an increase in beta activity under clozapine demonstrate a smaller reduction in activity in terms of unspecific sensory and motor paradigms in comparison with typical neuroleptics. The temporoparietal concentration of dipoles, in particular over the left half of the brain, might illustrate either their special role in the disease process, or the effects of the medication. The latter possibility was supported by the differing dipole distribution in the clozapine group with a left temporoparietal centre in both frequency ranges, and a deviating central dipole localisation in the fast activity range in the haloperidol group.

Are patients receiving maximal medical therapy following carotid endarterectomy?

BACKGROUND: Most patients in the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) did not receive lipid-lowering treatment. As vascular event rates can be lowered with statins, antihypertensive agents, and newer antiplatelet agents, the authors conducted a study to determine the usage of these medications in patients following carotid endarterectomy (CE). METHODS: Claims data from Blue Cross and Blue Shield Michigan were used to study non-Medicare members who underwent CE in the years 1999 to 2001 (n = 1,049). Prescription of pharmacotherapy and sustained use (>80% use of the follow-up period) were examined in the 365-day period following index CE. RESULTS: Overall, 1,049 individuals underwent CE during the years 1999 to 2001. For the 1-year period following CE, the statin prescription rate was 70, 66, and 73% for the 3 study years. Sustained statin use was noted, on average, in 38%. The 3-year average was lower for sustained use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (19%) and even lower for prescription antiplatelet agents (5%). CONCLUSIONS: Use of statins has increased following carotid endarterectomy (CE) compared with the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial era, but sustained treatment with statins remains at <40%. Recent studies have shown a decrease in vascular event rates with statins regardless of low-density lipoprotein level, suggesting that statin use should be routine following CE. Increased statin use as part of a multimodality intensive medical regimen following CE has the potential to improve long-term vascular event rates in this population.