Precise Measurement of Differential Cross Sections of the Σ

The differential cross sections of the Σ^{-}p→Λn reaction were measured accurately for the Σ^{-} momentum (p_{Σ}) ranging from 470 to 650 MeV/c at the J-PARC Hadron Experimental Facility. Precise angular information about the Σ^{-}p→Λn reaction was obtained for the first time by detecting approximately 100 reaction events at each angular step of Δcosθ=0.1. The obtained differential cross sections show a slightly forward-peaking structure in the measured momentum regions. The cross sections integrated for -0.7≤cosθ≤1.0 were obtained as 22.5±0.68 [statistical error(stat.)] ±0.65 [systematic error(syst.)] mb and 15.8±0.83(stat)±0.52(syst) mb for 470

Successful trachelectomy and re-vaginoplasty for cervico-vaginal stenosis following unsuccessful uterovaginal anastomosis and vaginoplasty in congenital cervical and vaginal aplasia: description of technique and a case report.

We describe a successful surgical technique of abdominal trachelectomy and re-vaginoplasty for cervico-vaginal stenosis following unsuccessful uterovaginal anastomosis and vaginoplasty in a patient with congenital cervical and vaginal aplasia. After the surgical procedure, cervico-vaginal stenosis was resolved and periodic menstruation without dysmenorrhoea resumed. While long-term follow-up is essential to ensure successful pregnancy and delivery, we conclude that this novel surgical procedure is a promising alternative for improvement of the quality of life and normal sexual function, and for preservation of fertility in patients with cervical and vaginal aplasia.

A genome-wide association study identifies two novel susceptibility loci and trans population polygenicity associated with bipolar disorder.

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several susceptibility loci for bipolar disorder (BD) and shown that the genetic architecture of BD can be explained by polygenicity, with numerous variants contributing to BD. In the present GWAS (Phase I/II), which included 2964 BD and 61 887 control subjects from the Japanese population, we detected a novel susceptibility locus at 11q12.2 (rs28456, P=6.4 × 10-9), a region known to contain regulatory genes for plasma lipid levels (FADS1/2/3). A subsequent meta-analysis of Phase I/II and the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium for BD (PGC-BD) identified another novel BD gene, NFIX (Pbest=5.8 × 10-10), and supported three regions previously implicated in BD susceptibility: MAD1L1 (Pbest=1.9 × 10-9), TRANK1 (Pbest=2.1 × 10-9) and ODZ4 (Pbest=3.3 × 10-9). Polygenicity of BD within Japanese and trans-European-Japanese populations was assessed with risk profile score analysis. We detected higher scores in BD cases both within (Phase I/II) and across populations (Phase I/II and PGC-BD). These were defined by (1) Phase II as discovery and Phase I as target, or vice versa (for 'within Japanese comparisons', Pbest~10-29, R2~2%), and (2) European PGC-BD as discovery and Japanese BD (Phase I/II) as target (for 'trans-European-Japanese comparison,' Pbest~10-13, R2~0.27%). This 'trans population' effect was supported by estimation of the genetic correlation using the effect size based on each population (liability estimates~0.7). These results indicate that (1) two novel and three previously implicated loci are significantly associated with BD and that (2) BD 'risk' effect are shared between Japanese and European populations.

Visualization and quantification of anastomotic perfusion in colorectal surgery using near-infrared fluorescence.

BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leakage (AL) is one of the most troublesome complications in colorectal surgery. Recently, near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging has been used intraoperatively to detect sentinel lymph nodes and visualize the blood supply at the region of interest (ROI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of visualization and quantification of bowel perfusion around the anastomosis using NIRF system in predicting AL. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on patients who had laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer at our institution. Perfusion of the anastomosis was evaluated with NIRF imaging after intravenous injection of indocyanine green (ICG). The time course of fluorescence intensity was recorded by an imaging analyzer We measured the time from ICG injection to the beginning of fluorescence (T0), maximum intensity (Imax), time to reach Imax (Tmax), time to reach Imax 50% ([Formula: see text]) and slope (S) after the anastomosis. RESULTS: Tumor locations were as follows; cecum: 2, ascending colon: 2, transverse colon: 7, descending colon: 1, sigmoid colon: 2, rectosigmoid colon: 3 and rectum: 6 (one case with synchronous cancer). All operations were performed laparoscopically. Four patients were diagnosed with or suspected to have AL (2 patients with grade B anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection, 1 patient with minor leakage in transverse colon resection and 1 patient needing re-anastomosis intraoperatively in transverse colon resection). T0 was significantly longer in the AL group than in patients without AL (64.3 ± 27.6 and 18.2 ± 6.6 s, p = 2.2 × 10-3). CONCLUSIONS: Perfusion of the anastomosis could be successfully visualized and quantified using NIRF imaging with ICG. T0 might be a useful parameter for prediction of AL.

Differential interference contrast microscopy for cells using hard x-ray holography.

We propose a differential interference contrast method for cells using hard x-ray Gabor holography and knife-edge filtering in the spatial frequency domain, without relying on beam shearing. A phase object is holographically recorded and reconstructed by computer. Interference between the wavefronts of zeroth order weighted by ejπ/2 in the positive frequency region produces a dark image. Similarly, interference between the wavefronts of the zeroth order weighted by ej3π/2 in the negative frequency region produces a bright image. By adding these two intensity distributions, good quality phase-contrast images of 8-µm-diameter polystyrene beads and human HeLa cells were obtained.

First Elastic Electron Scattering from

The first elastic electron scattering has been successfully performed at the self-confining radioactive-isotope ion target (SCRIT) facility, the world's first electron scattering facility for SCRIT technique achieved high luminosity (over 10^{27} cm^{-2} s^{-1}, sufficient for determining the nuclear shape) with only 10^{8} target ions. While ^{132}Xe used in this time as a target is a stable isotope, the charge density distribution was first extracted from the momentum transfer distributions of the scattered electrons by comparing the results with those calculated by a phase shift calculation.

Invasive Front Grading and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Canine Oral and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas.

Oral and cutaneous tissues are the most frequent origin in canine squamous cell carcinoma (SSC). In SCC, changes in adhesion molecule expression and transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype are thought to be important in development of invasive behavior of neoplastic cells at the leading front of the tumor. We therefore investigated histological invasive front grading and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in both oral SCCs and cutaneous SCCs. EMT was assessed by evaluating immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin, ß-catenin, desmoglein, vimentin, and N-cadherin. Regardless of the anatomic location, invasive front grading resulted in higher histological grades than grading of the surface. Most oral SCCs were of significantly higher histologic grade than cutaneous SCCs ( P < .01). Expression of E-cadherin, ß-catenin, and desmoglein was significantly lower in oral SCC compared with cutaneous SCC ( P < .01). A significant association was found between invasive front grading and loss of E-cadherin, ß-catenin, and desmoglein ( P < .01). Also, vimentin-positive neoplastic cells had low immunoreactivity of these adhesion molecules, and a few of these neoplastic cells were positive for N-cadherin. These results suggest not only E-cadherin and ß-catenin but also desmoglein as markers for predicting biological behavior of canine SCC. Depending on their primary sites, EMT correlates with biological behavior and therefore histological grade of canine SCC. We suggest that combining invasive front grading with assessment of immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin, ß-catenin, and desmoglein may allow more accurate prediction of biological behavior of canine SCCs.

Amyloid-Producing Odontogenic Tumors of the Facial Skin in Three Cats.

Amyloid-producing odontogenic tumors (APOTs) of the facial skin were diagnosed in 3 domestic cats. The neoplasms had the histopathological characteristics of the odontogenic tumor. The neoplastic cells were present in irregular islands, strands, and sheets. The peripheral neoplastic cells of the islands and strands were arranged in a palisading fashion, while the central cells were polyhedral to stellate and randomly arranged. Multiple spherules of homogeneous eosinophilic material were closely apposed to the neoplastic epithelial cells. The spherules stained with Congo red and produced an apple green birefringence under polarization microscopy, indicative of amyloid. Immunohistochemically, amyloid materials of the neoplasms reacted with polyclonal antibodies for ameloblastin, amelogenin, and sheathlin antibodies. Neoplastic epithelial cells also reacted with antiameloblastin, amelogenin, and sheathlin antibodies, with varied intensity. The histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of dermal neoplasms of the 3 cats were analogous to those of APOTs reported in the dog and the cat.

Randomized clinical trial of defaecatory function after anterior resection for rectal cancer with high versus low ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery.

BACKGROUND: Defaecatory function is often poor after anterior resection. Denervation of the neorectum following high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) is a possible cause of impaired defaecatory function. The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to clarify whether the level of ligation of the IMA in patients with rectal cancer affects defaecatory function. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2011, patients who underwent anterior resection for rectal cancer were randomized to receive either high or low ligation of the IMA. The primary endpoint was to demonstrate the superiority of low ligation in terms of defaecatory function. RESULTS: One hundred patients were enrolled in the study; 51 were randomized to high ligation of the IMA and 49 to low ligation. There were no differences between the groups in terms of clinical data, except tumour stage, which was more advanced in the high-ligation group (P = 0·046). Nor were there any differences in defaecatory function, self-assessment of defaecation, Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life scale or continence score between groups at 3 months and 1 year. The number of harvested lymph nodes was similar. The rate of symptomatic anastomotic leakage was 16 per cent in the high-ligation group and 10 per cent in the low-ligation group (P = 0·415). CONCLUSION: The level of ligation of the IMA in patients with rectal cancer did not affect defaecatory function or the incidence of postoperative complications. REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00701012 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).

Diversity of Histologic Patterns and Expression of Cytoskeletal Proteins in Canine Skeletal Osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common bone tumor, includes OS of the head (OSH) and appendicular OS (OSA). In dogs, it is classified into 6 histologic subtypes: osteoblastic, chondroblastic, fibroblastic, telangiectatic, giant cell, and poorly differentiated. This study investigated the significance of the histologic classification relevant to clinical outcome and the histologic and immunohistochemical relationships between pleomorphism and expression of cytoskeletal proteins in 60 cases each of OSH and OSA. Most neoplasms exhibited histologic diversity, and 64% of OS contained multiple subtypes. In addition to the above 6 subtypes, myxoid, round cell, and epithelioid subtypes were observed. Although the epithelioid subtypes were observed in only OSH, no significant difference in the frequency of other subtypes was observed. Also, no significant relevance was observed between the clinical outcome and histologic subtypes. Cytokeratin (CK) was expressed in both epithelioid and sarcomatoid tumor cells in various subtypes, and all CK-positive tumor cells also expressed vimentin. Vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) were expressed in all subtypes. A few SMA-positive spindle-shaped tumor cells exhibited desmin expression. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive tumor cells were observed in many subtypes, and some of these cells showed neurofilament expression. Although OSH exhibited significantly stronger immunoreactivity for SMA than OSA, no significant difference in other cytoskeletal proteins was observed. Some tumor cells had cytoskeletal protein expression compatible with the corresponding histologic subtypes, such as CK in the epithelioid subtype and SMA in the fibroblastic subtype. Thus, canine skeletal OS is composed of pleomorphic and heterogenous tumor cells as is reflected in the diversity of histologic patterns and expression of cytoskeletal proteins.

Influence of genetic and environmental factors on oral diseases and function in aged twins.

This study was conducted to quantify the genetic and environmental contributions to oral disease and function in twins. Participants were middle-aged and old twins, 116 monozygotic and 16 dizygotic pairs whose mean age was 66·1 ± 10·3 (SD) years. Number of teeth, percentage of decayed, filled and missing teeth and periodontal status were recorded as indicators of oral disease. The widths of upper and lower dental arch served as indicators of morphological figures. Furthermore, stimulated salivary flow rate, occlusal force and masticatory performance were measured as indicators of oral function. Univariate genetic analysis with monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs was conducted to detect the fittest structural equation model of each outcome. Both number of teeth and periodontal status fitted the model composed of common environmental factor and unique environmental factor. Decayed, filled and missing teeth, morphological figures and measurements of oral function fitted the model composed of additive genetic factor and unique environmental factor. The model fitting of each measurement suggested that periodontal disease was mainly affected by environmental factors, while morphological figures and oral functions were influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

A field survey of the partially edentate elderly: Investigation of factors related to the usage rate of removable partial dentures.

Although the shortened dental arch (SDA) concept has been known to all over the world, acceptance of the SDA concept as an oral health standard can be questionable from the patients' point of view, even if it is biologically reasonable. Furthermore, because the health insurance system covers removable partial dentures (RPDs) for all citizens in Japan, SDA patients seem to prefer to receive prosthetic treatment to replace the missing teeth. However, there were few field surveys to investigate the usage rate of RPDs in Japan. The purpose of this study was to determine the usage rate of RPDs in older Japanese subjects and to investigate the factors related to the usage of RPDs. Partially edentate participants (n = 390) were included in this study. Oral examinations were conducted to record several indices. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to evaluate the relationship between the number of missing teeth and the usage rate of RPDs. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the factors related to the usage rate of RPDs. Usage of RPDs had a significantly positive association with the number of missing distal extension teeth and bilaterally missing teeth. The usage rate of RPDs increased as the number of missing distal extension teeth increased (P for trend < 0·001). The conclusion of this study was that participants with missing distal extension teeth had higher usage rates of RPDs than other participants, and the usage rate increased as the number of missing distal extension teeth increased.

CD44 is prognostic for overall survival in the NCI randomized trial on breast conservation with 25 year follow-up.

CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in numerous cellular functions, including cell adhesion and extracellular matrix interactions. It is known to be functionally diverse, with alternative splice variants increasingly implicated as a marker for tumor-initiating stem cells associated with poor prognosis. Here, we evaluate CD44 as a potential marker of long-term breast cancer outcomes. Tissue specimens from patients treated on the National Cancer Institute 79-C-0111 randomized trial of breast conservation versus mastectomy between 1979 and 1987 were collected, and immunohistochemistry was performed using the standard isoform of CD44. Specimens were correlated with patient characteristics and outcomes. Survival analysis was performed using the log rank test. Fifty-one patients had evaluable tumor sections and available long-term clinical follow up data at a median follow up of 25.7 years. Significant predictors of OS were tumor size (median OFS 25.4 years for ≤2 cm vs. 7.5 years for >2 cm, p = 0.001), nodal status (median OS 17.2 years for node-negative patients vs. 6.7 years for node positive patients, p = 0.017), and CD44 expression (median OS 18.9 years for CD44 positive patients vs. 8.6 years for CD44 negative patients, p = 0.049). There was a trend toward increased PFS for patients with CD44 positive tumors (median PFS 17.9 vs. 4.3 years, p = 0.17), but this did not reach statistical significance. These findings illustrate the potential utility of CD44 as a prognostic marker for early stage breast cancer. Subgroup analysis in patients with lymph node involvement revealed CD44 positivity to be most strongly associated with increased survival, suggesting a potential role of CD44 in decision making for axillary management. As there is increasing interest in CD44 as a therapeutic target in ongoing clinical trials, the results of this study suggest additional investigation regarding the role CD44 in breast cancer is warranted.

Survival analysis of platinum-refractory patients with advanced esophageal cancer treated with docetaxel or best supportive care alone: a retrospective study.

The survival benefit of second-line chemotherapy with docetaxel in platinum-refractory patients with advanced esophageal cancer (AEC) remains unclear. A retrospective analysis of AEC patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS)≤2 was performed, and major organ functions were preserved, who determined to receive docetaxel or best supportive care (BSC) alone after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. The post-progression survival (PPS), defined as survival time after disease progression following platinum-based chemotherapy, was analyzed by multivariate Cox regression analysis using factors identified as significant in univariate analysis of various 20 characteristics (age, sex, PS, primary tumor location, etc) including Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), which is a well-known prognostic factor in many malignant tumors. Sixty-six and 45 patients were determined to receive docetaxel and BSC between January 2007 and December 2011, respectively. The median PPS was 5.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.8-6.0) in the docetaxel group and 3.3 months (95% CI 2.5-4.0) in the BSC group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.56, 95% CI 0.38-0.84, P=0.005). Univariate analysis revealed six significant factors: treatment, PS, GPS, number of metastatic organs, liver metastasis, and bone metastasis. Multivariate analysis including these significant factors revealed three independent prognostic factors: docetaxel treatment (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.99, P=0.043), better GPS (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.46-0.81, P=0.001), and no bone metastasis (HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.15-0.68, P=0.003). There was a trend for PPS in favor of the docetaxel group compared with patients who refused docetaxel treatment in the BSC group (adjusted HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.29-1.29, P=0.20). Docetaxel treatment may have prolonged survival in platinum-refractory patients with AEC.

Safety and factors contributing to the difficulty of laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The safety of laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer following chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has not been fully established. The aim of our retrospective study was to examine the outcomes and the factors contributing to the difficulty of laparoscopic surgery after CRT. METHODS: Eighty-seven consecutive rectal cancer patients treated with CRT were analyzed. Clinicopathological factors were compared between laparoscopic surgery (n = 57) and open surgery (n = 30) groups, and factors that correlated with operation time and blood loss were analyzed in low anterior resection (LAR) cases in the laparoscopic surgery group (n = 46). RESULTS: There was less blood loss in the laparoscopic surgery group than in the open surgery group (191 vs. 1,043 ml, p = 0.0001), and the operation time in the two groups was similar (329 vs. 322 min, p = 0.8). The rate of conversion from laparoscopic surgery to open surgery was 1.8 %. There was no significant difference in the morbidity rate (laparoscopic surgery 22.8 % vs. open surgery 33.3 %, p = 0.3). All circumferential resection margins were clear. Three-year cumulative rates of local recurrence were as follows: laparoscopic surgery: 1.9 % vs. open surgery: 8.4 % (p = 0.4), and distant recurrence was 28.5 % in laparoscopic surgery vs. 22.7 % in open surgery (p = 0.8) and these rates were not significantly different. In laparoscopic LAR cases, a shorter distance of the tumor from the anal verge was associated with a longer operation time. A high computed tomography Hounsfield units value of the mesorectum (CTV) was associated with increased blood loss in the first 23 cases, but not in the other 23 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic surgery following CRT was safe and feasible. A shorter anal verge was associated with a longer operation time. Blood loss increased in cases with high CTV, but this can likely be mitigated by experience.