Use of p53 immunohistochemistry in conjunction with routine histology improves risk stratification of patients with Barrett's oesophagus during routine clinical care.

AIMS: Abnormal p53 protein expression detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in Barrett's oesophagus (BO) is reported to be a prognostic biomarker for progression to high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). We evaluated our use of p53 IHC for patients with BO under surveillance from 2010 to 2016 in a single academic institution. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified 78 patients under surveillance for BO who had biopsies evaluated for abnormal p53 expression in conjunction with routine histology and 892 patients who had histological evaluation alone. All available p53 IHC slides were rescored as wild-type or abnormal. We evaluated the risk of subsequent diagnosis with HGD and OAC. p53-tested patients were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with indefinite dysplasia (IND) or low-grade dysplasia (LGD), compared to patients who were not tested (79.5 versus 10.8%, P = 7.4 × 10-40 ). Almost half (46.9%) of patients with abnormal p53 expression were diagnosed with HGD or OAC within 5 years, compared to 5.9% with wild-type p53, and 7.6% of patients not tested (P = 2.6 × 10-18 ). However, this difference was heavily influenced by other risk factors, including dysplasia grade, in multivariate analyses. In the subgroup of patients diagnosed with IND (n = 109), abnormal p53 expression was associated with a fourfold increase (1.2-13.3, P = 0.023) in risk of HGD/OAC relative to untested patients diagnosed with IND, independent of other risk factors. CONCLUSION: In patients under surveillance for BO in a single academic institution, we found evidence that selective use of p53 IHC in conjunction with routine histology modestly improved risk stratification by identifying patients with IND at higher risk of a subsequent diagnosis of HGD or OAC.

CT Radiogenomic Characterization of the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres Phenotype in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify imaging characteristics in patients with known pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) that predict the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) phenotype by blinded retrospective review of preoperative multiphasic CT scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this retrospective study of 121 preoperative CT examinations of patients with resected PanNETs, two radiologists independently reviewed the CT examinations for tumor characteristics including size, shape, cystic or necrotic elements, calcifications, invasion of adjacent organs and vessels, biliary duct dilatation, pancreatic duct dilatation, and hepatic metastases. Univariate analysis of association of CT characteristics with ALT phenotype was performed with Fisher exact tests or t tests, and multivariate analysis was assessed by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that the following CT features were significantly associated with the ALT phenotype: lobulated or irregular tumor shape (p = 0.001), tumor necrosis (p = 0.002), vascular invasion (p < 0.001), pancreatic duct dilatation (p < 0.001), and hepatic metastasis (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis found that the combination of pancreatic duct dilatation, hepatic metastasis, and size of tumor ≥ 3 cm was a strong predictor of ALT phenotype (odds ratio = 20.3; 95% CI = 2.3-176.3; AUC = 0.58; p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: This study showed that several preoperative CT features of PanNETs are associated with the ALT phenotype, which is known to predict poor prognosis. Additionally, CT findings of intratumoral calcifications and metastases predicted poor survival independent of the ALT status.

Targeted next-generation sequencing supports epidermoid metaplasia of the esophagus as a precursor to esophageal squamous neoplasia.

Esophageal epidermoid metaplasia is a rare condition that involves the proximal-to-middle third of the esophagus. It is sharply demarcated and defined histologically by epithelial hyperplasia, a prominent granular cell layer, and superficial hyperorthokeratosis. In addition, preliminary studies have suggested an association between esophageal epidermoid metaplasia and esophageal squamous neoplasia (squamous dysplasia and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma). To further characterize esophageal epidermoid metaplasia and better define its relationship to squamous neoplasia of the esophagus, we performed targeted next-generation sequencing on uninvolved esophageal squamous mucosa and matching esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens from 18 patients. Further, we evaluated both synchronous and metachronous high-grade squamous dysplasia/esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by next-generation sequencing from 5 of the 18 (28%) patients, and compared these findings to corresponding esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens. Targeted next-generation sequencing revealed 12 of 18 (67%) esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens' harbored alterations in genes often associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The most frequently mutated genes consisted of TP53 (n=10), PIK3CA (n=2), EGFR (n=2), MYCN (n=1), HRAS (n=1), and the TERT promoter (n=1). Sequencing of synchronous and metachronous high-grade squamous dysplasia/esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identified shared genetic alterations with corresponding esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens that suggests a clonal relationship between these entities. In addition, the presence of a TP53 mutation in esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens correlated with concurrent or progression to high-grade squamous dysplasia/esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. No genetic alterations were detected in uninvolved esophageal squamous mucosa. On the basis of these findings, we conclude esophageal epidermoid metaplasia is a precursor to in situ and invasive esophageal squamous neoplasia. Further, the detection of TP53 mutations in esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens may serve as an early detection biomarker for high-grade squamous dysplasia/esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

A Model Based on Pathologic Features of Superficial Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Complements Clinical Node Staging in Determining Risk of Metastasis to Lymph Nodes.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: It is important to identify superficial (T1) gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) that are most or least likely to metastasize to lymph nodes, to select appropriate therapy. We aimed to develop a risk stratification model for metastasis of superficial EAC to lymph nodes using pathologic features of the primary tumor. METHODS: We collected pathology data from 210 patients with T1 EAC who underwent esophagectomy from 1996 through 2012 on factors associated with metastasis to lymph nodes (tumor size, grade, angiolymphatic invasion, and submucosal invasion). Using these variables, we developed a multivariable logistic model to generate 4 categories for estimated risk of metastasis (<5% risk, 5%-10% risk, 15%-20% risk, or >20% risk). The model was validated in a separate cohort of 39 patients who underwent endoscopic resection of superficial EAC and subsequent esophagectomy, with node stage analysis. RESULTS: We developed a model based on 4 pathologic factors that determined risk of metastasis to range from 2.9% to 60% for patients in the first cohort. In the endoscopic resection validation cohort, higher risk scores were associated with increased detection of lymph node metastases at esophagectomy (P = .021). Among patients in the first cohort who did not have lymph node metastases detected before surgery (cN0), those with high risk scores (>20% risk) had 11-fold greater odds for having lymph node metastases at esophagectomy compared with patients with low risk scores (95% confidence interval, 2.3-52 fold). Increasing risk scores were associated with reduced patient survival time (P < .001) and shorter time to tumor recurrence (P < .001). Patients without lymph node metastases (pT1N0) but high risk scores had reduced times of survival (P < .001) and time to tumor recurrence (P = .001) after esophagectomy than patients with pT1N0 tumors and lower risk scores. CONCLUSIONS: Pathologic features of primary superficial EACs can be used, along with the conventional node staging system, to identify patients at low risk for metastasis, who can undergo endoscopic resection, or at high risk, who may benefit from induction or adjuvant therapy.

Association between KRAS mutation, detected in pancreatic cyst fluid, and long-term outcomes of patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine-needle aspiration is routinely used to evaluate pancreatic cysts. We investigated the association between results from DNA analysis of cyst fluid and patient outcomes. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, we collected data from 113 patients with pancreatic cysts who underwent EUS with fine-needle aspiration at a tertiary care center from June 2004 to June 2007. Detailed follow-up data were obtained through October 2010 (mean, 47 months). Pancreatic cysts were categorized as nonbenign or benign on the basis of pathology analysis of surgical samples and patients' outcomes. We compared the patient characteristics, presenting symptoms, EUS imaging characteristics, and results from analysis of cyst fluid, including cytology results, levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, and DNA sequencing results. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients underwent pancreatic surgery (10 had malignant, 18 had mucinous, and 16 had benign cysts), 63 patients were followed long-term, and 13 patients died of pancreatic cancer. On the basis of multivariate regression analysis, the presence of cyst solid component, patient symptoms, cyst size >3 cm, and detection of KRAS mutations at codons 12 and 13 in cyst fluid were independently associated with a nonbenign course. CONCLUSIONS: KRAS mutations, detected in pancreatic cyst fluid, are associated with mucinous cysts and progression and development of malignancy and should be considered in assessing pancreatic cysts. The presence of a cyst solid component, patient symptoms, and cyst size greater than 3 cm were additional high-risk factors for a malignant course of disease.

Integration of KRAS testing in the diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions: a clinical experience of 618 pancreatic cysts.

With improvements in abdominal imaging, detection of incidental pancreatic cysts are becoming increasingly common. Analysis of pancreatic cyst fluid from fine-needle aspiration is particularly important in identifying intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), which have significant implications in clinical intervention and follow-up. Previous controlled studies have shown that KRAS mutations in cyst fluid are highly specific for mucinous differentiation in pancreatic cysts; however, this has not been examined in the clinical setting. Over a 6-year study period, 618 pancreatic cyst fluids obtained by fine-needle aspiration at the time of endoscopic ultrasound were tested for KRAS mutations as part of routine evaluation for a cystic neoplasm. Of the 618 specimens, 603 (98%) from 546 patients were satisfactory for molecular analysis. Patients ranged in age from 17 to 90 years (mean, 63.9 years) and were predominantly female (68%). Pancreatic cysts were relatively evenly distributed throughout the pancreas and ranged in size from 0.6 to 11.0 cm (mean, 2.3 cm). Mutations in KRAS were detected in 232 of 603 (38%) aspirates. Although sufficient for molecular analysis, 320 of 603 (53%) specimens were either less than optimal (38%) or unsatisfactory (15%) for cytopathologic diagnosis. Surgical follow-up information was available for 142 (26%) patients and consisted of 53 KRAS-mutated and 89 KRAS-wild-type cysts. Overall, KRAS mutations had a specificity of 100%, but a sensitivity of 54% for mucinous differentiation. When stratified by cyst type, KRAS had a sensitivity of 67% and 14% for IPMNs and MCNs, respectively. In summary, KRAS mutations were highly specific for mucinous differentiation, but were inadequate in identifying MCNs. Future molecular studies and the combination of other fluid markers are required to improve the detection and classification of pancreatic mucinous neoplasms by endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration.

EUS-FNA mutational analysis in differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) may mimic pancreatic cancer (PC). The detection of DNA mutations in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) material may improve discrimination between AIP and PC and is the context for this study. METHODS: In a retrospective study, archived EUS-FNA material from patients with AIP and PC at two centers was analyzed for KRAS mutations and loss-of-heterozygosity analysis involving 18 microsatellite markers. KRAS status and the fractional allelic loss (number of affected microsatellites divided by informative ones) were compared for AIP and PC. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients with 33 samples were studied. There were 16 patients with AIP (17 samples) and 16 patients with PC. DNA amplification failed in 7 samples. Of 25 patients (26 samples), 14 had AIP (7 male, age 57 ± 17 years; mean ± SD) and 11 had PC (7 male, age 65 ± 14 years; mean ± SD). Cytology results for AIP were inflammatory = 3, inconclusive = 10, suspicious for malignancy = 2 and for PC were malignant = 5, suspicious for malignancy = 4 and inconclusive = 2, respectively. KRAS mutation was detected in none of the AIP cases and 10/11 PC cases (91%, Pearson χ(2) = 22.16, p < 0.001) or 10/16 PC cases (63%) accounting for PC cases with failed DNA amplification. Mean (±SD) fractional allelic loss for the AIP cases (0.16 ± 0.15) was not significantly different from the PC cases (0.26 ± 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: A KRAS mutation in EUS/FNA material from a pancreatic mass is associated with malignancy and may help discriminate from benign conditions such as AIP.

DNA mutational differences in cytological specimens from pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Preoperative distinction between pancreatic cancer (PC) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is desirable due to diverging management options, and to optimize enrollment into neoadjuvant trials. METHODS: A single-center retrospective study of patients with PC or CC was undertaken. Four blinded pathologists reviewed all cases and reached a consensus diagnosis (PC or CC). Microdissection-based multiple microsatellite loss analysis and direct sequencing of K-ras oncogene was performed and compared for PC and CC. RESULTS: Of 33 cases studied (17 males; 16 PC, 17 CC; 10 with primary sclerosing cholangitis), a K-ras mutation was present in 14/16 (87.5%) PC and 1/17 (5.9%) CC cases (p < 0.001), sensitivity and specificity were 87.5 and 94%, respectively. The mean fractional mutational rate was higher in PC (0.51; 95% CI 0.45-0.58) compared to CC (0.34; 95% CI 0.28-0.39, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a K-ras mutation in cytology specimens distinguishes PC from CC in this study. and IAP.

Extraosseous osteosarcoma of the esophagus: a case report.

Extraosseous osteosarcoma (EOO) is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that is located in the soft tissues without direct attachment to the skeletal system and that produces osteoid, bone, or chondroid material. EOO is an extremely rare disease, accounting for only 1% of soft tissue sarcomas, and typically presents in either an extremity or the retroperitoneum. This paper presents the case of a 45-year-old Caucasian male with extraosseous osteosarcoma of the esophagus.

Incorporation and Use of Earth Remote Sensing Imagery within the NOAA/NWS Damage Assessment Toolkit.

Severe weather events including tornadoes, damaging winds, hail, and their combination produce changes in land surface vegetation and urban settings that are frequently observed through remote sensing. Capabilities continue to improve through a growing constellation of governmental and commercial assets, increasing the spatial resolution of visible, near to shortwave infrared, and thermal infrared remote sensing. Here, we highlight cases where visual interpretation of imagery benefitted severe weather damage assessments made within the NOAA/NWS Damage Assessment Toolkit. Examples demonstrate utility of imagery in assessing tracks and changes in remote areas where staffing limitations or access prevent a ground-based assessment.

Evaluation and management of autoimmune pancreatitis: experience at a large US center.

OBJECTIVES: Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is increasingly recognized as a form of chronic pancreatitis. Systematic evaluation and management of AIP in the United States is reported only from one center. Our aim was to review the evaluation and management of AIP at a large tertiary center. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed information on demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory and imaging findings, extrapancreatic involvement, treatment response, and recurrence in 26 patients with AIP treated at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from 1998 to 2007. RESULTS: The median age at presentation was 62.5 years (range: 23-86), 65% were men, and 88% were Caucasians. The most common presentation included new-onset mild abdominal pain (65%), jaundice (62%), and weight loss (42%). Pancreatic mass, enlargement, or prominence on imaging was present in 85% of the patients. Serum IgG4 (immunoglobulin-4) was elevated (>140 mg/dl) in 44% (8/18) at presentation. The most common extrapancreatic finding was extrapancreatic/intrahepatic biliary strictures (35%). Peri-pancreatic vascular complications were noted in 23% of the patients. Six patients underwent partial or complete pancreatectomy. Partial or complete response was observed for initial steroid treatment in 19 patients and for methotrexate in 1 patient. Recurrences were common, especially in patients with extrapancreatic manifestations, and usually responded to a combination of steroids and azathioprine. Any one of the commonly used diagnostic criteria (Mayo Clinic's HISORt criteria, the Japanese Pancreas Society criteria, Korean diagnostic criteria) was fulfilled in 85% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: In this second major US series, we confirm several findings previously reported in AIP. Our study highlights the presence of vascular complications in a subset of patients with AIP. The current diagnostic criteria may not identify all AIP patients.

Pancreatic endocrine tumor EUS-guided FNA DNA microsatellite loss and mortality.

BACKGROUND: The clinical course of pancreatic endocrine tumors (PET) depends on tumor size, the presence of invasion or metastasis, the Ki-67 index, mitoses per high power field, and mutational damage. Most of this information is not available before surgery for clinical decision making or prognostication. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate PET EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA) microsatellite loss analysis in the context of PET-related mortality. DESIGN: A single institution retrospective cohort. PATIENTS: Patients with PET diagnosed by EUS-FNA who underwent DNA microsatellite loss analysis and at least 1 year of follow-up or subsequent death. INTERVENTION: PET microsatellite loss analysis results and current clinical status were compared. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were included in the final analysis; the mean age of the patients was 57 years, and 10 were women (35%). The mean follow-up was 33.7 months (median 30 months, range 2-66 months). Twelve patients had disease progression, and 8 died, all from disease-specific causes. Malignant PET contained multiple microsatellite losses, with a median fractional allelic loss (FAL) of 0.37 (range 0.12-0.69, interquartile range [IQR] 0.23-0.42), significantly different from benign PET, median FAL 0 (range 0-0.18, IQR 0-0.08, P < .0001). Survival analysis revealed a significant difference in disease recurrence or progression at 2 years (P < .0001) and in the 5-year survival between patients with FAL 0.2 (P < .0001). Logistic regression could not be performed because of the perfect association between an FAL >0.2 and disease status or mortality. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design, referral bias, and DNA analysis availability. CONCLUSIONS: PET EUS-FNA microsatellite loss analysis provides preoperative prognostic information. An FAL >0.2 is not only associated with disease progression but also with mortality.

Pancreatic cyst fluid DNA analysis in evaluating pancreatic cysts: a report of the PANDA study.

BACKGROUND: The role of pancreatic cyst fluid DNA analysis in evaluating pancreatic cysts remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the utility of a detailed DNA analysis of pancreatic cyst fluid to diagnose mucinous and malignant cysts. DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter study. PATIENTS: Patients with pancreatic cysts presenting for EUS evaluation. INTERVENTION: EUS-guided pancreatic cyst aspirates cytology evaluation, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level determination, and a detailed DNA analysis; incorporating DNA quantification, k-ras mutation and multiple allelic loss analysis, mutational amplitude, and sequence determination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Cyst fluid analysis compared with surgical pathologic or malignant cytologic examination. RESULTS: The study cohort consisted of 113 patients with 40 malignant, 48 premalignant, and 25 benign cysts. Cyst fluid k-ras mutation was helpful in the diagnosis of mucinous cysts (odds ratio 20.9, specificity 96%), whereas receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis indicated optimal cutoff points for allelic loss amplitude (area under the curve [AUC] 0.79; optimal value > 65%) and CEA (AUC 0.74; optimal value >148 ng/mL). Components of DNA analysis detecting malignant cysts included allelic loss amplitude over 82% (AUC 0.9) and high DNA amount (optical density ratio >10, AUC 0.79). The criteria of a high amplitude k-ras mutation followed by allelic loss showed maximum specificity (96%) for malignancy. All malignant cysts with negative cytologic evaluation (10/40) could be diagnosed as malignant by using DNA analysis. LIMITATIONS: Limited follow-up, selection bias. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated amounts of pancreatic cyst fluid DNA, high-amplitude mutations, and specific mutation acquisition sequences are indicators of malignancy. The presence of a k-ras mutation is also indicative of a mucinous cyst. DNA analysis should be considered when cyst cytologic examination is negative for malignancy.

Overweight or Obese Individuals at Eighteen Years of Age Develop Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma at a Significantly Earlier Age.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent obesity is a national epidemic that recently has been shown to increase risk for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) and is associated with an earlier age of PC onset. We hypothesized that PC patients who are overweight or obese at age 18 would have an earlier age of PC onset. METHODS: Retrospective review of 531 patients in our PC registry was completed. Self-reported weight at age 18 and maximum lifetime weight were used to calculate body mass index (BMI) at age 18 (BMI-18) and maximum lifetime BMI. RESULTS: Complete BMI and baseline covariate data was available in 319 PC patients. Mean age (in years) of PC diagnosis for patients whose BMI-18 was overweight (64.0) or obese (59.9) was significantly different when compared to patients with a normal BMI-18 (66.7). No significant difference was observed in the mean age of PC diagnosis in those patients who maintained a normal BMI-18 when compared to those patients who subsequently became overweight or obese (67.0 versus 66.6; p = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: An elevated BMI at age 18 is associated with an earlier age of PC onset and should be factored into determining the optimal age of beginning screening for patients at high risk for PC.

Current concepts in molecular genetics and management guidelines for pancreatic cystic neoplasms: an essential update for radiologists.

Cystic neoplasms in the pancreas are encountered frequently on imaging, often detected incidentally during evaluation for other conditions. They can have a variety of clinical and imaging presentations, and similarly, wide-ranging prognostic and treatment implications. In the majority, imaging helps in diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) and guides management decisions. But, a significant minority of the PCNs remain indeterminate. There have been multiple recent advances in biomarkers and molecular genetics which will likely prove helpful in risk stratification of PCNs. Several prominent national and international societies, as well as consensus groups have put forth recommendations to help guide management of PCNs. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of imaging in evaluation of PCNs, review the recent advances in molecular genetics and pancreatic cyst fluid analysis, and analyze the pros and cons of major evidence-based and consensus guidelines for management of PCNs.

Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres and Loss of DAXX/ATRX Expression Predicts Metastatic Disease and Poor Survival in Patients with Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

PURPOSE: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with increasing incidence and unpredictable behavior. Whole-exome sequencing has identified recurrent mutations in the genes DAXX and ATRX, which correlate with loss of protein expression and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Both ALT and DAXX/ATRX loss were initially reported to be associated with a favorable prognosis; however, recent studies suggest the contrary. Our aims were to assess the prevalence and prognostic significance of ALT and DAXX/ATRX in both primary and metastatic PanNETs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Telomere-specific FISH and DAXX/ATRX IHC was performed on a multi-institutional cohort of 321 patients with resected PanNET and 191 distant metastases from 52 patients. These results were correlated with clinicopathologic features, including disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). RESULTS: The prevalence of ALT and DAXX/ATRX loss in resected PanNETs was 31% and 26%, respectively, and associated with larger tumor size, higher WHO grade, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis (P < 0.001). The 5-year DFS and 10-year DSS of patients with ALT-positive and DAXX/ATRX-negative PanNETs were 40% and 50%, respectively, as compared with 96% and 89%, respectively, for wild-type PanNETs. Among distant metastases, ALT and DAXX/ATRX loss was 67% and 52%, respectively, and only occurred in the setting of an ALT-positive and DAXX/ATRX-negative primary PanNET. By multivariate analysis, both ALT and DAXX/ATRX loss were negative, independent prognostic factors for DFS. CONCLUSIONS: ALT and DAXX/ATRX loss in PanNETs was associated with shorter DFS and DSS and likely plays a significant role in driving metastatic disease. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 600-9. ©2016 AACR.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus: a clinicopathological study of 16 cases.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus is a rare histologic variant of esophageal carcinoma. Using criteria based on studies of undifferentiated carcinomas arising at other sites, we have collected 16 cases of resected esophageal undifferentiated carcinomas. Patients ranged in age from 39 to 84 years (mean, 65.5 years) and were predominantly male (94%). The tumors were characterized by an expansile growth pattern of neoplastic cells organized in solid sheets and without significant glandular, squamous, or neuroendocrine differentiation. The neoplastic cells had a syncytial-like appearance, little intervening stroma, and patchy tumor necrosis. In a subset of cases, the tumor cells adopted a sarcomatoid (n = 2), rhabdoid (n = 1), or minor component (<5%) of glandular morphology (n = 3). In 1 case, reactive osteoclast-like giant cells were found interspersed among the neoplastic cells. Lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and lymph node metastases were identified in 88%, 56%, and 81% of cases, respectively. In 12 (75%) specimens, the background esophageal mucosa was notable for Barrett esophagus. Consistent with the epithelial nature of these neoplasms, cytokeratin positivity was identified in all cases. In addition, SALL4 expression was present in 8 (67%) of 12 cases. Follow-up information was available for 15 (94%) of 16 patients, all of whom were deceased. Survival after surgery ranged from 1 to 50 months (mean, 11.9 months). Before death, 67% patients had documented locoregional recurrence and/or distant organ metastases. In summary, esophageal undifferentiated carcinomas are aggressive neoplasms and associated with a high incidence of recurrence and/or metastases and a dismal prognosis.

Smad4 loss in esophageal adenocarcinoma is associated with an increased propensity for disease recurrence and poor survival.

Previously regarded as a rare neoplasm, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen rapidly in recent decades. It is often discovered late in the disease process and has a dismal prognosis. Current prognostic markers including clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic findings have limited utility and do not consider the biology of this deadly disease. Genome-wide analyses have identified SMAD4 inactivation in a subset of tumors. Although Smad4 has been extensively studied in other gastrointestinal malignancies, its role in esophageal adenocarcinoma remains to be defined. Herein, we show, in a large cohort of esophageal adenocarcinomas, Smad4 loss by immunohistochemistry in 21 of 205 (10%) tumors and that Smad4 loss correlated with increased postoperative recurrence (P=0.040). Further, patients whose tumors lacked Smad4 had shorter time to recurrence (TTR) (P=0.007) and poor overall survival (OS) (P=0.011). The median TTR and OS of patients with Smad4-negative tumors was 13 and 16 months, respectively, as compared with 23 and 22 months, respectively, among patients with Smad4-positive tumors. In multivariate analyses, Smad4 loss was a prognostic factor for both TTR and OS, independent of histologic grade, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, tumor stage, and lymph node status. Considering Smad4 loss correlated with postoperative locoregional and/or distant metastases, Smad4 was also assessed in a separate cohort of 5 locoregional recurrences and 43 metastatic esophageal adenocarcinomas. In contrast to primary tumors, a higher prevalence of Smad4 loss was observed in metastatic disease (44% vs. 10%). In summary, loss of Smad4 protein expression is an independent prognostic factor for TTR and OS that correlates with increased propensity for disease recurrence and poor survival in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma after surgical resection.

A Comparative Clinicopathologic Study of Collagenous Gastritis in Children and Adults: The Same Disorder With Associated Immune-mediated Diseases.

Collagenous gastritis is a rare condition characterized by surface epithelial damage, subepithelial collagen deposition, and a lamina propria inflammatory infiltrate. Previous studies have proposed 2 clinicopathologic subtypes: (1) children (18 y of age or younger) presenting with severe anemia, nodular gastric mucosa, and isolated gastric disease; and (2) adults with chronic watery diarrhea that is associated with diffuse collagenous involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. However, notable exceptions exist. In fact, broad variability in clinical presentation, etiology, treatment and disease course has been reported. To better define the clinicopathologic features of collagenous gastritis, we have collected 10 pediatric and 21 adult cases and describe their clinical, endoscopic, pathologic, and follow-up findings. Both children and adults presented with similar clinical symptoms such as anemia (50%, 35%, respectively), epigastric/abdominal pain (50%, 45%), and diarrhea (40%, 55%). Concomitant immune disorders were identified in 2 (20%) children and 3 (14%) adults. Further, 7 of 17 (41%) adults were taking medications associated with other immune-related gastrointestinal diseases including olmesartan and antidepressants. Histologically, there were no differences between children and adults with collagenous gastritis in the location of gastric involvement, mean collagenous layer thickness, and prominence of eosinophils (P>0.05). Extragastric collagenous involvement was also seen with comparable frequencies in each cohort (44%, 59%). Follow-up information was available for 22 of 31 (71%) patients and ranged from 2 to 122 months (mean, 33.6 mo). Despite medical management in most cases, persistence of symptoms or collagenous gastritis on subsequent biopsies was seen in 100% of children and 82% of adults. Of note, treatment for 1 adult patient involved cessation of olmesartan resulting in resolution of both symptoms and subepithelial collagen deposition on subsequent biopsies. Contrary to prior reports, no clinicopathologic differences were identified among pediatric and adult patients with collagenous gastritis. Whereas collagenous gastritis remains an enigmatic condition, our findings suggest that immune abnormalities and medications, such as olmesartan, may be possible triggers. However, current treatment options have had limited success and, thus, highlight the need for improved therapeutic regimens.