Clinical laboratory parameters associated with severe or critical novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: To date, several clinical laboratory parameters associated with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity have been reported. However, these parameters have not been observed consistently across studies. The aim of this review was to assess clinical laboratory parameters which may serve as markers or predictors of severe or critical COVID-19. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and Google Scholar databases from 2019 through April 18, 2020, and reviewed bibliographies of eligible studies, relevant systematic reviews, and the medRxiv pre-print server. We included hospital-based observational studies reporting clinical laboratory parameters of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and excluded studies having large proportions (>10%) of children and pregnant women. Two authors independently carried out screening of articles, data extraction and quality assessment. Meta-analyses were done using random effects model. Meta-median difference (MMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for each laboratory parameter. Forty-five studies in 6 countries were included. Compared to non-severe COVID-19 cases, severe or critical COVID-19 was characterised by higher neutrophil count (MMD: 1.23 [95% CI: 0.58 to 1.88] ×109 cells/L), and lower lymphocyte, CD4 and CD8 T cell counts with MMD (95% CI) of -0.39 (-0.47, -0.31) ×109 cells/L, -204.9 (-302.6, -107.1) cells/µl and -123.6 (-170.6, -76.6) cells/µl, respectively. Other notable results were observed for C-reactive protein (MMD: 36.97 [95% CI: 27.58, 46.35] mg/L), interleukin-6 (MMD: 17.37 [95% CI: 4.74, 30.00] pg/ml), Troponin I (MMD: 0.01 [0.00, 0.02] ng/ml), and D-dimer (MMD: 0.65 [0.45, 0.85] mg/ml). CONCLUSIONS: Relative to non-severe COVID-19, severe or critical COVID-19 is characterised by increased markers of innate immune response, decreased markers of adaptive immune response, and increased markers of tissue damage and major organ failure. These markers could be used to recognise severe or critical disease and to monitor clinical course of COVID-19.

Assessing the cost-effectiveness of the Peace Management Initiative as an intervention to reduce the homicide rate in a community in Kingston, Jamaica.

OBJECTIVES: Communities throughout the world are investigating various approaches to reduce violence, especially gun violence. The objective of this study is to determine the cost-effectiveness of the Peace Management Initiative as an intervention to reduce the homicide rate in volatile community in Kingston, Jamaica. METHODS: A preliminary longitudinal study tracked the homicide rate in a selected volatile community in Kingston, Jamaica, over the 5-year period of PMI intervention in this community. The changes in the incidence of homicides were costed according to direct medical costs and productivity losses assuming that, without intervention, the number of homicides per year would have remained at the 2005 level. This was used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. RESULTS: The Peace Management Initiative approach reduced homicides by 96.9% over the 5-year intervention period. The cost/benefit ratio for the intervention has been estimated to be JMD $12.38 saved per dollar spent on intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The Peace Management Initiative approach was seen to significantly reduce the murder rate over the 5-year intervention period and provides a promising cost-effective approach for violence prevention.