Streptococcal emm types in Hawaii: a region with high incidence of acute rheumatic fever.

BACKGROUND: The clinical epidemiology of group A streptococcal (GAS) infections in Hawaii seems different from that in the continental United States with frequent skin infections and endemically high rates of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). METHODS: GAS emm types in Hawaii were determined to identify any possible association between the emm types and specific clinical manifestations. A convenience sample of 1482 Hawaii GAS isolates collected between February 2000 and December 2005 was used. All isolates were characterized by emm sequence typing. The distribution of emm types in Hawaii was compared with the published continental US data for pharyngeal and invasive GAS strains, the CDC database from similar time periods, as well as with emm types present in a candidate GAS vaccine. RESULTS: Ninety-three distinct emm types were recognized among the 1482 GAS isolates. The most frequently identified emm types in order of decreasing frequency were 12, 1, 28, 4, 22, 77, 81, 58, 65/69, 49, 74, 85, 92, 75, 101 and 2. Of this study sample, 27 of the 50 invasive GAS isolates belonged to uncommon continental US emm types (54% in Hawaii cultures vs. 10% reported from the continental US). Of the 1179 pharyngeal isolates, 509 belonged uncommon continental US emm types (43% in Hawaii cultures vs. 27% reported from the continental US). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalent emm types in Hawaii differ from those in the continental US. The prevalence of these unusual emm types might limit the effectiveness of any proposed multivalent type-specific GAS vaccine in Hawaii.

Group A streptococcal isolates temporally associated with acute rheumatic fever in Hawaii: differences from the continental United States.

BACKGROUND: The annual incidence of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in Hawaii has remained several times higher than that in the continental United States, particularly among ethnic Polynesians. The emm types of Streptococcus pyogenes that are associated with this nonsuppurative complication have, to our knowledge, not been previously reported in Hawaii. METHODS: Patients with ARF were identified through an active surveillance system at Kapiolani Medical Center (Honolulu, HI), the only pediatric tertiary care referral hospital in Hawaii. Specimens were obtained by throat culture from patients who met the Jones criteria for ARF at the time of presentation (63 patients), prior to penicillin treatment, and from consenting family contacts (10 individuals). Eight patients and 2 close family contacts with positive throat culture results were identified from February 2000 through December 2005. Group A streptococci isolates were characterized by emm sequence typing. RESULTS: Unusual emm types were temporally associated with the onset of ARF. Emm types 65/69 (from 2 patients), 71, 92, 93, 98, 103, and 122 were isolated from the 8 patients with ARF, and emm types 52 and 101 were isolated from the 2 household contacts. CONCLUSIONS: So-called rheumatogenic emm types and/or serotypes, which were previously associated with ARF in the continental United States, were not found in this study. Instead, emm types that are not commonly included among group A streptococci isolates in the continental United States and that are seldom, if ever, temporally associated with ARF were identified. These findings suggest that unusual group A streptococci emm types play a significant role in the epidemiology of ARF in Hawaii.

Characterization of a community cluster of group a streptococcal invasive disease in Maui, Hawaii.

A community cluster of severe group A streptococcal skin infections occurred in Maui, Hawaii with 3 fatal cases of necrotizing fasciitis in 2002. emm types 1, 12, 58, 74, 85 and 109 were identified from 8 patients. emm types 74 and 109 have not been previously described in the United States according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention database. The identification of uncommon emm types suggested that group A streptococcal sero-types in Hawaii are different from those in the continental United States and can result in serious disease.