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INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes the majority of liver cancers and significantly impacts global cancer mortality. While ultrasound (US) with or without alpha-fetoprotein is the mainstay for HCC surveillance, its limitations highlight the necessity for more effective surveillance tools. Therefore, this review explores evolving imaging modalities and abbreviated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (AMRI) protocols as promising alternatives, addressing challenges in HCC surveillance. AREAS COVERED: This comprehensive review delves into the evaluation and challenges of HCC surveillance tools, focusing on non-contrast abbreviated MRI (NC-AMRI) and contrast-enhanced abbreviated MRI protocols. It covers the implementation of AMRI for HCC surveillance, patient preferences, adherence, and strategies for optimizing cost-effectiveness. Additionally, the article provides insights into prospects for HCC surveillance by summarizing meta-analyses, prospective studies, and ongoing clinical trials evaluating AMRI protocols. EXPERT OPINION: The opinions underscore the transformative impact of AMRI on HCC surveillance, especially in overcoming US limitations. Promising results from NC-AMRI protocols indicate its potential for high-risk patient surveillance, though prospective studies in true surveillance settings are essential for validation. Future research should prioritize risk-stratified AMRI protocols and address cost-effectiveness for broader clinical implementation, alongside comparative analyses with US for optimal surveillance strategies.
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Exclusive HCV therapy clinical trials with genotype 6 patients in high prevalence areas have been sparse. We analysed the safety and efficacy of two generic, pangenotypic NS5A/NS5B combination oral DAA regimens, primarily in genotypes 3 and 6, in a real-world setting: (a) daclatasvir/sofosbuvir (DCV/SOF) ± ribavirin (RBV) and (b) Velpatasvir/sofosbuvir (VEL/SOF ± RBV). Between December 2015 and November 2017, data from 522 patients were analysed, 311 of whom were treated with DCV/SOF ± RBV for 12/24 weeks (genotype 3: n = 193, genotype 6: n = 89) and 211 were treated with VEL/SOF ± RBV for 12/24 weeks (genotype 3: n = 83, genotype 6: n = 77). Overall SVR rates were high for both DCV/SOF ± RBV (96.1%, n = 299/311) and VEL/SOF ± RBV (95.3%, n = 201/211), and there was a good adverse event profile. Treatment naïve status and inclusion of RBV (in advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis) were significant independent predictors of achieving SVR12, while type of DAA regimen was not predictive. In this large cohort of genotypes 3 (n = 276) and 6 (n = 166; n = 127 unique subtype of 6c-l), high SVR rates of 94.9% (n = 262/276) and 95.2% (n = 158/166), respectively, were noted. In conclusion, generic and pangenotypic DCV/SOF and VEL/SOF ± RBV regimens were highly effective and safe, in genotypes 3 and 6 chronic HCV in Myanmar. These efficacious pangenotypic regimens suggest that baseline genotype testing can be eliminated moving forward. While RBV may still be needed for those with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis, in a global elimination strategy it would not be practical even if it does compromise SVR in a minority with difficult to treat characteristics.
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Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Genótipo , Hepacivirus/classificação , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Sofosbuvir/uso terapêutico , Resposta Viral Sustentada , Adulto , Idoso , Carbamatos/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos , Feminino , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepacivirus/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite C Crônica/virologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imidazóis/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mianmar , Pirrolidinas , Ribavirina/uso terapêutico , Valina/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
AIM: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening rate in cancer patients before systemic chemotherapy, aiming to identify those needing antiviral prophylaxis for HBV reactivation. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar for relevant studies. The pooled screening rate was estimated using a random effects model. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on malignancy types, chemotherapy regimens, study period, and HBV endemic regions. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 29 studies from various endemic regions (19 low-endemic, three lower intermediate-endemic, and seven higher intermediate-endemic). These studies encompassed hematologic malignancies (n = 10), solid-organ tumors (n = 4), and combinations (n = 15). Seven studies used rituximab-containing regimens, four did not, and the remaining 11 did not specify chemotherapy regimens. The pooled screening rate was 57% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 46%-68%, I2 = 100%). Over time, screening rates improved from 37% (95%CI: 23%-53%) in 2006-2010 to 68% (54%-80%) in 2011-2015 and 69% (48%-84%) in 2016-2020. Screening rates were highest at 89% (74%-96%) in high endemic countries, followed by 60% (45-73%) in lower-intermediate and 49% (34-64%) in low-endemic countries. Patients with hematological malignancies had a higher screening rate than those with solid organ tumors, 65% (55%-74%) versus 37% (21%-57%), respectively. A screening rate was higher in patients receiving rituximab-containing chemotherapy than non-rituximab regimens, 68% (55%-79%) versus 45% (27%-65%). CONCLUSION: Despite existing guidelines, pre-chemotherapy HBV screening rate remains unsatisfactory, with substantial heterogeneous rates globally. These findings underscore the need for effective strategies to align practices with clinical guidelines.
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Hepatite B , Neoplasias , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/diagnóstico , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Vírus da Hepatite B , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Given the limited sensitivity of ultrasound in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance, this systematic review and meta-analysis were aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of non-contrast abbreviated MRI (NC-aMRI) compared to contrast-enhanced abbreviated MRI (CE-aMRI) for HCC surveillance, offering evidence-based guidance for clinical decision-making. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted across five databases, identifying studies on aMRI for HCC surveillance. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were estimated using a random effects model. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed by study location, proportion of patients with cirrhosis and HCC, and underlying liver diseases. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 27 studies (2009-2023), distributed between Western (n = 14) and Eastern (n = 13) countries. The pooled sensitivity and specificity (95%CI, I2) were 86% (83-88%, 63%) and 92% (90%-94%, 74%). The NC-aMRI protocols reported in 21 studies exhibited 83% (79-87%, 63%) sensitivity and 91% (88-93%, 67%) specificity, while the 15 studies on CE-aMRI protocols displayed 88% (84-91%, 64%) sensitivity and 94% (90-96%, 78%) specificity, with no statistically significant differences in sensitivity (p = 0.078) or specificity (p = 0.157). Subgroup analysis in NC-aMRI studies showed significant differences in sensitivity for high-prevalent chronic hepatitis B (87% vs. 78%, p = 0.003) and studies done in eastern countries (86% vs. 76%, p = 0.018). Additionally, specificity showed significant differences for high-prevalent chronic hepatitis C (94% vs. 90%, p = 0.009), with meta-regression identifying major sources of study heterogeneity as the inclusion of a majority of patients with chronic hepatitis B (p = 0.008) and the geographic regions where studies were conducted (p = 0.030). CONCLUSION: Surveillance aMRI protocols exhibit satisfactory performance for detecting HCC. NC-aMRI may be used effectively for HCC surveillance, especially in chronic hepatitis B prevalent settings.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Meios de Contraste , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: With ultrasound sensitivity limited in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance and few prospective studies on non-contrast abbreviated MRI (NC-AMRI), this study aimed to assess its diagnostic performance in detecting HCC. METHODS: This prospective study involved cirrhotic patients with contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI) Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) LR-3 and LR-4 observations detected during HCC surveillance. Patients underwent average three complete CE-MRI rounds at 3-6 months interval, with approximately 12-month follow-up. NC-AMRI included diffusion-weighted(DWI), T2-weighted imaging(T2WI), and T1-weighted imaging(T1WI). NC-AMRI protocol images were analyzed for diagnostic performance, with subgroup analyses. CE-MRI and NC-AMRI images were independently reviewed by two experienced radiologists, with inter-reader agreement assessed with Kappa coefficient. The reference standard was the AASLD-defined presence of arterial hypervascularity and washout during the portal-venous or delayed phases on CE-MRI. RESULTS: In 166 CE-MRI follow-ups of 63 patients (median age: 63 years; 60.3% male, 39.7% female), 12 patients developed HCC, with average size of 19.6 mm. The NC-AMRI (DWI+T2WI+T1WI) showed 91.7% sensitivity (95%CI : 61.5-99.8) and 91.6% specificity (95%CI : 86.0-95.4), area under receiver operating characteristic 0.92 (95%CI : 0.83-1.00). Across different Body Mass Index categories, lesion size, Child-Turcotte-Pugh classes, Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) grades, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease classes, sensitivity remained consistent. However, specificity differed significantly between ALBI grade 1 and 2 (86.7% vs. 98.4%,p = 0.010), and between viral and non-viral cirrhosis (93.8% vs. 80.8%,p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: NC-AMRI proved clinically feasible, and exhibits high diagnostic performance in HCC detection. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This study highlights efficacy of NC-AMRI in detecting HCC among cirrhotic patients with LR-3 and LR-4 observations, representing significant progress in HCC surveillance.