Factors Associated with Resilience Among Older People Living with HIV.

Resilience, a measure of stress coping ability, may be important in helping older people (age 50+) living with HIV (PLWH) age successfully, but limited data exist regarding factors that contribute to resilience for this group. This study uses the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 2 (CD-RISC2) to assess resilience, based on a cross-sectional analysis of 1047 older PLWH. Bivariate linear regression models were used to identify predictor variables that had a relationship with resilience. Those variables were then included in a multivariable linear regression model, which was pared using backward selection. In the multivariable model, higher income and greater interpersonal support were associated with greater resilience, whereas depression and anxiety were associated with lower resilience. Relevant interventions that address these issues, such as increasing opportunities for social support and increasing screening for and treatment of depression and anxiety, are identified as potential pathways to increase resilience among older PLWH.

Loneliness among older adults living with HIV: the "older old" may be less lonely than the "younger old".

Loneliness is common among older (age 50+) people living with HIV (PLWH). However, little is known about the prevalence of loneliness across subgroups of older PLWH, and the factors that impact loneliness. An online questionnaire was used to collect data from 998 older PLWH. Of those, 61% were 50-59 years old and 39% were 60 or older. The majority were male (89%), gay (77%), and white (69%). Fifty-one percent of participants were classified as lonely. The prevalence of loneliness was lower in the older age group, 46.2% vs. 53.8% (Χ2 = 5.53, p = 0.02). Covariates associated with loneliness included being younger, being single, having at least a four-year college degree, living alone, screening positive for depression, using recreational drugs, smoking tobacco, having a lower quality of life, and not feeling close to friends. Logistic regression analysis showed that the "younger old" were at 26% greater risk of loneliness, after controlling for the effects of these covariates (RR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.06-1.45). Reasons why the "older old" were less lonely may include lower rates of depression and lower likelihood of feeling distant from friends. Understanding factors that protect the "older old" against loneliness may provide guidance for future interventions.

Prevalence of Medical Conditions Potentially Amenable to Cellular Therapy among Families Privately Storing Umbilical Cord Blood.

Introduction Little is known about the prevalence of conditions potentially amenable to cellular therapy among families storing umbilical cord blood in private cord blood banks. Methods A cross-sectional study of families with at least one child who stored umbilical cord blood in the largest private cord blood bank in the United States was performed. Respondent families completed a questionnaire to determine whether children with stored cord blood or a first-degree relative had one or more of 16 conditions amenable primarily to allogeneic stem cell transplant ("transplant indications") or 16 conditions under investigation for autologous stem cell infusion ("regenerative indications"), regardless of whether they received a transplant or infusion. Results 94,803 families responded, representing 33.3 % of those surveyed. Of respondent families, 16.01 % indicated at least one specified condition. 1.64 % reported at least one first-degree member with a transplant indication potentially treatable with an allogeneic stem cell transplant. The most common transplant indications reported among first-degree family members were Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (0.33 %), Hodgkin's Lymphoma (0.30 %), and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (0.28 %). 4.23 % reported at least one child with a regenerative indication potentially treatable with an autologous stem cell infusion. The most common regenerative indications among children with stored umbilical cord blood were Autism/Autism Spectrum Disorder/Apraxia (1.93 %), Other Developmental Delay (1.36 %), and Congenital Heart Defect (0.87 %). Discussion Among families storing umbilical cord blood in private cord blood banks, conditions for which stem cell transplant or infusion may be indicated, or are under investigation, appear to be prevalent, especially for regenerative medicine indications.

The HI-STAR study: resource utilization and costs associated with serologic testing for antibody-positive patients at four United States medical centers.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about how the resource utilization and costs of serologic work ups for positive antibody screens vary across subpopulations based on diagnosis, transfusion history, and serologic testing history. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Detailed data were collected on patient demographics, diagnoses, transfusion history, history of known allo- and autoantibodies, and specific serologic tests performed for 6077 consecutive serologic work ups in 3608 antibody-positive patients between 2009 and 2011 at four US academic medical centers. Direct testing costs were also determined at each site for each serologic test performed to calculate total costs per work up and per patient over the duration of the study. RESULTS: The mean direct cost of serologic testing was $114 per work up and $195 per patient. The mean cost per patient was significantly higher for 12 of 19 diagnostic categories evaluated, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia (mean cost per patient, $1490; p < 0.001), hematologic malignancies ($640, p < 0.001), and transplant recipients ($462, p = 0.019). Patient transfusion and serologic testing characteristics associated with greatest increases in costs included history of a warm autoantibody ($626, p < 0.001) and more than five prior transfusions ($404, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Antibody-positive patients with complex diagnoses or transfusion histories require significantly more resources and incur greater cost to assess red blood cell antibody status.

Number of Sexual Partners and Patient-Reported Outcomes Among Men Age 50+ with HIV.

Many men age 50+ with HIV (MWH age 50+) are sexually active. However, little is known about the relationship between the number of sexual partners and patient-reported outcomes in this population. To help address this need, analyses were performed on data from the Aging with Dignity, Health, Optimism and Community cohort, an observational study of adults age 50+ with HIV. Of 876 MWH age 50+, 26.8% had 0 sexual partners in the past year, 27.9% had 1, 21.5% had 2-5, and 23.9% had >5. Men with one partner were significantly less lonely and less depressed than any other group (p < .01 for pairwise comparisons). Men with zero partners were more depressed than any other group. Linear regression controlling for race and relationship status showed men with one partner had lower levels of loneliness than any other group. They also had lower levels of depression than men with zero or more than than five sexual partners, although depression levels were not significantly different for men with one or with two to five partners. Linear regression also showed that men in relationships were less lonely and less depressed than men who were not in relationships, after controlling for race and number of sexual partners. Better understanding of the roles that number of sex partners and relationships play in the mental health of MWH age 50+ may help ameliorate the burden of loneliness and depression in this vulnerable population. ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04311554).

Waitlist-controlled trial of an online intervention to address mental health among older people living with HIV.

Background: Older people living with HIV (PLWH) often experience elevated levels of depression, anxiety, and loneliness.Methods: This waitlist-controlled trial examined the effectiveness of online audio mindfulness lessons in impacting these feelings among older PLWH.Results: Among 214 participants, the mean (SD) age was 60.4 (5.9) years, 89% were male, and 69% were white. After 25 days, the intervention group showed significant improvements versus the waitlist control group in symptoms of depression (20.3% improvement, p < .01) and symptoms of anxiety (22.4% improvement, p = .03), but not in loneliness as measured by a Daily Diary (12.9% improvement, p = .07) or the 3-Item Loneliness Scale (4.8% improvement, p = .27). Secondary analyses among participants with elevated baseline symptoms of depression showed a 26.3% improvement (p < .01), with a moderate effect size (Hedge's g = 0.69). Similarly, those with elevated baseline symptoms of anxiety showed a 25.6% improvement (p < .01), a moderate effect size (g = 0.54), while those with moderate or severely elevated loneliness showed an 18.9% improvement in daily loneliness (p < .01), a moderate effect size (g = 0.55).Conclusion: This waitlist-controlled trial is the first to show that a series of brief, online audio mindfulness lessons improves mental health outcomes among older PLWH. For many patients, this intervention may offer relief that is both accessible and affordable.

Association of Pain and Pain Medication Use with Multiple Characteristics of Older People Living with HIV.

People living with HIV (PLWH) experience chronic pain that may impact function. Gaps in knowledge exist for factors that impact pain and pain medication use in older (age 50+) PLWH. Data for this study were obtained from the Aging with Dignity, Health, Optimism and Community (ADHOC) cohort, an observational study of older PLWH from 10 clinics across the United States. Participants self-reported socioeconomic, psychosocial, and health factors via an online questionnaire. Of 1,051 participants, 66% reported pain. In a multivariable regression model, multimorbidity and tobacco use were associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing pain, whereas being male, black, and having higher cognitive function were associated with a lower likelihood of experiencing pain. Of the 696 participants who reported pain, 46% reported using pain medication. In a multivariable regression model, pain medication use was associated with multimorbidity and with lower income. Recognition of the factors associated with pain and pain medication use in this vulnerable population may lead to strategies that mitigate negative health outcomes.

Comparison of children diagnosed with cerebral palsy in a private cord blood bank to an epidemiological sample.

BACKGROUND: Although cord blood (CB) stem cell research is being conducted for treatment of cerebral palsy (CP), little is known about children with CP and stored CB. AIMS: To compare demographic and clinical characteristics of children with CP and stored CB to children with CP identified in a population-based study. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The Longitudinal Umbilical Stem cell monitoring and Treatment REsearch (LUSTRE®) Registry recruited children from the largest US private CB bank. Demographics, co-morbidities, and gross motor function (GMFCS level and walking ability) were collected and, where possible, compared with the CDC's Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: 114 LUSTRE participants were compared to 451 ADDM participants. LUSTRE participants were more likely to be white, but sex distribution was similar. Co-morbidities (autism and epilepsy) and functional mobility were also similar. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The results of this analysis suggest that while children diagnosed with CP and with access to stored CB differ from a broader population sample in terms of demographics, they have similar clinical severity and comorbidity profiles. As such, LUSTRE may serve as a valuable source of data for the characterization of individuals with CP, including individuals who have or will receive CB infusions.

An economic analysis of human papillomavirus triage for the management of women with atypical and abnormal Pap smear results in Germany.

We developed decision-analytic models to determine the cost effectiveness of incorporating human papillomavirus (HPV) testing into the management of atypical and abnormal Pap smear results in Germany. The models compare three management strategies: (1) repeat Pap smear, (2) triage with HPV DNA testing, or (3) immediate treatment. The primary outcome measure is incremental cost per case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2+ detected and treated. The models take the perspective of the German health system. For patients with initial PapIIw, III, and IIId results, incremental cost effectiveness ratios for HPV triage versus repeat Pap smears are 2,232 euro, 815 euro, and 487 euro per additional case of CIN2+ detected and treated. In addition, the number of cases of CIN2+ detected and treated in a hypothetical population of 1,000 women increases from 17 to 35, 61 to 130, and 157 to 332 for each population, respectively. For patients with initial PapIII and IIId results, immediate treatment of 1,000 patients detects only four and 11 additional cases of CIN2+ versus HPV triage at incremental cost effectiveness ratios of 39,684 euro and 10,716 euro per case, respectively. For each of the populations evaluated, HPV triage is the most cost-effective management strategy versus either repeat Pap smear or immediate treatment.

Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for initiating and monitoring highly active antiretroviral therapy in the developing world.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the cost-effectiveness of initiating and monitoring highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in developing countries according to developing world versus developed world guidelines. DESIGN: Lifetime Markov model incorporating costs, quality of life, survival, and transmission to sexual contacts. METHODS: We evaluated treating patients with HIV in South Africa according to World Health Organization (WHO) "3 by 5" guidelines (treat CD4 counts 100,000 copies/mL, and monitor CD4 cell counts and viral load every 3 months. RESULTS: Incorporating transmission to partners (excluding indirect costs), treating patients according to developed versus developing world guidelines increased costs by US $11,867 and increased life expectancy by 3.00 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), for an incremental cost-effectiveness of $3956 per QALY. Including indirect costs, over the duration of the model, there are net cost savings to the economy of $39.4 billion, with increased direct medical costs of $60.5 billion offset by indirect cost savings of $99.9 billion. CONCLUSIONS: Treating patients with HIV according to developed versus developing world guidelines is highly cost-effective and may result in substantial long-term savings.

Aircraft cabin air recirculation and symptoms of the common cold.

CONTEXT: In recent years, new commercial aircraft have been designed to recirculate approximately 50% of the cabin air to increase fuel efficiency. Some older aircraft use only fresh air. Whether air recirculation increases the transmission of infectious disease is unknown; some studies have demonstrated higher rates of the common cold among persons working in buildings that recirculate air. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of air recirculation as a predictor of postflight upper respiratory tract infections (URIs). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A natural experiment conducted among 1100 passengers departing the San Francisco Bay area in California and traveling to Denver, Colo, during January through early April 1999, and who completed a questionnaire in the boarding area and a follow-up telephone interview 5 to 7 days later. Forty-seven percent traveled aboard airplanes using 100% fresh air for ventilation, and 53% traveled aboard aircraft that recirculated cabin air. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of reporting new URI symptoms within 1 week of the flight. RESULTS: Passengers on airplanes that did and did not recirculate air had similar rates of postflight respiratory symptoms. The rates of reporting a cold were 19% vs 21% (P =.34); a runny nose and a cold, 10% vs 11%, (P =.70); and an aggregation of 8 URI symptoms, 3% in both groups (P>.99). Results were similar after statistical adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that aircraft cabin air recirculation increases the risk for URI symptoms in passengers traveling aboard commercial jets.