Diffusion of multiple electrolytes cannot be treated independently: model predictions with experimental validation.

We study the diffusion of multiple electrolytes in a one-dimensional pore. We model the scenario where an electrolyte is in contact with a reservoir of another electrolyte, such that the cation of the two electrolytes is common. The model reveals that several factors influence the ion concentration profiles: (i) relative diffusivities of the ions, (ii) ratio of the electrolyte concentrations in the pore and the reservoir, and (iii) the valence of the ions. We demonstrate that it is crucial to consider the interaction between ion fluxes as treating the electrolytes independently, as is sometimes proposed, does not completely capture the dynamics of ion transport. We validate our numerical predictions by conducting experiments with sodium fluorescein salt in the pore and sodium chloride/sodium sulphate/sodium hydroxide in the reservoir. Our visualization and results demonstrate that ion diffusivities and concentrations in the reservoir can influence the diffusion rates of fluorescein, which underscores that ion fluxes are coupled and that multiple electrolytes cannot be treated independently. These results should be useful to the wide range of situations where concentration variations are imposed on systems with an existing background electrolyte.

Where Is LGBTQ+ in Ontario's Health Care Policies and Programs?

Introduction: The LGBTQ+ community experiences health inequities that are linked to the social determinants of health (SDH), though the full extent of these health inequities is not fully understood. Methods: This study is a comparative thematic content analysis of the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care's (MOHLTC) website and the websites of each of the 14 local health integration networks (LHINs) in 2009 and 2017. It provides a snapshot and evaluation of the amount and type of online content concerning LGBTQ+-specific health needs and determines how well the programs and services aligned with the Ministry's stated priorities and population health/SDH philosophy. Results: We found very little content that suggested a population health approach on the Ministry's website. We also found very little LGBTQ+-specific content on the LHINs' websites in both periods, with two notable exceptions in 2017. Our analysis revealed a persistent emphasis on HIV/AIDS risk containment in the LGBTQ + community over the two periods. Conclusions: We argue that to promote healthy equity, the MOHLTC needs to acknowledge inequalities and intervene through political and social mechanisms that extend beyond HIV.

Diffusive information accumulation by minimal recurrent neural models of decision making.

An important class of psychological models of decision making assumes that evidence is accumulated by a diffusion process to a response criterion. These models have successfully accounted for reaction time (RT) distributions and choice probabilities from a wide variety of experimental tasks. An outstanding theoretical problem is how the integration process that underlies diffusive evidence accumulation can be realized neurally. Wang ( 2001 , 2002 ) has suggested that long timescale neural integration may be implemented by persistent activity in reverberation loops. We analyze a simple recurrent decision making architecture and show that it leads to a diffusive accumulation process. The process has the form of a time-inhomogeneous Ornstein-Uhlenbeck velocity process with linearly increasing drift and diffusion coefficients. The resulting model predicts RT distributions and choice probabilities that closely approximate those found in behavioral data.

Synthesis and Bioconversion of Curcumin Analogs.

Hydrogdnation of curcumin (1), a chemopreventive agent from Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) yielded three major compounds: 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)heptane-3,5-dione (2), 5-hydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptan-3-one (3), and 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane- 3,5-diol (4). Incubation of compound (2) with Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159 afforded the hexahydrocurcumin (3) as the sole metabolite while biotransformation.of curcumin (1) with B. bassiana gave metabolites 2-4 along with the curcumin-4'-0-4"'-O-methyl-ß-D-glucopyranoside (5) and octahydrocurcumih-4'-O-4"'-O-methyl--ß-D-glucopyranoside (6). The bioconversion of curcumin (1) with Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 11145 yielded analogs 2-4 while no transformation of curcumin (1) was observed with Aspergillus niger ATCC 16888. The preparation, structural elucidation and biological activities of these metabolites are reported herein.

Love, Lust, and Loss in the Early Age of AIDS: The Discourse in the Body Politic From 1981 to 1987.

This article explores the idea that the AIDS epidemic constituted a defining moment for the Canadian gay rights movement and illuminates the intricate power dynamics of the development of a community identity. Using grounded theory inductive and deductive content analysis, and interviews with activists from the Body Politic magazine, this article considers notions of health "from above" and "from below" by examining relations between the community and government and their confrontation with medicalization and the medical profession. I also examine how the magazine reported and negotiated issues related to the community's self-policing and "self-managed oppression" through efforts to promote safer sex and risk reduction.