Differential Secretion of Inflammatory Cytokines by Human Trophoblasts in the Presence of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus crispatus, and Lactobacillus jensenii.

INTRODUCTION: The existence of a placental microbiome would require a non-antagonistic relationship between potentially colonizing bacteria and trophoblasts. OBJECTIVE: The immunologic response of trophoblasts to specific potentially invading bacteria needs further analysis. METHODOLOGY: Immortalized first trimester human trophoblasts Swan 71 (Sw.71) were coincubated with Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus crispatus, and incubated alone (i.e., control group; 4 conditions with n = 6 for each condition). Chemokines and cytokines were measured. ANOVA with post hoc pairwise analysis was used to compare cytokines/chemokines concentrations in the 4 culture media. RESULTS: Sw.71 co-incubated with E. coli, L. jensenii or L. crispatus resulted in differential secretion of 11 of the 26 assayed cytokines/chemokines. Sw.71 co-incubated with any of the 3 bacteria responded with significant increased secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. All bacteria elicited the secretion of IL-6 and interferon (IFN) α2, 2 proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, Lactobacillus species resulted in increased secretion of IL-12p40 and IFNγ. While E. coli did not modify secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, Sw.71 cells responded to co-incubation with Lactobacillus species by secreting increased levels of IL-10 and IL-1ra. Both Lactobacillus species led to a decreased secretion of IL-4. CONCLUSION: All 3 bacterial species triggered significant release of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that a commensal relationship with trophoblasts may not be feasible.

Repeated Measures of Cervicovaginal Cytokines during Healthy Pregnancy: Understanding "Normal" Inflammation to Inform Future Screening.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe characteristics of cervicovaginal cytokines obtained during pregnancy from women who subsequently delivered at term. STUDY DESIGN: We used repeated measures of 20 cervicovaginal cytokines, collected on average on a monthly basis, from the second to the ninth month of gestation among 181 term pregnancies in the Mexico City Pregnancy Research on Inflammation, Nutrition, & City Environment: Systematic Analyses cohort (2009-2014). Cytokines were quantified using multiplex assay. RESULTS: Cytokine distributions differed more between than within cytokines. Across trimesters, cytokines interleukin (IL)-1Ra, IL-1α, and IL-8 consistently had high concentrations compared with other measured cytokines. Cytokine intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.41 to 0.82. Spearman's correlation coefficients among cytokine pairs varied but correlation directions were stable; 95.3% of the 190 correlation pairs remained either negative or positive across trimesters. Mean longitudinal patterns of log-transformed cytokines from Tobit regression varied across but less within cytokines. CONCLUSION: Although mean concentrations of cervicovaginal cytokines among term pregnancies were high, they were largely stable over time. The high cytokine concentrations corroborate that pregnancy is associated with an active inflammatory state. These characterizations may serve as a baseline for comparison to other obstetric outcomes, which may be helpful in understanding deviations from normal gestational inflammation.

Association of Intron-2 Variable Numbers of an 86-bp Tandem Repeat-Polymorphisms of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Gene and Idiopathic Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion.

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that abnormal modulation of inflammatory response is involved in the physiopathology of idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion (iRSA). Factors that may participate in this process include the genetic background such as carrying specific polymorphisms of genes with functional effects. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to study the association between iRSA and the frequency of intron-2 variable number tandem repeat-polymorphisms of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN). METHODS: We conducted a case-control study including 108 women with iRSA and 103 controls. Five allelic variants of IL1RN were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product length analysis. RESULTS: The most frequent IL1RN allele in this population was IL1RN*1, which was present in 78% of cases and 94% of controls, and allele IL1RN*2, in 45 (20.8%) cases and 12 (5.8%) controls. Allele IL1RN*2 was significantly associated with iRSA (odds ratio = 4.28, 95% confidence interval 2.2-8.4; p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Carrying allele IL1RN*2 had a strong association with iRSA in Mexican women. This polymorphism codifies for a low-function protein, which may allow for increased activity of IL-1 pro-inflammatory axis in iRSA.

Secretome derived from breast tumor cell lines alters the morphology of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Metastases, responsible for most of the solid tumor associated deaths, require angiogenesis and changes in endothelial cells. In this work, the effect of the secretomes of three breast tumor cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75-30) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) morphology was investigated. HUVEC treated with secretomes from breast cells were analyzed by confocal and time-lapse microscopy. Secretomes from ZR-75-30 and MDA-MB-231 cells modify the morphology and adhesion of HUVEC. These changes may provoke the loss of endothelial monolayer integrity. In consequence, tumor cells could have an increased access to circulation, which would then enhance metastasis.

Heterogeneity between triple negative breast cancer cells due to differential activation of Wnt and PI3K/AKT pathways.

The lack of a successful treatment for triple-negative breast cancer demands the study of the heterogeneity of cells that constitute these tumors. With this aim, two clones from triple negative breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cells were isolated: One with fibroblast-like appearance (F) and another with semi-epithelial (SE) morphology. Cells of the F clone have a higher migration and tumorigenesis capacity than SE cells, suggesting that these cells are in a more advanced stage of epithelial to mesenchymal transformation. In agreement, F cells have a diminished expression of the tight junction proteins claudins 1 and 4, and an increased content of ß-catenin. The latter is due to an augmented activity of the canonical Wnt route and of the EGFR/PI3K/mTORC2/AKT pathway favoring the cytoplasmic accumulation of ß-catenin and its transcriptional activity. In addition, F cells display increased phosphorylation of ß-catenin at Tyr654 by Src. These changes favor in F cells, the over-expression of Snail that promotes EMT. Finally, we observe that both F and SE cells display markers of cancer stem cells, which are more abundant in the F clone.

Veillonella and Bacteroides are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus exposure and gut microbiota immaturity.

BACKGROUND: Dysbiosis during childhood impacts the configuration and maturation of the microbiota. The immaturity of the infant microbiota is linked with the development of inflammatory, allergic, and dysmetabolic diseases. AIMS: To identify taxonomic changes associated with age and GDM and classify the maturity of the intestinal microbiota of children of mothers with GDM and children without GDM (n-GDM). METHODS: Next-generation sequencing was used to analyze the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. QIIME2 and Picrust2 were used to determine the difference in the relative abundance of bacterial genera between the study groups and to predict the functional profile of the intestinal microbiota. RESULTS: According to age, the older GDM groups showed a lower alpha diversity and different abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonella, Clostridiales, and Bacteroides. Regarding the functional profile, PWY-7377 and K05895 associated with Vitamin B12 metabolism were reduced in GDM groups. Compared to n-GDM group, GDM offspring had microbiota immaturity as age-discriminatory taxa in random forest failed to classify GDM offspring according to developmental age (OOB error 81%). Conclusion. Offspring from mothers with GDM have a distinctive taxonomic profile related to taxa associated with gut microbiota immaturity.

Effects of PM10 Airborne Particles from Different Regions of a Megacity on In Vitro Secretion of Cytokines by a Monocyte Line during Different Seasons.

Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that particulate matter (PM) in air pollution can be involved in the genesis or aggravation of different cardiovascular, respiratory, perinatal, and cancer diseases. This study assessed the in vitro effects of PM10 on the secretion of cytokines by a human monocytic cell line (THP-1). We compared the chemotactic, pro-inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory cytokines induced by PM10 collected for two years during three different seasons in five different Mexico City locations. MIP-1α, IP-10, MCP-1, TNF-α, and VEGF were the main secretion products after stimulation with 80 µg/mL of PM10 for 24 h. The THP-1 cells showed a differential response to PM10 obtained in the different sites of Mexico City. The PM10 from the north and the central city areas induced a higher pro-inflammatory cytokine response than those from the south. Seasonal pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion always exceeded anti-inflammatory secretion. The rainy-season-derived particles caused the lowest pro-inflammatory effects. We concluded that toxicological assessment of airborne particles provides evidence supporting their potential role in the chronic exacerbation of local or systemic inflammatory responses that may worsen the evolution of some chronic diseases.

An early prediction model for gestational diabetes mellitus based on metabolomic biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents the main metabolic alteration during pregnancy. The available methods for diagnosing GDM identify women when the disease is established, and pancreatic beta-cell insufficiency has occurred.The present study aimed to generate an early prediction model (under 18 weeks of gestation) to identify those women who will later be diagnosed with GDM. METHODS: A cohort of 75 pregnant women was followed during gestation, of which 62 underwent normal term pregnancy and 13 were diagnosed with GDM. Targeted metabolomics was used to select serum biomarkers with predictive power to identify women who will later be diagnosed with GDM. RESULTS: Candidate metabolites were selected to generate an early identification model employing a criterion used when performing Random Forest decision tree analysis. A model composed of two short-chain acylcarnitines was generated: isovalerylcarnitine (C5) and tiglylcarnitine (C5:1). An analysis by ROC curves was performed to determine the classification performance of the acylcarnitines identified in the study, obtaining an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.934 (0.873-0.995, 95% CI). The model correctly classified all cases with GDM, while it misclassified ten controls as in the GDM group. An analysis was also carried out to establish the concentrations of the acylcarnitines for the identification of the GDM group, obtaining concentrations of C5 in a range of 0.015-0.25 µmol/L and of C5:1 with a range of 0.015-0.19 µmol/L. CONCLUSION: Early pregnancy maternal metabolites can be used to screen and identify pregnant women who will later develop GDM. Regardless of their gestational body mass index, lipid metabolism is impaired even in the early stages of pregnancy in women who develop GDM.

Cervicovaginal Cytokines to Predict the Onset of Normal and Preterm Labor: a Pseudo-longitudinal Study.

Inflammatory processes associated with human parturition are still not completely understood, not only because the gap between inflammation and the onset of labor has been difficult to study but also because of the limited knowledge about the role of cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) cytokines during the sequence of labor. We aimed to determine whether CVF cytokines could predict the onset of normal and preterm labor. Chemokines and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in CVF were measured in a pseudo-longitudinal manner in healthy women between 12 and 41 weeks gestation with intact fetal membranes before and during the first stage of labor. Women were grouped into five stages, from the absence of uterine activity and cervical changes to regular uterine contractions with cervix dilation > 3 cm (active phase of labor). Of 144 women with spontaneous labor, 96 gave birth at term, 48 gave birth preterm, and both groups displayed similar cytokine concentrations. We found positive correlations between proinflammatory cytokines and the initial sequence of labor, using individual cytokines and score-based data by principal component analysis (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6) as dependent variables. The risk of labor onset increased as the concentrations of IL-6 increased (hazard ratio = 202.09, 95% confidence interval = 24.57-1662.49, P < 0.001). The IL-6 concentration predicted the onset of labor within 12 days of sampling (area under the time-dependent ROC curve = 0.785, 95% confidence interval = 0.693-0.877). Here, we showed that regardless of gestational age, the onset of labor could be predicted by the IL-6 concentration in the CVF, since the initial sequence of spontaneous labor displayed an inflammatory response expressed by the increase in proinflammatory cytokines.

Sera from women with different metabolic and menopause states differentially regulate cell viability and Akt activation in a breast cancer in-vitro model.

Obesity is associated with an increased incidence and aggressiveness of breast cancer and is estimated to increment the development of this tumor by 50 to 86%. These associations are driven, in part, by changes in the serum molecules. Epidemiological studies have reported that Metformin reduces the incidence of obesity-associated cancer, probably by regulating the metabolic state. In this study, we evaluated in a breast cancer in-vitro model the activation of the IR-ß/Akt/p70S6K pathway by exposure to human sera with different metabolic and hormonal characteristics. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of brief Metformin treatment on sera of obese postmenopausal women and its impact on Akt and NF-κB activation. We demonstrated that MCF-7 cells represent a robust cellular model to differentiate Akt pathway activation influenced by the stimulation with sera from obese women, resulting in increased cell viability rates compared to cells stimulated with sera from normal-weight women. In particular, stimulation with sera from postmenopausal obese women showed an increase in the phosphorylation of IR-ß and Akt proteins. These effects were reversed after exposure of MCF-7 cells to sera from postmenopausal obese women with insulin resistance with Metformin treatment. Whereas sera from women without insulin resistance affected NF-κB regulation. We further demonstrated that sera from post-Metformin obese women induced an increase in p38 phosphorylation, independent of insulin resistance. Our results suggest a possible mechanism in which obesity-mediated serum molecules could enhance the development of luminal A-breast cancer by increasing Akt activation. Further, we provided evidence that the phenomenon was reversed by Metformin treatment in a subgroup of women.

Vaginal microbiota of healthy pregnant Mexican women is constituted by four Lactobacillus species and several vaginosis-associated bacteria.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the microbiota communities in the vaginal tracts of healthy Mexican women across the pregnancy. METHODS: Vaginal swabs were obtained during the prenatal visit of women from all trimesters (n = 64) of healthy pregnant women of Mexico City. DNA was isolated from each sample, and PCR-DGGE and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments were used to identify the bacterial communities. RESULTS: 21 different microorganisms were identified in the vaginal samples. Lactobacillus genus was present in 98% of women studied. Four lactobacilli species were identified in vaginal samples. L. acidophilus was the predominant (78%) followed by L. iners (54%), L. gasseri (20%), and L. delbrueckii (6%). 17 different microorganisms related to bacterial vaginosis conditions were identified. Ureaplasma urealyticum was the predominant (21%) followed by BVAB1 (17%) and Gemella bergeriae (7.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacillus genus predominates in the vaginal samples of Mexican pregnant women associated with different microorganisms related to bacterial vaginosis conditions.

Timing of Cervico-Vaginal Cytokine Collection during Pregnancy and Preterm Birth: A Comparative Analysis in the PRINCESA Cohort.

Preterm birth (PTB), defined as birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation, is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Inflammation is an important component in the physiopathologic pathway leading to PTB but results from cross-sectional studies on associations between inflammation, as measured by cytokines, and PTB are inconsistent. Timing of cytokine measurement during pregnancy varies between studies and may contribute to inconsistent findings. We investigated the effects of timing on associations between 16 cervico-vaginal cytokines (Eotaxin, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-17, IL-1RA, sIL-2rα, IL-1a, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-6, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1ß, TNFα, and VEGF) and PTB among 90 women throughout pregnancy. We used logistic regression to compare associations between concentrations of cervico-vaginal cytokines from periods in pregnancy and PTB. Trimester 1 cytokines had the strongest positive associations with PTB; for example, OR = 1.76 (95% confidence interval: 1.28, 2.42) for IL-6. Second and third trimester associations were weaker but largely positive. IL-1α was the only cytokine with a negative association (trimesters 2, 3 and overall pregnancy). Strong first trimester associations between cytokines and PTB suggest that measuring cytokines early in pregnancy may hold promise for early identification of PTB risk. Variations in cytokine measurement during pregnancy may contribute to inconsistencies among studies.

Intestinal microbiota fingerprint in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome responders to a low FODMAP diet.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habit. IBS patients report that FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols) diet induce or exacerbate their symptoms. It has been reported that low-FODMAP diet (LFD) improves the symptoms in 50%-80% of IBS patients. We aimed to identify IBS responders and non-responders' patients to LFD by determining baseline fecal microbial composition, sequencing the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region. Thirty-two participants with IBS were included, 29 women (90.62%) and three men (9.37%), and instructed to follow a four-week LFD, Visual Analogue Scale for IBS was used to assess intervention response. Twenty-two participants were responders (68.75%), and ten were non-responders (31.25%). Differential abundance analysis of Amplicon Sequence Variant (ASVs), before LFD, identified Prevotella 9 and Veillonella genus in responder group, and Barnesiella, Paraprevotella, Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus 1 genus in non-responder group. After LFD, differentially abundant ASVs were only identified in R, belonging to Veilonella, Butyrivibrio, and 5 ASVs belonging to Ruminiclostridium 6 genus. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), was used to classify patients by responsiveness, considering baseline abundance of 5 bacterial genera, LDA accuracy model was 96.87%, correctly classifying 95.45% of in responder group and 100% and non-responder group. In conclusion, bacterial biomarkers are useful to classify IBS individuals by responsiveness to LFD.

Metabolic flexibility during normal pregnancy allows appropriate adaptation during gestation independently of BMI.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Overweight and obesity in reproductive-age women hasten the development of insulin resistance and increase risk for deterioration of pregnancy metabolism. These pregnancy-associated metabolic changes are similar to those of the metabolic syndrome. Thus, some metabolic flexibility must allow appropriate adaptation to the metabolic load that pregnancy imposes. We evaluated metabolic flexibility during uncomplicated pregnancy in women with pre-gestational normal weight or overweight. METHODS: In 20 women with singleton pregnancies, pre-pregnancy BMI was categorized as normal-weight (Nw) or overweight (Ow). The women were seen quarterly, and fasting and postprandial blood samples were collected at each visit. Indirect fasting and/postprandial calorimetry was performed to evaluate metabolic flexibility (Δrespiratory quotient (RQ) = RQpostprandial - RQfasting). RESULTS: In the first trimester, metabolic flexibility was lower in the Ow group compared to the Nw group (0.031 ± 0.0131 vs 0.077 ± 0.018, respectively) without a statistically significant difference (p = 0.053). In the second trimester, the Ow group was significantly more flexible than the Nw group (0.190 ± 0.016 vs 0.077 ± 0.015, respectively (p = 0.004)). For the third trimester, the Ow and Nw groups did not differ in metabolic flexibility (0.074 ± 0.013 vs 0.087 ± 0.021, respectively) (p = 0.40). The most influential variables for metabolic flexibility during pregnancy were lactate, leptin, ß-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, aromatic amino acids, medium and long chain acylcarnitine's. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that metabolic flexibility changes throughout pregnancy, independently of pre-pregnancy BMI. These changes maintain metabolic homeostasis between the mother and foetus, allowing for appropriate adjustments during pregnancy.

Thermal stability of human matrix metalloproteinases.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are key players in the remodelling of the extracellular matrix under physiological and pathological conditions. Thermodynamic parameters of human recombinant metalloproteinases of the active (rMMP2, 3, 7, 8 and 9) and latent (rPro-MMP2, 3 and 9) forms were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Temperature by itself does not result in autocatalysis of recombinant MMP. The transitions observed by DSC correspond to structural domains of the monomeric protein. In this study, we show the domain organization of these proteins, where the thermal transition (Tm) of the main component is observed at 71.3 °C (ProMMP-2); 74.8 °C (ProMMP-8); 80.0 °C (ProMMP-3); 92.6 °C (ProMMP-9) and 98.3 °C (ProMMP-7). For MMP-3, this main Tm is related to the catalytic domain (CD). The isolated recombinant CD of MMP-3 unfolds as a single transition at Tm 83.4 °C, matching the more stable domain observed in the full-length active form of rMMP-3. The denaturation profile of rProMMP-3 shows the main transition at Tm 80 °C, a less stable domain before the propeptide domain (PD) cleavage. Our results indicate that the structural stability of MMP and particularly their CD are not substantially altered after cleavage of the PD. We propose that the thermodynamic parameters obtained by DSC are relevant for the functional study of MMP, particularly to reveal their contribution in complex biological samples in health and disease.

Simultaneous evaluation of metabolomic and inflammatory biomarkers in children with different body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR).

Metabolic disturbances and systemic pro-inflammatory changes have been reported in children with obesity. However, it is unclear the time-sequence of metabolic or inflammatory modifications during children obesity evolution. Our study aimed to quantify simultaneously metabolomic and inflammatory biomarkers in serum from children with different levels of adiposity. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was used to perform targeted metabolomics and inflammatory cytokines measurements. Serum samples from children between six to ten years old were analyzed using either body mass index (BMI) or waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) classifications. One hundred and sixty-eight school-aged children were included. BMI classification in children with overweight or obesity showed altered concentrations of glucose and amino acids (glycine and tyrosine). Children classified by WHtR exhibited imbalances in amino acids (glycine, valine, and tyrosine) and lipids (triacyl glycerides and low-density lipoprotein) compared to control group. No differences in systemic inflammation biomarkers or in the prevalence of other results were found in these children. Abnormal arterial blood pressure was found in 32% of children with increased adiposity. In conclusion, obesity in school-aged children is characterized by significant metabolic modifications that are not accompanied by major disturbances in circulating concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers.

Molecules and Prostaglandins Related to Embryo Tolerance.

It is generally understood that the entry of semen into the female reproductive tract provokes molecular and cellular changes facilitating conception and pregnancy. We show a broader picture of the participation of prostaglandins in the fertilization, implantation and maintenance of the embryo. A large number of cells and molecules are related to signaling networks, which regulate tolerance to implantation and maintenance of the embryo and fetus. In this work, many of those cells and molecules are analyzed. We focus on platelets, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells involved in embryo tolerance in order to have a wider view of how prostaglandins participate. The combination of platelets and neutrophil extracellular traps (Nets), uterine innate lymphoid cells (uILC), Treg cells, NK cells, and sex hormones have an important function in immunological tolerance. In both animals and humans, the functions of these cells can be regulated by prostaglandins and soluble factors in seminal plasma to achieve an immunological balance, which maintains fetal-maternal tolerance. Prostaglandins, such as PGI2 and PGE2, play an important role in the suppression of the previously mentioned cells. PGI2 inhibits platelet aggregation, in addition to IL-5 and IL-13 expression in ILC2, and PGE2 inhibits some neutrophil functions, such as chemotaxis and migration processes, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) biosynthesis, ROS production, and the formation of extracellular traps, which could help prevent trophoblast injury and fetal loss. The implications are related to fertility in female when seminal fluid is deposited in the vagina or uterus.

Air pollution and inflammation: Findings from concurrent repeated measures of systemic and reproductive tract cytokines during term pregnancy in Mexico City.

BACKGROUND: Environmental exposures are associated with a number of outcomes including adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although inflammation is hypothesized to play a role, the mechanistic pathways between environmental exposures and adverse health outcomes, including associations between exposures and longitudinal measures of systemic and reproductive tract inflammation, need elucidation. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate whether exposure to air pollution is associated with immunologic responses in the systemic circulation and lower reproductive tract, and to evaluate whether systemic and reproductive tract immunologic responses are similar. METHODS: We quantified repeated measures of cytokines from cervico-vaginal exudates and serum obtained concurrently among 104 women with term pregnancies and estimated PM10 and CO exposure using the monitor nearest each participant's residence. Serum and cervico-vaginal cytokines were compared using Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and Spearman rank correlations for select gestational months. We used intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to quantify reproducibility of cytokine measurements, and Tobit regression to estimate associations between air pollution and cytokines. RESULTS: Median cervico-vaginal levels of IL-6, Eotaxin, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1ß, and TNFα were higher than corresponding serum cytokines, significantly so for IL-6 and IP-10. Cervico-vaginal and serum cytokines were not correlated, but cytokines from the same fluid were correlated. ICCs for most serum cytokines were ≤0.40, while ICCs were higher in cervico-vaginal cytokines (range 0.52-0.83). IP-10 and Eotaxin had the highest ICCs for both cytokine sources. In adjusted models, PM10 was positively associated with serum cytokines IL-6, IP-10, MIP-1ß and Eotaxin but inversely associated with cervico-vaginal cytokine TNFα, IP-10, MIP-1ß, MCP-1 and Eotaxin, controlling for false discovery rate. CO was inversely associated with cervico-vaginal TNFα, IL-6, MIP-1ß, MCP-1 and Eotaxin. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory processes are compartment-specific. Systemic inflammatory markers may provide information on immunologic processes and response to environmental exposures, but are not proxies for lower reproductive tract inflammation.

[Identification of extracellular matrix metalloprotease 3 in the fetal membrane of the rat and its possible implication in the rupture of chorioamniotic membranes]. / Identificación de la metaloproteasa de matriz extracelular-3 en la membrana fetal de la rata y su posible implicación en la rotura de las membranas corioamnióticas.

OBJECTIVE: Human corioamniotic membranes, or their equivalent in the rat, function as selective barrier during gestation and their rupture is part of the mechanisms implied in the labor. Molecular mechanisms carried out in this process are unknown. TYPE OF STUDY: Experimental animal model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Corioamniotic membranes (obtained at the beginning of the labor) of rats with programmed and synchronous pregnancies were analized. The coexistence and distribution of metalloproteinase of extracellular-3 matrix (estromelisine) in these tissues were determined. RESULTS: Secretion and tissue location of metalloproteinase of extracellular-3 matrix in fetal membranes were identified for the first time. Metalloproteinase of extracellular-3 matrix was immunolocated in the compact layer of the amnion and its secretion (by the membranes) was confirmed through electrophoresis, zimography and Western blot. By confocal microscopy it was verified that metalloproteinase of extracellular-3 matrix is located in the same places of that of extracellular-9 matrix. CONCLUSIONS: Rupture of corioamniotic membranes relates to the expression and local activity of the metalloproteinases of extracellular matrix. The coexistence of metalloproteinase of extracellular-3 matrix in the amnion of the rat has been identified; this element is added to the biochemical process of rupture, since metalloproteinase of extracelular-3 matrix is an activator of that of extracellular-9 matrix. It is possible that the physiological function of this enzyme is implied, of a main way, in the process of rupture of corioamniotic membranes during the childbirth.

[Vitamin C decreases MMP-9 synthesis induced by hydrogen peroxide in an in vitro chorioamniotic membrane model]. / La vitamina C disminuye la síntesis de MMP-9 inducida con peróxido de hidrógeno en un modelo de estudio in vitro de membranas corioamnióticas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hydrogen peroxide ability to induce the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in an in vitro chorioamniotic membrane model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An experimental, transversal, analytic and prospective study was made. From amniotic membranes (n = 13) of term labour pregnant women chorionic and chorioamniotic explants were prepared; these were stimulated with hydrogen peroxide [200 mcM]. A group of explants were cultured with vitamin C, 48 hours prior to the hydrogen peroxide stimulus. Twenty-four hours after hydrogen peroxide stimulus the supernatants were collected and metalloproteinase-9 production was determined by zymography methods. RESULTS: Hydrogen peroxide induced the synthesis of metalloproteinase-9 in chorionic and chorioamniotic membranes. When chorionic and chorioamniotic membranes were cultured with vitamin C prior to the hydrogen peroxide stimulus, the MMP-9 production diminished (p < 0.05; Dunn's method). CONCLUSIONS: Hydrogen peroxide induced the synthesis of metalloproteinase-9 in chorionic and chorioamniotic membranes. When chorionic and chorioamniotic membranes were cultured with vitamin C, 48 hours prior to peroxide hydrogen stimulus, the metalloproteinase-9 production diminished with statistical significance.