[Duodenal adenocarcinoma: a rare diagnosis]. / Adenocarcinoma duodenal: un diagnóstico poco frecuente.

Duodenal adenocarcinoma is a rare disease whose symptoms are usually vomit, weight loss and lack of appetite; appearing more frequently in men in their sixties. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the technique chosen for its diagnosis, also relying on other techniques such as endoscopic ultrasonography or computed tomography for the extension study. In this regard we report the case of a patient diagnosed of bulbar duodenal adenocarcinoma in our hospital.

Indications of capsule endoscopy in Crohn´s disease.

Capsule endoscopy currently plays a relevant role for Crohn´s disease. This manuscript will discuss the current indications and practical uses of capsule endoscopy in this disease. It is a non-invasive technique that represents a significant advance in the endoscopic diagnosis of small bowel conditions. These circumstances, together with its diagnostic yield and excellent tolerability, make it considerably acceptable by both patients and physicians. This paper discusses the current evidence on the specific circumstances where capsule endoscopy may be indicated for three specific scenarios: Suspected Crohn´s disease, indeterminate colitis, and established Crohn´s disease, where it plays an extensive role. Furthermore, the impact and implications of capsule endoscopy results for follow-up are reviewed. These recommendations must be interpreted and applied in the setting of the integral, individual management of these patients. Understanding its appropriate use in daily clinical practice and an analysis of results may define endoscopic scoring systems to assess activity and mucosal healing in this condition. The present role of capsule endoscopy for Crohn´s disease is subject to ongoing review, and appropriate usage uncovers novel applications likely to result in relevant changes for the future management of these patients.

[Collagenous sprue: secondary or independent from celiac disease?]. / Esprúe colágeno: ¿entidad secundaria o independiente de la enfermedad celíaca?

Collagenous sprue is a rare disease that goes with persistent diarrhea, weight loss and bad absortion, because it affects the small intestine, mainly duodenum and proximal jejunum. Diagnosis is made by having clinical signs and histological proof of atrophy and subepitelial deposit of collagenous material. Its etiology is not known completely, it is proposed that the origin is autoimmune because its relationship with celiac disease. Also there is a proposal that is a celiac evolution to gluten free diet. Is because this is not clear that we present a case of a patient with bad absorptive diarrhea and a clinical expression of collagenous sprue, that had a great clinical response to corticosteroids with home parenteral nutrition center.

Randomised clinical trial: intravenous vs oral iron for the treatment of anaemia after acute gastrointestinal bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is prevalent condition and iron deficiency anaemia is a common comorbidity, yet anaemia treatment guidelines for affected patients are lacking. AIM: To compare efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) and oral ferrous sulphate (FeSulf) in patients with anaemia secondary to non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding METHODS: A prospective 42-day study randomised 61 patients with haemoglobin <10 g/dL upon discharge (Day 0) to receive FCM (n = 29; Day 0: 1000 mg, Day 7: 500 or 1000 mg; per label) or FeSulf (n = 32; 325 mg/12 hours for 6 weeks). Outcome measures were assessed on Days 0 (baseline), 7, 21 and 42. The primary outcome was complete response (haemoglobin ≥12 g/dL [women], ≥13 g/dL [men]) after 6 weeks. RESULTS: A higher proportion of complete response was observed in the FCM vs the FeSulf group at Days 21 (85.7% vs 45.2%; P = 0.001) and 42 (100% vs 61.3%; P < 0.001). Additionally, the percentage of patients with partial response (haemoglobin increment ≥2 g/dL from baseline) was significantly higher in the FCM vs the FeSulf group (Day 21:100% vs 67.7%; P = 0.001, Day 42:100% vs 74.2%; P = 0.003). At Day 42, normalisation of transferrin saturation to 25% or greater was observed in 76.9% of FCM vs 24.1% of FeSulf-treated patients (P < 0.001). No patient in the FCM group reported any adverse event vs 10 patients in the FeSulf group. CONCLUSION: FCM provided greater and faster Hb increase and iron repletion, and was better tolerated than FeSulf in patients with iron deficiency anaemia secondary to non-variceal acute gastrointestinal bleeding.

[Effectiveness of maintenance azathioprine therapy without oral cyclosporine after severe attacks of ulcerative colitis refractory to endovenous steroids]. / Eficacia del mantenimiento con azatioprina sin ciclosporina oral tras un brote grave de colitis ulcerosa refractario a esteroides intravenosos.

INTRODUCTION: Intravenous (i.v.) cyclosporine (CsA) has proved effective in controlling acute attacks of ulcerative colitis unresponsive to IV steroids. After the initial response to i.v. CsA, two alternatives for maintaining remission have been proposed: either double or triple association with immunosuppressors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of i.v. CsA, its adverse effects, and the subsequent long-term effectiveness of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine without oral CsA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Intravenous CsA was administered for 10 days, at a dose of 4 mg/kg per day, to 20 patients diagnosed with a severe attack of ulcerative colitis who did not respond to IV steroid treatment. Patients who responded to CsA and could be discharged were administered azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine associated with a decreasing dose of oral steroids, without oral CsA. RESULTS: Sixty per cent (12/20) of the patients showed clinical-biological improvement after CsA administration, thus avoiding colectomy, and were discharged from hospital. Nine of the 12 responders (three withdrew from the study) were followed-up long term. Of these nine patients, four (44.4%) underwent colectomy, all before the sixth month of discharge. All adverse effects were mild, except for one death. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous CsA is effective in inducing remission of ulcerative colitis in severe attacks resistant to i.v. steroids. When treatment with azathioprine is administered without oral CsA, patients requiring colectomy need this procedure within the first 6 months of discharge.

Management of primary achalasia: The role of endoscopy.

Achalasia is an oesophageal motor disorder which leads to the functional obstruction of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) and is currently incurable. The main objective of all existing therapies is to achieve a reduction in the obstruction of the distal oesophagus in order to improve oesophageal transit, relieve the symptomatology, and prevent long-term complications. The most common treatments used are pneumatic dilation (PD) and laparoscopic Heller myotomy, which involves partial fundoplication with comparable short-term success rates. The most economic non-surgical therapy is PD, with botulinum toxin injections reserved for patients with a higher surgical risk for whom the former treatment option is unsuitable. A new technology is peroral endoscopic myotomy, postulated as a possible non-invasive alternative to surgical myotomy. Other endoluminal treatments subject to research more recently include injecting ethanolamine into the LES and using a temporary self-expanding metallic stent. At present, there is not enough evidence permitting a routine recommendation of any of these three novel methods. Patients must undergo follow-up after treatment to guarantee that their symptoms are under control and to prevent complications. Most experts are in favour of some form of endoscopic follow-up, however no established guidelines exist in this respect. The prognosis for patients with achalasia is good, although a recurrence after treatment using any method requires new treatment.

Adenocarcinoma duodenal: un diagnóstico poco frecuente / Duodenal adenocarcinoma: a rare diagnosis

El adenocarcinoma duodenal es una entidad poco prevalente que suele cursar con clínica de vómitos, pérdida de peso e hiporexia; presentándose más frecuentemente en varones en la sexta década de la vida. La endoscopia digestiva alta supone la técnica de elección para el diagnóstico, siendo útiles para el estudio de extensión tanto la ecoendoscopia como la tomografía computarizada (TC). En relación a esta rara patología presentamos el caso de un paciente diagnosticado de neoplasia de bulbo duodenal en nuestro centro...

Duodenal adenocarcinoma is a rare disease whose symptoms are usually vomit, weight loss and lack of appetite; appearing more frequently in men in their sixties. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the technique chosen for its diagnosis, also relying on other techniques such as endoscopic ultrasonography or computed tomography for the extension study. In this regard we report the case of a patient diagnosed of bulbar duodenal adenocarcinoma in our hospital...

Esprúe colágeno: ¿entidad secundaria o independiente de la enfermedad celíaca? / Collagenous sprue: secondary or independent from celiac disease?

El esprúe colágeno es una entidad poco prevalente que cursa con diarrea persistente con pérdida de peso y malabsorción por afectación del intestino delgado, principalmente duodeno y yeyuno proximal, necesitando para el diagnóstico la presencia de una clínica y una histología compatible con atrofia y depósito subepitelial de colágeno. Su etiología no es totalmente conocida, aunque su origen más propuesto es el autoinmune, ya que está ampliamente relacionada con la enfermedad celíaca e incluso se ha propuesto que se trate de una evolución de celiaquía refractaria a dieta sin gluten. En relación a esta incertidumbre presentamos el caso de una paciente con diarrea malabsortiva e importante repercusión clínica por esprúe colágeno, la cual tuvo una buena respuesta a corticoides orales (prednisona), pero hubo que añadir azatioprina. Además mejoró inicialmente con nutrición parenteral central domiciliaria...

Collagenous sprue is a rare disease that goes with persistent diarrhea, weight loss and bad absortion, because it affects the small intestine, mainly duodenum and proximal jejunum. Diagnosis is made by having clinical signs and histological proof of atrophy and subepitelial deposit of collagenous material. Its etiology is not known completely, it is proposed that the origin is autoimmune because its relationship with celiac disease. Also there is a proposal that is a celiac evolution to gluten free diet. Is because this is not clear that we present a case of a patient with bad absorptive diarrhea and a clinical expression of collagenous sprue, that had a great clinical response to corticosteroids (prednisone) but we had to add azatioprine. Also, initially improved with home parenteral nutrition center...

MRI evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease.

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to assess the capability of MRI to quantitatively evaluate the therapeutic response to Crohn's disease (CD) relapse. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with histologically proven CD were prospectively evaluated with MRI and ileocolonoscopy over a 2-year period. The MRI protocol included axial and coronal T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences. MRI examinations were performed twice, once during an acute relapse of CD and the other at clinical remission. The terminal ileum and colon were divided into six segments/patient, and the endoscopy and histology findings were considered the standard of reference. These were compared on a segmental basis with the quantitative MRI findings regarding wall thickness and contrast enhancement. The results obtained in active and remission CD phases were likewise compared with the findings in 10 control subjects who underwent complete ileocolonoscopy for other reasons and had no pathological findings on ileocolonoscopy. RESULTS: Fifty three of 120 (44.2%) bowel segments showed pathologic changes on endoscopy and histology consistent with CD in active phase. On changing from the active disease phase to clinical remission, a significant decrease was observed in the wall thickness and contrast enhancement of the affected bowel wall. In the active phase of CD, the pathologic bowel segments presented with significantly greater contrast enhancement and wall thickness values compared with the healthy segments of CD and controls. On converting clinically into remission, contrast enhancement tended to normalize, whereas bowel wall thickness remained increased compared with the controls. CONCLUSION: MRI is able to detect pathologic bowel segments in CD, as it allows the measurement of significant variations in wall thickness and contrast enhancement on changing from the active phase of the disease to remission.