Histopathological Tracing of HPV Genotypes 6 and 11 in Pediatric Patients in Medical City with Chronic Palatine and Pharyngeal Tonsillitis.

BACKGROUND: HPVs are considered to have high-oncogenic risk. These genotypes have been proven to have a causal link to cancers, in pediatric and youth patients, with high rates of HPV presence in the tonsillar tissues. OBJECTIVE: A prospective case-control research for determining HPV 6/11 genotypes in tonsillar specimens of children who underwent operations in the otolaryngology departments of the Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq, for their non-oncologic palatine and pharyngeal tonsillar hypertrophies. METHODS: This study enrolled 102 tonsillar tissues, 82 from pediatric patients aged from 4 to 12 years and who underwent tonsillectomies for non-oncologic palatine and pharyngeal tonsillar hypertrophies; 38 specimens were from single operations while 22 were multiple specimens from the same pediatric patients, represented as a total of 44 tissues). In addition, trimmed nasal tissues from 20 patients, with unremarkable pathological changes, were included as the control group. For HPV 6/11 DNA detection, specific DNA probes were used for the chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) technique. RESULTS: In the palatine tonsillar hypertrophied tissue group, 26.2% of the tissues revealed positive CISH signals for HPV 6/11 DNA. Regarding the pharyngeal tonsillar hypertrophied tissues, 22.5% of the specimens expressed positive CISH reactions. Among the 22 pediatric patients who had combined pharyngeal and palatine tonsillectomies, in 22.7% both sites expressed positive signals. No positive-CISH reactions were documented in the control nasal tissues. Statistically a significant difference was seen when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Significant rates of HPV were observed which pointed to the spread of HPV, among other STIs, and in mothers of at least this studied pediatric group. Also, this represented a critical mark as reservoir tissue sites, allowing transmission to other mucosal tissue localizations, playing part in their pathogenesis.

Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one among the most prevalent malignant neoplasms that has exhibited a notable surge in global incidence over recent decades. This slow-growing malignancy is typified by its localized invasiveness while demonstrating an exceedingly rare metastatic proclivity. It predominantly afflicts the sun-exposed skin of aging individuals, with a heightened predilection for the maxillofacial region. Scraping cytology offers numerous benefits, including the potential for an earlier diagnosis and the absence of scarring, as opposed to a biopsy. The cytodiagnosis of BCC proves to be straightforward with various techniques, making it highly advantageous in an outpatient environment as a swift diagnostic method when planning a surgical excision. Our study sought to scrutinize the clinicopathological facets of BCC within the maxillofacial region. We compared advanced cytological techniques for diagnosis, including scraping, scratching, and imprinting using Papanicolau and Diff-Quick stains. In addition, we evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of diode lasers operating at wavelengths of 940nm and 980n. A retrospective analysis was undertaken, encompassing facial BCC lesions smaller than 2.5 cm in diameter that underwent treatment through diode laser ablation between September 2021 and August 2023 at Ramadi Teaching Hospital and a private clinic in Ramadi City, Iraq. Among the cohort of 48 patients with BCC, a majority (58%) were 50 years of age or older, with a predominance of males (62%). The mean duration of lesion existence exceeded 4 months. The anatomical region most commonly involved was the middle 1/3 of the face, accounting for 34% of cases. Intriguingly, the therapeutic approach of diode laser ablation yielded exceptional esthetic and functional outcomes, which were consistently observed throughout the follow-up period post-healing. The occurrence of complications following diode laser ablation was relatively infrequent. This investigation revealed that cytological examination is easily conducted, eliminating the need for local anesthesia, saving time, being more cost-effective than a conventional biopsy, and delivering swift diagnoses. The process of smear-taking for cytology is well-tolerated, inflicting minimal trauma or discomfort on the patient. BCC predominantly afflicts elderly males and most frequently affects the middle third of the face. Notably, nodular BCC emerged as the prevailing histological subtype. The use of diode laser ablation exhibited a commendable track record, producing exemplary functional and esthetic outcomes over a 6-month follow-up period.

Management of a dentigerous cyst; a ten-year clinicopathological study.

BACKGROUND: Dentigerous cysts, deemed of developmental origin, are benign odontogenic cysts characterized by a gradual growth rate. Their occurrence is twice as prevalent in men compared to women. These cysts are recognized as the most frequent developmental cysts affecting the jaws, with a typical manifestation in individuals aged 20 to 40, while infrequently identified in young children. Notably, dentigerous cysts have the potential to attain significant dimensions, resulting in painless enlargement of the jaw and subsequent deformation. OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinicopathological features and management of ten years of experience with dentigerous cysts. METHODS: A challenging cases were reported from reviewed records of the patients who were treated by the surgical intervention of various dentigerous cysts throughout the period of ten years, 2012-2022 and only histologically confirmed cases were selected, at Ramadi Teaching Hospital in addition to Rashid, Razi, Zuhur Private Hospitals and private clinics in Iraq. RESULTS: 76 patients were included in this clinicopathological research. The highest age group affected was ≤ 18 years (68.4%), 54% were male, the mandible was more affected (63.1%) than the maxilla (36.9%). Marsupialization was applied to 30.3% of the cases, while enucleation was carried out in 69.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The significance of meticulous examination of radiographs and the consequences associated with undetected and untreated ailments is affirmed by this case study. A comprehensive understanding of oral pathology serves as a valuable resource for dentists, facilitating accurate diagnosis, appropriate referrals, and the provision of anticipatory guidance to patients striving to achieve optimal oral health across various age groups.

Effect of ZnO Nanofiller on Structural and Electrochemical Performance Improvement of Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol-Cellulose Acetate-Potassium Carbonate Composites.

In this study, a solution casting method was used to prepare solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on a polymer blend comprising polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cellulose acetate (CA), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3) as a conducting salt, and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as a nanofiller. The prepared electrolytes were physicochemically and electrochemically characterized, and their semi-crystalline nature was established using XRD and FESEM. The addition of ZnO to the polymer-salt combination resulted in a substantial increase in ionic conductivity, which was investigated using impedance analysis. The size of the semicircles in the Cole-Cole plots shrank as the amount of nanofiller increased, showing a decrease in bulk resistance that might be ascribed to an increase in ions due to the strong action of the ZnO-NPs. The sample with 10 wt % ZnO-NPs was found to produce the highest ionic conductivity, potential window, and lowest activation energy (Ea) of 3.70 × 10-3 Scm-1, 3.24 V, and 6.08 × 10-4 eV, respectively. The temperature-frequency dependence of conductivity was found to approximately follow the Arrhenius model, which established that the electrolytes in this study are thermally activated. Hence, it can be concluded that, based on the improved conductivity observed, SPEs based on a PVA-CA-K2CO3/ZnO-NPs composite could be applicable in all-solid-state energy storage devices.

Effective Removal of Methylene Blue from Simulated Wastewater Using ZnO-Chitosan Nanocomposites: Optimization, Kinetics, and Isotherm Studies.

Successful synthesis of ZnO-chitosan nanocomposites was conducted for the removal of methylene blue from an aqueous medium. Remarkable performance of the nanocomposites was demonstrated for the effective uptake of the dye, thereby achieving 83.77, 93.78 and 97.93 mg g-1 for the chitosan, 5 wt.% ZnO-Chitosan and 10 wt.% ZnO-Chitosan, respectively. The corresponding adsorption efficiency was 88.77, 93.78 and 97.95 for the chitosan, 5 wt.% ZnO-Chitosan and 10 wt.% ZnO-Chitosan, respectively. Upon regeneration, good reusability of the nanocomposites was manifested for the continuous removal of the dye up to six consecutive cycles. The adsorption process was kinetically described by a pseudo-first order model, while the isotherms were best fitted by the Langmuir model.

Low dose combined oral contraceptives induced thrombotic anterior wall myocardial infarction: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Combined oral contraceptive pills are associated with an established risk for venous thrombosis; however, their risk for arterial thrombosis remains uncertain, especially with the development of low dose new generations of combined oral contraceptive. Arterial thrombosis is less likely to occur with the use of oral contraceptive pills in the absence of cardiovascular risk factors. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a 35-year old female with no cardiovascular risk factors who presented with thrombotic anterior wall myocardial infarction 6 months after using a third generation low dose combined oral contraceptive pills (Marvelon; ethinylestradiol 30 mcg and desogestrel 150 mcg). CONCLUSION: Third generation low dose combined oral contraceptives may lead to myocardial infarction in young women, even in the absence of other cardiovascular risk factors.

Motivation to Learn Neuroanatomy by Cadaveric Dissection is Correlated with Academic Performance.

Implementing educational activities, such as a wet lab with cadaveric brain dissection, is known to have a direct impact on medical students' motivation. These activities demonstrate the clinical relevance of concepts taught in the classroom setting. The correlation between motivation and academic performance is not clear. First year medical students participated in wet lab activities. The wet lab included cadaveric dissection of the surface and internal anatomy of the brain, as well as discussions facilitated by the neuroscience faculty and clinicians. Discussions were centered around the clinical relevance of the neuroanatomical features dissected during the wet laboratory activities. Following completion of the laboratory activities, students completed a survey, which was used to assess the students' motivation for learning neuroanatomy based on the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) model of motivation. These results were then correlated with performance on a laboratory examination that tested three-dimensional and cross-sectional knowledge of neuroanatomy and practical skills including the use of imaging techniques. The total mean score of motivation was generally high for all categories of ARCS model of motivation (4.26/5) and was highest for Relevance (4.46/5). When these results were correlated with students' performance on the lab examination, a positive correlation between students' motivation and lab examination scores was found (R2 = 0.877). Implementation of the neuroanatomy cadaveric dissection lab led to increased student motivation, which was positively correlated with students' academic performance. Clin. Anat. 32:128-135, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Determining defensible cut-off scores for dental courses.

PURPOSE: Many countries and institutions have a fixed passing score of 60%. For example, this is a national policy in all Saudi universities where students at all levels must score 60% or higher to pass courses. The purpose of this study is to broaden the scope of standard-setting applications, using data from five major dental courses (Endodontics, Operative, Removable and Fixed Prosthodontics, and Pedodontics) in the 5th dental academic year for two consecutive years to determine the cut-off scores. METHODOLOGY: Four expert raters conducted Angoff's method on final examinations of five dental courses to determine the cut-off scores for the two academic years (2015, and 2016). Cohort size of 2015 was 120 students, whilst that of 2016 was 142 students. The study was conducted at the faculty of Dentistry, at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) from December 2017 to June 2018. RESULTS: All five dental courses yielded different cut-off scores than the fixed 60%. The cut-off scores for 2015 and 2016 examinations were 59.15%, 63.75% for Removable Prosthodontics, 51.86%, 53.75% for Fixed Prosthodontics, 47.42%, 50.5% for Pedodontics, 74.22%, 74.31% for Endodontics and 58%, 55.55% for Operative Dentistry. CONCLUSION: Angoff method yielded different cut-off scores than the fixed 60% passing score currently used by the dental school, yielding a difference in pass-fail rates by as much as a staggering 41%. This finding provides support to use evidence-based standard-setting methods to determine the cut-off score for the courses in Dentistry programme.

Field estimates of fitness costs of the pace-of-life in an endangered damselfly.

Theory predicts that within-population differences in the pace-of-life can lead to cohort splitting and produce marked intraspecific variation in body size. Although many studies showed that body size is positively correlated with fitness, many argue that selection for the larger body is counterbalanced by opposing physiological and ecological selective mechanisms that favour smaller body. When a population split into cohorts with different paces of life (slow or fast cohort), one would expect to detect the fitness-size relationship among and within cohorts, that is, (a) slower-developing cohort has larger body size and higher fitness than faster-developing cohort, and (b) larger individuals within each cohort show higher fitness than smaller individuals. Here, we test these hypotheses in capture-mark-recapture field surveys that assess body size, lifespan, survival and lifetime mating success in two consecutive generations of a partially bivoltine aquatic insect, Coenagrion mercuriale, where the spring cohort is slower-developing than the autumn cohort. As expected, body size was larger in the slow-developing cohort, which is consistent with the temperature-size rule and also with the duration of development. Body size seasonal variation was greater in slow-developing cohort most likely because of the higher variation in age at maturity. Concordant with theory, survival probability, lifespan and lifetime mating success were higher in the slow-developing cohort. Moreover, individual body size was positively correlated with survival and mating success in both cohorts. Our study confirms the fitness costs of fast pace-of-life and the benefits of larger body size to adult fitness.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Rubella and Cytomegalovirus Infections Among Pregnant Women in Makkah: Implications for Screening and Vaccination Programs.

Introduction Contracting rubella virus or cytomegalovirus (CMV) while pregnant can lead to severe health issues for both the mother and the unborn child. This study aims to determine the prevalence of these infections in pregnant women and identify associated risk factors. Methods A total of 146 pregnant women consented to participate in this research. Data were collected through a detailed questionnaire and blood samples were obtained from each participant. Blood was drawn into vacutainer tubes, and plasma was separated and stored at -20°C for analysis. We utilized specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) to detect antibodies against rubella and CMV in the plasma samples. Results The study revealed that the prevalence rates of IgG antibodies for rubella and CMV were 68.5% and 97.3%, respectively. No samples tested positive for IgM antibodies for either disease. A significant relationship was found between chronic rubella infection and women aged 26 to 35 years (p < 0.05). A significant association was also observed between chronic CMV infection and women with lower income (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study confirms the widespread presence of chronic rubella and CMV infections among pregnant women in Makkah. The findings highlight the impact of socioeconomic factors on infection rates and underscore the importance of implementing vaccination programs to mitigate the severity of these infections in pregnant women and protect fetal health.

Immunohistochemical Detection of the Expressed BRCA1 and BRCA2 Proteins in Microenvironment of Malignant Breast Cancerous Tissues Infected with Human Mammary Tumor Virus.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine the prevalence of HMTV infection, its associations with breast malignant tissues, and the expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins. METHODS: One hundred archival breast tissues, 40 biopsies from female patients with breast cancer (BC), and 20 healthy breast tissues from the control group were used in the study. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to detect the expressed BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins. Digoxigenin-labeled HMTV probes were used in chromogenic in situ hybridization for the identification of HMTV in breast tumor tissues. The complementary sequence sites of the HMTV probe sequences were stained by NBT/BCIP as blue signals. RESULTS: There were 12 out of 40 (30%) benign breast tumorous tissues and 14 out of 40 (35%) BC tissues, while healthy control breast tissues were 10% (2 out of 20 tissues). Positive immunohistochemical (IHC) reactions for BRCA2 protein were observed in 12 out of 40 BC tissues (30.0%), 25% of benign breast tumorous tissues, and 5% of the control group. A significant (p < 0.05) statistical difference in the percentages of HMTV in the studied groups was found. CONCLUSION: HMTV might contribute to the development of subsets of benign and malignant breast tumors. The observed rates of defective or mutated BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in healthy tissues indicate a role in the development of breast tumors.

Salivary Gland Diseases: A Retrospective Clinicopathological Study of 159 Cases.

Background Salivary gland diseases include a variety of conditions (inflammatory, immunological, infectious, or neoplastic pathologies). Salivary gland diseases hold the interest of clinicians and pathologists due to their varied clinical presentation and histological diversity. In this study, we aimed to assess the various aspects of clinical and pathological characteristics of salivary gland diseases. Methodology We reviewed the records of patients with various salivary gland diseases at Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Rashid Hospital, Razi Hospital, and Zuhur Hospital in Iraq. The study covered the years 2010 to 2021. Results Of 159 patients, there were 61.64% female patients. The age group most affected was 51-60 years (26.4%). The most involved salivary gland was the parotid (44.65%). Swelling was seen in 74% of the patients. Obstructive lesions were seen in 52.2% of patients. Obstructive pathologies occurred exclusively in the age group 51-60 years, infective cases involved the age group 71-80 years (64.3%), and tumors affected the age group 41-50 years (77.4%). Women were affected more than men by all pathologies. The parotid gland was mostly affected by tumors (32/71), while other glands were mostly affected by obstructive lesions (17/18). A significant association was found between salivary gland pathologies with age and the affected gland. The most common clinical entity of the obstructive lesions was xerostomia (20.1%). While pleomorphic adenoma was the most common tumor (n = 40/50). The most common cause of xerostomia was smoking (31.2%) and the least cause was antidepressants (9.4%). Conclusions Salivary gland diseases were mostly seen in women and in the age group 51-60 years. Parotid was the most involved gland. A three-quarter of the cases presented with swelling and obstructive pathologies comprise above 50% of causes. The age and the involved gland can determine the type of salivary gland diseases. Xerostomia was the common clinical entity of obstructive pathologies. The most common tumor was pleomorphic adenoma and the most common cause for xerostomia was smoking.

Association between gastric reflux, obesity and erosive tooth wear among psychiatric patients.

ABSTRACT: The prevalence of erosive tooth wear and obesity are high in psychiatric patients and soft drink consumption is a common risk factor associated with both diseases. This study aimed to assess the association between soft drink consumption, gastric reflux, erosive tooth wear, and obesity among resident patients at the Psychiatric Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia.This descriptive, cross-sectional study included 223 adult psychiatric inpatients (126 male, 97 female) with a mean age of 42.3 years (± 2.2). Dental erosion detection was performed according to World Health Organization criteria. The medical evaluation included assessment of the body mass index (BMI). With appropriate sample weighting, relationships between erosive tooth wear, gastric reflux, and obesity were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.Ninety eight patients (43.9%) presented with erosive tooth wear. The mean BMI for the entire study population was 27.7 ±â€Š6.3 kg/m2. Regression analysis showed a strong association between erosive tooth wear and chronic vomiting or bulimia (adjusted odds ratio = 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.98-5.07, P < .001), gastric reflux (adjusted odds ratio = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.34-6.23, P < .001), consumption of soft drinks (adjusted odds ratio = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.03-6.08, P < .001), and schizophrenia and delusional disorders (adjusted odds ratio = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.98-5.08, P < .001).This study demonstrates a significant association between erosive tooth wear prevalence and chronic vomiting or bulimia, consumption of soft drinks, and gastric reflux among resident patients at psychiatric hospital.

Innovative Methylcellulose-Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes Impregnated with Potassium Salt: Ion Conduction and Thermal Properties.

In this research, innovative green and sustainable solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on plasticized methylcellulose/polyvinyl pyrrolidone/potassium carbonate (MC/PVP/K2CO3) were examined. The MC/PVP/K2CO3 SPE system with five distinct ethylene carbonate (EC) concentrations as a plasticizer was successfully designed. Frequency-dependent conductivity plots were used to investigate the conduction mechanism of the SPEs. Electrochemical potential window stability and the cation transfer number of the SPEs were studied via linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and transference number measurement (TNM), respectively. Additionally, the structural behavior of the SPEs was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The SPE film complexed with 15 wt.% EC measured a maximum conductivity of 3.88 × 10-4 Scm-1. According to the results of the transference number examination, cations that record a transference number of 0.949 are the primary charge carriers. An EDLC was fabricated based on the highest conducting sample that recorded a specific capacitance of 54.936 Fg-1 at 5 mVs-1.

Ionization Radiation Shielding Effectiveness of Lead Acetate, Lead Nitrate, and Bismuth Nitrate-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanorods Thin Films: A Comparative Evaluation.

The fabrication of Nano-based shielding materials is an advancing research area in material sciences and nanotechnology. Although bulky lead-based products remain the primary choice for radiation protection, environmental disadvantages and high toxicity limit their potentials, necessitating less costly, compatible, eco-friendly, and light-weight alternatives. The theme of the presented investigation is to compare the ionization radiation shielding potentialities of the lead acetate (LA), lead nitrate (LN), and bismuth nitrate (BN)-doped zinc oxide nanorods-based thin films (ZONRs-TFs) produced via the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The impact of the selected materials' doping content on morphological and structural properties of ZONRs-TF was investigated. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analyses of both undoped and doped TFs revealed the existence of hexagonal quartzite crystal structures. The composition analysis by energy dispersive (EDX) detected the corrected elemental compositions of the deposited films. Field emission scanning electronic microscope (FESEM) images of the TFs showed highly porous and irregular surface morphologies of the randomly aligned NRs with cracks and voids. The undoped and 2 wt.% BN-doped TFs showed the smallest and largest grain size of 10.44 nm and 38.98 nm, respectively. The linear attenuation coefficient (µ) values of all the optimally doped ZONRs-TFs measured against the X-ray photon irradiation disclosed their excrement shielding potency. The measured µ values of the ZONRs-TFs displayed the trend of 1 wt.% LA-doped TF > 1 wt.% LN-doped TF > 3 wt.% BN-doped TF > undoped TFs). The values of µ of the ZONRs-TFs can be customized by adjusting the doping contents, which in turn controls the thickness and morphology of the TFs. In short, the proposed new types of the LA-, LN- and BN-doped ZONRs-TFs may contribute towards the development of the prospective ionization radiation shielding materials.

Assessment of the Annual Eye Lens Dose for Cardiologists During Interventional Procedures Using Anthropomorphic Phantoms and mEyeDose_X Tool.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, eye lens dose measurements were performed using two anthropomorphic phantoms simulating the cardiologist and patient during interventional procedures. BACKGROUND: Interventional procedures known as areas with high potential risk and the cardiologists can receive relatively high doses to their eyes. METHODS: This study was comprised of both phantom and computer simulations. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and mEyeDose_X tool were used to measure and calculate eye lens doses for the cardiologist. 144 TLDs measurements were performed using cardiac protocol for three angiographic projections: anterior-posterior (AP), left anterior oblique 90° (LAO90) and left anterior oblique 45° with cranial 30° (spider) angulations. All cine and fluoroscopy modes including the projections used in this study performed with and without protection tools. RESULTS: The annual equivalent doses with protective tools using mEyeDose_X were found to be 1.831 and 1.424 mSv/year, whereas the values using phantom were found to be 2.204 and 1.802 mSv/year for the lens of lift and right eye respectively. CONCLUSION: The annual doses reported in this study are almost comparable to other studies performed on interventional cardiology (IC) procedures. The highest dose rate in the lens was 20.21 ±â€¯0.015 mSv/h without protective tools in cine mode for spider projection. Cardiologists may therefore easily exceed the lens dose limit if protective tools are not used.

Patients Encounter as a Motivating Factor for Academic Performance in a Medical Neuroscience Course.

BACKGROUND: The integration of patient encounters into the first year of the medical school curriculum is known to be of vital importance in the development of critical thinking and communication skills. We investigated whether exposure of first year medical students to patient encounters during a first year medical school neuroscience course result in a high level of motivation associated with the clinical encounter, and whether this high level of motivation translates to higher academic performance as measured by their performance on formative and summative examinations. METHODS: First year medical students interacted with patients presenting with different neurological disorders in a small group informal session. Following the small group interactions with patients, students participated in a large group debriefing session involving discussions with peers, biomedical sciences faculty, and clinicians. Students then completed a survey designed to assess their motivation in correspondence with the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction (ARCS) model of motivation. These results were then correlated with students' performance in the neuroscience examinations. RESULTS: The total mean score was high for all categories of the ARCS model of motivation (4.26/5) and was highest for Relevance (4.46/5). When these motivation scores were correlated with students' performance on the formative and summative examinations, a significant positive correlation was found between motivation and performance on both the formative (r = 0.85) and summative (r = 0.95) neuroscience examinations. CONCLUSION: Encounters with patients presenting with neurological disorders during a first year medical neuroscience course result in a high level of motivation associated with the clinical encounter, and this was positively correlated with their academic performance.

Design, synthesis, molecular modelling and in vitro screening of monoamine oxidase inhibitory activities of novel quinazolyl hydrazine derivatives.

A new series of N'-substituted benzylidene-2-(4-oxo-2-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinazolin-3(2H)-yl)acetohydrazide (5a-5h) has been synthesized, characterized by FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and tested against human monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B. Only (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) substituted compounds gave submicromolar inhibition of MAO-A and MAO-B. Changing the phenyl substituent to methyl on the unsaturated quinazoline ring (12a-12d) decreased inhibition, but a less flexible linker (14a-14d) resulted in selective micromolar inhibition of hMAO-B providing insight for ongoing design.

Bioequivalent pharmacokinetics for generic and originator hepatitis C direct-acting antivirals.

Mass production of low-cost, generic direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) will be required to achieve targets of eliminating hepatitis C (HCV) by 2030. The pharmaceutical companies Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb have granted voluntary licences (VLs) to generic companies to mass produce the DAAs sofosbuvir and daclatasvir at low cost. However, generic manufacturers need to demonstrate bioequivalent pharmacokinetics for their DAAs, compared to the originator versions, to fulfil World Health Organization standards for prequalification. The aim of this study was to determine whether generic forms of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir had bioequivalent pharmacokinetics to the originator versions. Generic companies were contacted for results of bioequivalence studies with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir, two of the most widely used DAAs in the developing world. Data on maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) were compiled from five generic companies. Pre-specified limits for the 90% confidence intervals were 80-125% of the originator pharmacokinetic concentrations for AUC, and 69-145% for Cmax. The pharmacokinetics of generic sofosbuvir and daclatasvir were shown to be bioequivalent to the originator versions for all five generic companies. This is a crucial step towards securing prequalification of the manufacture of these drugs from these companies. WHO prequalification of bioequivalent generic DAAs could then permit their export to eligible countries for mass-treatment programmes. Mass-treatment with low-cost generic HCV DAAs is the most promising method to achieve the ambitious World Health Organization targets for HCV elimination by 2030.