Osteoarthritis year in review 2024: Epidemiology and therapy.

This "Year in Review" presents a curated selection of research themes and individual studies within the clinical osteoarthritis (OA) field, focusing on epidemiology and therapy. The search was conducted in electronic database MEDLINE from March 4, 2023, to March 31, 2024, specifically targeting English-language articles involving human participants. Inclusions were based on perceived importance and relevance to identifying risk factors or advancing OA treatments. A total of 6539 studies were screened by the 5 authors, resulting in 157 studies considered for potential inclusion. Ultimately, 44 studies were selected, uncovering six key OA-related themes: i) the burden of OA (mostly from Global Burden of Disease studies), ii) pain drivers and trajectories, iii) impacts of sex/gender, iv) OA risk factors, and treatments for v) hand and vi) knee OA. The prevalence of OA continues to rise, particularly affecting women, with unclear distinctions in risk factors and treatment responses between sexes. Associations with atopy were demonstrated in two significant databases. Notably, the authors were particularly interested in recent high-quality methodology randomized controlled trials focusing on hand (methotrexate, denosumab, colchicine, topical betamethasone) and knee OA with conflicting results about stem cell injection. These findings collectively contribute to show the growing burden of OA, but also to help the understanding of OA pathophysiology and inform ongoing efforts to enhance management for people with OA.

Comparison of the cardiovascular risk profile of rheumatoid arthritis versus hand osteoarthritis patients.

It is clear that there is an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a result of systemic inflammation. Hand osteoarthritis (HOA) patients, also have an increased CV risk, but the causes are still debated. Our objective was to compare CV risk factors and risk scores between HOA and RA patients. Thirty-five HOA patients were matched by age (< 3 years) and sex to 35 RA patients in a case-control study. We compared their CV risk profiles and their risk of occurrence of CV events at 10 years using the risk equations SCORE1, SCORE2, and QRISK3. There was a significant increase in SCORE1, SCORE2, but not in QRISK3 in the RA group compared to the HOA group, provided that the multiplication coefficient for RA was applied. This increase was found to no longer be significant for SCORE1 when RA patients have low disease activity (DAS28 ≤ 3.2; n = 8). There was no difference between groups in the frequency of metabolic syndrome, blood pressure, abdominal circumference, body mass index, uricemia, triglyceridemia, HDL cholesterolemia, or pain intensity. Conversely, HOA patients had higher LDL cholesterol and fasting blood glucose levels, in the main analysis and in the subgroup of moderate/high RA activity patients (DAS28 > 3.2; n = 26). We found a higher CV risk in RA compared to HOA patients with moderate/high disease activity. The increased CV risk reported in OA remains to be confirmed in HOA, but these patients appear to have a pro-atherogenic lipid and glycemic profile.

Does rheumatoid synovitis activity vary during the day? Evaluation with color doppler sonography.

BACKGROUND: Clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) improve in the course of the day, as can synovitis activity, reported via doppler ultrasound (US). The aim of the study was to establish whether the Color Doppler (CD) scores of synovitis in RA changes throughout the day. METHODS: In total, 27 patients with active RA, including 14 patients receiving corticosteroids were studied. US evaluation was performed twice in each patient, at 9 a.m. (T0) and after 4 p.m. (T1) on the same day by a single radiologist and using the same instrument. Overall, 30 joints were assessed, including grey scale and CD (S0 = no flow [no detectable CD)]; S1 = mild [CD <1/3 of the synovium]; S2 = moderate [CD <2/3]; S3 = pronounced [CD >2/3]). RESULTS: In the total population, synovitis was detected more often in the evening than in the morning (39% vs. 33%, p = 0.02). The difference remained significant only in patients without corticosteroid administration (44% vs. 37%, p = 0.04). Moreover, a greater number of CD-positive joints were likewise found (S0 vs. S1 + S2 + S3) in the evening (57% vs. 51%, p = 0.04) in patients not receiving corticosteroids (67% vs. 41%, p = 0.002). More moderate (S2) and pronounced (S3) than mild (S1) synovitis was observed at T1 vs. T0 (39% vs. 24%, p = 0.03) in patients not receiving corticosteroids. More synovitis (40% vs 36% p = 0.02) in the dominant hand were found in the evening than in the morning. CONCLUSION: Synovitis and CD activity increase during the day in RA patients, especially in joints of the dominant hands and in patients without corticosteroids.

Performance of Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool (FiRST) to detect fibromyalgia syndrome in rheumatic diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of the Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool (FiRST) self-questionnaire for the detection of FM associated with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. METHODS: This cross-sectional, French single-centre study was carried out between September 2014 and April 2015 in all patients who consulted for RA, SpA or CTD. Diagnosis of FM was based on ACR 90 criteria and rheumatologist opinion. RESULTS: The self-questionnaire was completed by 605 patients (279 RA, 271 SpA, 57 CTD). It detected 143 concomitant FMs (24.4%). When assessed against ACR 90 criteria, FiRST had a sensitivity of 74.5%, a specificity of 80.4%, a positive predictive value of 26.6% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.1%. Specificity was lower in the CTD group (RA: 84.4%, SpA: 80.2%, CTD: 59.6%) (P = 0.001). When assessed against the rheumatologist's opinion, FiRST had a sensitivity of 75.8%, a specificity of 85.1%, a positive predictive value of 48.3% and an NPV of 95%. Sensitivity was lower in the SpA group than in the CTD group (66% vs 94.4%) (P = 0.004). Performance varied according to self-questionnaire items. CONCLUSION: Although it performs less well in inflammatory rheumatic disease, FiRST's opinion is close to that of the rheumatologist. It can be used by the rheumatologist in clinical practice for patients facing an apparent treatment failure and to rule out a potential FM diagnosis which could interfere with the treatment response.

Psoriatic arthritis treated by anti-TNFs: a monocentric trial of 102 cases in Auvergne, France.

OBJECTIVES: While several registries have already evaluated the retention of anti-TNF therapy in psoriatic arthritis (PsA), they sometimes reach divergent conclusions. Our study therefore sought to assess therapeutic retention rates and predictive factors of response in a patient cohort from Auvergne, France, followed up in routine clinical practice. METHODS: Medical records of all PsA patients treated from 2002 to May 2015 were analysed. PsA diagnosis was established based on the CASPAR criteria. RESULTS: In total, 102 patients were analysed, comprising 62 men (44.6±12.6 years) and 40 women (37.8±13.4). Mean PsA evolution was 2.7 years (0.8-11.2). The most common forms were peripheral (47/102, 45.1%) and mixed (46/102, 46.1%) PsA. The anti-TNF treatment initiated was etanercept in 47 cases (45.2%), adalimumab in 29 (27.9%), infliximab in 20 (19.2%), and golimumab in six [5.8%]. In 28 cases (27.4%), anti-TNF was associated with methotrexate (MTX). Overall, the median duration of anti-TNF retention was 76.5 months. The hazard ratios (HR) for treatment cessation did not significantly differ between the etanercept and monoclonal antibody groups (HR=1.35[0.96-1.93], p=0.08). After 5 years, approximately 30.8% of etanercept patients and 68.8% of monoclonal antibody patients (adalimumab 71.2%; infliximab 67.2%) were still being treated. Combining with MTX did not prolong the overall retention rate (HR=0.85[0.37-1.96], p=0.71). Tobacco use was predictive of discontinuation (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates good anti-TNF treatment retention in PsA patients, as well as confirming the deleterious effect of smoking while providing no argument in favour of combined treatment with MTX to improve maintenance.

The development of a questionnaire to evaluate rheumatoid arthritis patient's knowledge about methotrexate.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Assess knowledge concerning methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients by means of a questionnaire. BACKGROUND: Methotrexate is the standard drug for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. It has potentially serious side effects that can be largely prevented by making sure that patients are well informed and comply with prescription guidelines. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: A questionnaire on methotrexate (mode of action, administration, drug interactions), side effects, monitoring and lifestyle implications was offered to all the rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with the drug seen between March and September 2013 in a large hospital in France. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-three patients (143 women), mean age 60 (13·5) years, with a median disease duration of 12 years [7-20] and treated with methotrexate for eight years [5-13] took part. Methotrexate was identified as a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug by 78% of the patients. The weekly administration method was well assimilated (97%); 67% indicated that the rationale for folic acid was to reduce treatment toxicity. Only 21% knew that trimethoprim was contraindicated. Half were aware of the haematologic risk and 36% were aware of the risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. There was knowledge concerning laboratory testing (80%), but 54% thought they were only being monitored for rheumatoid arthritis activity. Only 13% of the men, but 90% of the women, of childbearing age knew that contraception was essential, and 75% indicated that alcohol consumption should be limited. A low knowledge score correlated significantly with age and low educational level. It was independent of sex, duration of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. CONCLUSIONS: Rheumatoid arthritis patient's knowledge concerning methotrexate is poor, particularly for the most serious side effects (haematologic and hypersensitivity pneumonitis), interactions with trimethoprim, and in men, the need for contraception. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Patient knowledge concerning methotrexate should be regularly checked and supported using the different therapeutic education tools available, especially when patients are older people and have had limited schooling.

Frequency of irritable bowel syndrome in spondyloarthritis: a multicentric cross-sectional study and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of symptoms and factors associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in axial spondyloarthritis (ax-SpA). METHODS: In a cross-sectional multicentric study, consecutive patients with ax-SpA treated with biologics in five rheumatology departments were asked for IBS Rome IV criteria. Demographic data, lifestyle behaviours and disease characteristics were recorded. Second, a systematic literature review and meta-analysis were performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS: Of the 500 patients with ax-SpA included, 124 reported IBS symptoms (25%). Female gender, unemployment, higher Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and worse Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index scores, multiple lines of biologics, fibromyalgia, anxiety, depression and lower physical activity were associated with IBS symptoms. In multivariate model, the risk of IBS was associated with anxiety and physical inactivity. From the literature review, the prevalence of IBS in patients with SpA was 15.4% (8.8% to 23.3%). Meta-analysis of the five studies comparing the presence of IBS in patients with SpA (323/7292) and healthy controls (484/35587) showed a significant increase of IBS in patients with SpA (OR=1.59 (1.05 to 2.40)). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IBS symptoms was high in the ax-SpA population and should therefore be considered in the presence of gastrointestinal disorders. The presence of IBS symptoms was associated with anxiety and low physical activity in multivariate analysis. Patients with IBS symptoms tended to have more difficult to manage disease characterised by higher activity, worse functional score and multiple lines of treatment in univariate analysis.

No significant changes in arterial stiffness in patients with ankylosing spondylitis after tumour necrosis factor alpha blockade treatment for 6 and 12 months.

OBJECTIVE: The increased cardiovascular risk associated with AS is attributable to multiple factors: disease activity, systemic inflammation, traditional risk factors and NSAIDs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 24 and 52 weeks of TNF-α inhibitor treatment on arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: Arterial stiffness was measured using the augmentation index (AIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV), while other cardiovascular risk factors [lipid profile, blood pressure (BP) and BMI] were collected for active AS patients. RESULTS: In total, 49 patients, comprising 30 men, were included in the study, with a mean age of 46.9 (12.1) years. Of these, 20 (40.8%) patients were current smokers, while 10 were treated for hypertension. Patients had long-standing [11.9 (9.2) years] and active AS, with a high initial BASDAI [55.0 (18.2)]. Regarding treatment, 26 patients received etanercept, 17 adalimumab and 6 infliximab. No changes were observed in PWV and AIx after 6 or 12 months following TNF-α blockade [PWV 6.97 (2.03) m/s, 6.92 (1.81) m/s and 7.10 (1.95) m/s at baseline, 6 months and 1 year, respectively, P = 0.64; AIx 19.5 (13.1%), 20.2 (12.8%), 18.3 (13.5%), respectively, P = 0.87]. Lipid profiles and other cardiovascular risk factors were unchanged. However, BASDAI, BASFI and biological inflammation were significantly improved. CONCLUSION: Arterial stiffness was not improved after 6 and 12 months of anti-TNF-α therapy. However, treatment decreased biological inflammation and disease activity without causing any changes in lipid profiles and other traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Construction and utilization of a script concordance test as an assessment tool for DCEM3 (5th year) medical students in rheumatology.

BACKGROUND: The script concordance test (SCT) is a method for assessing clinical reasoning of medical students by placing them in a context of uncertainty such as they will encounter in their future daily practice. Script concordance testing is going to be included as part of the computer-based national ranking examination (iNRE).This study was designed to create a script concordance test in rheumatology and use it for DCEM3 (fifth year) medical students administered via the online platform of the Clermont-Ferrand medical school. METHODS: Our SCT for rheumatology teaching was constructed by a panel of 19 experts in rheumatology (6 hospital-based and 13 community-based). One hundred seventy-nine DCEM3 (fifth year) medical students were invited to take the test. Scores were computed using the scoring key available on the University of Montreal website. Reliability of the test was estimated by the Cronbach alpha coefficient for internal consistency. RESULTS: The test comprised 60 questions. Among the 26 students who took the test (26/179: 14.5%), 15 completed it in its entirety. The reference panel of rheumatologists obtained a mean score of 76.6 and the 15 students had a mean score of 61.5 (p = 0.001). The Cronbach alpha value was 0.82. CONCLUSIONS: An online SCT can be used as an assessment tool for medical students in rheumatology. This study also highlights the active participation of community-based rheumatologists, who accounted for the majority of the 19 experts in the reference panel.A script concordance test in rheumatology for 5th year medical students.

Omega 3 Fatty Acids Intake Does Not Decrease the Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis Occurrence: A Meta-Analysis. Comment on Tanski et al. The Relationship between Fatty Acids and the Development, Course and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1030.

In an article published in Nutrients, Tanski et al. performed a systematic review and concluded that omega-3 fatty acids might contribute to a reduced incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [...].