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Since its outbreak in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread with high transmission efficiency across the world, putting health care as well as economic systems under pressure. During the course of the pandemic, the originally identified SARS-CoV-2 variant has been multiple times replaced by various mutant versions, which showed enhanced fitness due to increased infection and transmission rates. In order to find an explanation for why SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging mutated versions showed enhanced transmission efficiency compared with SARS-CoV (2002), an enhanced binding affinity of the spike protein to human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) has been proposed by crystal structure analysis and was identified in cell culture models. Kinetic analysis of the interaction of various spike protein constructs with hACE2 was considered to be best described by a Langmuir-based 1:1 stoichiometric interaction. However, we demonstrate in this report that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interaction with hACE2 is best described by a two-step interaction, which is defined by an initial binding event followed by a slower secondary rate transition that enhances the stability of the complex by a factor of ~190 (primary versus secondary state) with an overall equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 0.20 nM. In addition, we show that the secondary rate transition is not only present in SARS-CoV-2 wild type ("wt"; Wuhan strain) but also found in the B.1.1.7 variant, where its transition rate is 5-fold increased. IMPORTANCE The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is characterized by the high infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and its derived variants of concern (VOCs). It has been widely assumed that the reason for its increased cell entry compared with SARS-CoV (2002) is due to alterations in the viral spike protein, where single amino acid residue substitutions can increase affinity for hACE2. So far, the interaction of a single unit of the CoV-2 spike protein has been described using the 1:1 Langmuir interaction kinetic. However, we demonstrate here that there is a secondary state binding step that may be essential for novel VOCs in order to further increase their infectivity. These findings are important for quantitatively understanding the infection process of SARS-CoV-2 and characterization of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of spike proteins. Thus, they provide a tool for predicting the potential infectivity of the respective viral variants based on secondary rate transition and secondary complex stability.
Assuntos
Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , COVID-19/virologia , Humanos , Cinética , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , SARS-CoV-2/química , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismoRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies are the world's leading causes of dementia and memory loss. These diseases are thought to be caused by the misfolding and aggregation of the intracellular tau protein, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. The tau protein is involved in a multitude of different neurodegenerative diseases. During the onset of tauopathies, tau undergoes structural changes and posttranslational modifications and aggregates into amyloid fibrils that are able to spread with a prion-like behavior. Up to now, there is no therapeutic agent which effectively controls or reverses the disease. Most of the therapeutics that were developed and underwent clinical trials targeted misfolded or aggregated forms of tau. In the current manuscript, we present the selection and characterization of two all D-enantiomeric peptides that bind monomeric tau protein with a low nanomolar KD, stabilize tau in its monomeric intrinsically disordered conformation, and stop the conversion of monomers into aggregates. We show that the effect of the two all D-enantiomeric peptides is strong enough to stop ongoing tau aggregation in vitro and is able to significantly reduce tau fibril assembly in cell culture. Both compounds may serve as new lead components for the development of therapeutic agents against Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Tauopatias , Humanos , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Tauopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Tauopatias/metabolismo , Amiloide/metabolismo , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Peptídeos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Autophagy is a fundamental homeostatic process in eukaryotic organisms, fulfilling essential roles in development and adaptation to stress. Among other factors, formation of autophagosomes critically depends on proteins of the Atg8 (autophagy-related protein 8) family, which are reversibly conjugated to membrane lipids. We have applied X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations to study the conformational dynamics of Atg8-type proteins, using GATE-16 (Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kDa), also known as GABARAPL2, as a model system. This combination of complementary approaches provides new insight into a structural transition centered on the C-terminus, which is crucial for the biological activity of these proteins.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/biossíntese , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/química , Autofagia , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/biossíntese , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/química , Autofagia/fisiologia , Família da Proteína 8 Relacionada à Autofagia , Cristalização , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Conformação Proteica , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Estrutura Terciária de ProteínaRESUMO
In this study, we characterized unexpected side-products in a commercially synthesized peptide with the sequence RPRTRLHTHRNR. This so-called peptide D3 was selected by mirror phage display against low molecular weight amyloid-ß-peptide (Aß) associated with Alzheimer's disease. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was the method of choice for structure analysis because the extreme hydrophilicity of the peptide did not allow reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction stationary phases (HILIC). CE-MS analysis, applying a strongly acidic background electrolyte and different statically adsorbed capillary coatings, provided fast and efficient analysis and revealed that D3 unexpectedly showed strong ion-pairing with sulfuric acid. Moreover, covalent O-sulfonation at one or two threonine residues was identified as a result of a side reaction during peptide synthesis, and deamidation was found at either the asparagine residue or at the C-terminus. In total, more than 10 different species with different m/z values were observed. Tandem-MS analysis with collision induced dissociation (CID) using a CE-quadrupole-time-of-flight (QTOF) setup predominantly resulted in sulfate losses and did not yield any further characteristic fragment ions at high collision energies. Therefore, direct infusion Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS was employed to identify the covalent modification and discriminate O-sulfonation from possible O-phosphorylation by using an accurate mass analysis. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) was used for the identification of the threonine O-sulfation sites. In this work, it is shown that the combination of CE-MS and FT-ICR-MS with ETD fragmentation was essential for the full characterization of this extremely basic peptide with labile modifications.
Assuntos
Eletroforese Capilar/métodos , Mapeamento de Peptídeos/métodos , Peptídeos/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray/métodos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Ácidos Sulfônicos/química , Sítios de Ligação , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Ligação Proteica , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Sulfatos/químicaRESUMO
Apoptosis and autophagy are fundamental homeostatic processes in eukaryotic organisms fulfilling essential roles in development and adaptation. Recently, the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 has been reported to also inhibit autophagy, thus establishing a potential link between these pathways, but the mechanistic details are only beginning to emerge. Here we show that Bcl-2 directly binds to the phagophore-associated protein GABARAP. NMR experiments revealed that the interaction critically depends on a three-residue segment (EWD) of Bcl-2 adjacent to the BH4 region, which is anchored to one of the two hydrophobic pockets on the GABARAP molecule. This is at variance with the majority of GABARAP interaction partners identified previously, which occupy both hydrophobic pockets simultaneously. Bcl-2 affinity could also be detected for GEC1, but not for other mammalian Atg8 homologs. Finally, we provide evidence that overexpression of Bcl-2 inhibits lipidation of GABARAP, a key step in autophagosome formation, possibly via competition with the lipid conjugation machinery. These results support the regulatory role of Bcl-2 in autophagy and define GABARAP as a novel interaction partner involved in this intricate connection.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Autofagia/fisiologia , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Lipoilação/fisiologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/química , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Animais , Apoptose/fisiologia , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Transformada , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/química , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genética , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/química , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/genética , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Quaternária de Proteína , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , RatosRESUMO
Phage display and mirror-image phage display are commonly used techniques for the identification of binders that are specific to predefined targets. Recent studies demonstrated the effectiveness of next-generation sequencing (NGS) by increasing the amount of information extracted from selections. This allows for a better analysis and increases the possibility to select effective binders. A potential downside to NGS analysis of phage display selections is the increased workload that is needed to analyze the obtained information. Here, we report on the development of TSAT (target-specific analysis tool), software for user-friendly and efficient analysis of peptide sequence data from NGS of phage display selections.
RESUMO
During the replication process of SARS-CoV-2, the main protease of the virus [3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro)] plays a pivotal role and is essential for the life cycle of the pathogen. Numerous studies have been conducted so far, which have confirmed 3CLpro as an attractive drug target to combat COVID-19. We describe a novel and efficient next-generation sequencing (NGS) supported phage display selection strategy for the identification of a set of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro targeting peptide ligands that inhibit the 3CL protease, in a competitive or noncompetitive mode, in the low µM range. From the most efficient l-peptides obtained from the phage display, we designed all-d-peptides based on the retro-inverso (ri) principle. They had IC50 values also in the low µM range and in combination, even in the sub-micromolar range. Additionally, the combination with Rutinprivir decreases 10-fold the IC50 value of the competitive inhibitor. The inhibition modes of these d-ri peptides were the same as their respective l-peptide versions. Our results demonstrate that retro-inverso obtained all-d-peptides interact with high affinity and inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease, thus reinforcing their potential for further development toward therapeutic agents. The here described d-ri peptides address limitations associated with current l-peptide inhibitors and are promising lead compounds. Further optimization regarding pharmacokinetic properties will allow the development of even more potent d-peptides to be used for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Cisteína Endopeptidases/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/químicaRESUMO
Nine heritable diseases are known that are caused by unphysiologically elongated polyglutamine tracts in human proteins leading to misfolding, aggregation and neurodegeneration. Current therapeutic strategies include efforts to inhibit the expression of the respective gene coding for the polyglutamine-containing proteins. There are, however, concerns that this may interfere with the physiological function of the respective protein. We aim to stabilize the protein's native conformation by D-enantiomeric peptide ligands to prevent misfolding and aggregation, shift the equilibrium between aggregates and monomers towards monomers and dissolve already existing aggregates into non-toxic and functional monomers. Here, we performed a mirror image phage display selection on the polyglutamine containing a fragment of the androgen receptor. An elongated polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor causes spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). The selected D-enantiomeric peptides were tested for their ability to inhibit polyglutamine-induced androgen receptor aggregation. We identified D-enantiomeric peptide QF2D-2 (sqsqwstpqGkwshwprrr) as the most promising candidate. It binds to an androgen receptor fragment with 46 consecutive glutamine residues and decelerates its aggregation, even in seeded experiments. Therefore, QF2D-2 may be a promising drug candidate for SBMA treatment or even for all nine heritable polyglutamine diseases, since its aggregation-inhibiting property was shown also for a more general polyglutamine target.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos , Atrofia Muscular Espinal , Bacteriófagos/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligantes , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/genética , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/metabolismo , Peptídeos/químicaRESUMO
The development of specific disease-associated PET tracers is one of the major challenges, the realization of which in neurodegenerative diseases would enable not only the efficiency of diagnosis but also support the development of disease-modifying therapeutics. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and is characterized by neuronal fibrillary inclusions composed of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn). However, these deposits are not only found in PD, but also in other related diseases such as multiple system atrophy (MSA) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), which are grouped under the term synucleinopathies. In this study, we used NGS-guided phage display selection to identify short peptides that bind aggregated α-syn. By surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based affinity screening, we identified the peptide SVLfib-5 that recognizes aggregated α-syn with high complex stability and sequence specificity. Further analysis SPR showed that SVLfib-5 is not only specific for aggregated α-syn, but in particular recognizes fibrillary and oligomeric structures. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy of human brain tissue sections from PD, MSA, and DLB patients with SVLfib-5 allowed specific recognition of α-syn and a clear discrimination between diseased and non-diseased samples. These findings provide the basis for the further development of an α-syn PET tracer for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression and therapy progress.
Assuntos
Doença por Corpos de Lewy , Atrofia de Múltiplos Sistemas , Doença de Parkinson , Humanos , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Atrofia de Múltiplos Sistemas/diagnóstico por imagem , Atrofia de Múltiplos Sistemas/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Doença por Corpos de Lewy/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença por Corpos de Lewy/metabolismo , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/metabolismoRESUMO
Severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious beta-class coronavirus. Although vaccinations have shown high efficacy, the emergence of novel variants of concern (VOCs) has already exhibited traits of immune evasion. Thus, the development of tailored antiviral medications for patients with incomplete, inefficient, or non-existent immunization, is essential. The attachment of viral surface proteins to the cell surface is the first crucial step in the viral replication cycle, which for SARS-CoV-2 is mediated by the high affinity interaction of the viral trimeric spike with the host cell surface-located human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (hACE2). Here, we used a novel and efficient next generation sequencing (NGS) supported phage display strategy for the selection of a set of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)-targeting peptide ligands that bind to the target protein with low µM to nM dissociation constants. Compound CVRBDL-3 inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein association to hACE2 in a concentration-dependent manner for pre- as well as post-complex formation conditions. Further rational optimization yielded a CVRBDL-3 based divalent compound, which demonstrated inhibitory efficacy with an IC50 value of 47 nM. The obtained compounds were not only efficient for the different spike constructs from the originally isolated "wt" SARS-CoV-2, but also for B.1.1.7 mutant trimeric spike protein. Our work demonstrates that phage display-derived peptide ligands are potential fusion inhibitors of viral cell entry. Moreover, we show that rational optimization of a combination of peptide sequences is a potential strategy in the further development of therapeutics for the treatment of acute COVID-19.
RESUMO
A common characteristic of familial (fALS) and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) is the accumulation of aberrant proteinaceous species in the motor neurons and spinal cord of ALS patients-including aggregates of the human superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1). hSOD1 is an enzyme that occurs as a stable dimeric protein with several post-translational modifications such as the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond and the acquisition of metal cofactors that are essential for enzyme activity and further contribute to protein stability. Some mutations and/or destabilizing factors promote hSOD1 misfolding, causing neuronal death. Aggregates containing misfolded wild-type hSOD1 have been found in the spinal cords of sALS as well as in non-hSOD1 fALS patients, leading to the hypothesis that hSOD1 misfolding is a common part of the ALS pathomechanism. Therefore, stabilizing the native conformation of SOD1 may be a promising approach to prevent the formation of toxic hSOD1 species and thus ALS pathogenesis. Here, we present the 16-mer peptide S1VL-21 that interferes with hSOD1 aggregation. S1VL-21 was identified by phage display selection with the native conformation of hSOD1 as a target. Several methods such as microscale thermophoresis (MST) measurements, aggregation assays, and cell viability assays revealed that S1VL-21 has a micromolar binding affinity to native hSOD1 and considerably reduces the formation of hSOD1 aggregates. This present work therefore provides the first important data on a potential lead compound for hSOD1-related drug development for ALS therapy.
Assuntos
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica , Superóxido Dismutase , Humanos , Ligantes , Neurônios Motores , Mutação/genética , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Superóxido Dismutase-1/genéticaRESUMO
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) belongs to a family of small ubiquitin-like adaptor proteins implicated in intracellular vesicle trafficking and autophagy. We have used diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the temperature and concentration dependence of the diffusion properties of GABARAP. Our data suggest the presence of distinct conformational states and provide support for self-association of GABARAP molecules. Assuming a monomer-dimer equilibrium, a temperature-dependent dissociation constant could be derived. Based on a temperature series of (1)H(15)N heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, we propose residues potentially involved in GABARAP self-interaction. The possible biological significance of these observations is discussed with respect to alternative scenarios of oligomerization.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/química , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/química , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular/métodos , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose , Difusão , Humanos , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Multimerização Proteica , TemperaturaRESUMO
During autophagy a crescent shaped like membrane is formed, which engulfs the material that is to be degraded. This membrane grows further until its edges fuse to form the double membrane covered autophagosome. Atg8 is a protein, which is required for this initial step of autophagy. Therefore, a multistage conjugation process of newly synthesized Atg8 to phosphatidylethanolamine is of critical importance. Here we present the high resolution structure of unprocessed Atg8 determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Its C-terminal subdomain shows a well-defined ubiquitin-like fold with slightly elevated mobility in the pico- to nanosecond timescale as determined by heteronuclear NOE data. In comparison to unprocessed Atg8, cleaved Atg8(G116) shows a decreased mobility behaviour. The N-terminal domain adopts different conformations within the micro- to millisecond timescale. The possible biological relevance of the differences in dynamic behaviours between both subdomains as well as between the cleaved and uncleaved forms is discussed.
Assuntos
Autofagia , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/química , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/fisiologia , Família da Proteína 8 Relacionada à Autofagia , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Dobramento de Proteína , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Ubiquitina/químicaRESUMO
Vesicular trafficking is an important homeostatic process in eukaryotic cells which critically relies on membrane fusion. One of the essential components of the universal membrane fusion machinery is NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor), a large hexameric ATPase involved in disassembly of SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptor) complexes. To improve our understanding of this sophisticated molecular machine, we have modeled the structure of the NSF hexamer in two alternative assemblies. Our data suggest a mechanistic concept of the operating mode of NSF which helps to explain the functional impact of post-translational modifications and mutations reported previously. Furthermore, we propose a binding site for the ubiquitin-like proteins GABARAP and GATE-16, which is supported by experimental evidence, yielding a complex with favorable surface complementarity.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/química , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/química , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/química , Proteínas Sensíveis a N-Etilmaleimida/química , Trifosfato de Adenosina/química , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose , Família da Proteína 8 Relacionada à Autofagia , Sítios de Ligação , Humanos , Hidrólise , Modelos Moleculares , Peptídeos/química , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica , Mapeamento de Interação de Proteínas , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Ubiquitina/químicaRESUMO
The determination of unique functions of GABARAP (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein), a member of the highly conserved protein family of mammalian autophagy-related 8 protein (mATG8), within diverse cellular processes remains challenging. Because available anti-GABARAP antibodies perform inadequate, especially within various microscopy-based applications, we aimed to develop an antibody that targets GABARAP but not its close orthologs. Following the latest recommendations for antibody validation including fluorescence protein tagging, genetic and orthogonal strategies, we characterized the resulting anti-GABARAP (8H5) antibody during confocal immunofluorescence imaging in-depth. We compared the antibody staining pattern with that obtained for fluorescence protein tagged GABARAP, GABARAPL1 or GABARAPL2 each ectopically expressed in GABARAP knockout cells. Furthermore, we imaged cells expressing all mATG8 family members at endogenous levels and checked GABARAP knockout cells for unspecific staining under fed or macroautophagy-inducing conditions. Finally, we simultaneously stained cells for endogenous GABARAP and the common autophagosomal marker LC3B. Summarized, the presented antibody shows high specificity for GABARAP without cross-reactivity to other mATG8 family members in immunofluorescence imaging making it a valuable tool for the identification of unique GABARAP functions.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/análise , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/análise , Imunofluorescência/métodos , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/análise , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Imagem Óptica/métodos , RatosRESUMO
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
RESUMO
The role of tryptophan as a key residue for ligand binding to the ubiquitin-like modifier GABA(A) receptor associated protein (GABARAP) was investigated. Two tryptophan-binding hydrophobic patches were identified on the conserved face of the GABARAP structure by NMR spectroscopy and molecular docking. GABARAP binding of indole and indole derivatives, including the free amino acid tryptophan was quantified. The two tryptophan binding sites can be clearly distinguished by mapping the NMR spectroscopy-derived residue-specific apparent dissociation constant, K(d), onto the three-dimensional structure of GABARAP. The biological relevance of tryptophan-binding pockets of GABARAP was supported by a highly conserved tryptophan residue in the GABARAP binding region of calreticulin, clathrin heavy chain, and the gamma2 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor. Replacement of tryptophan by alanine abolished ligand binding to GABARAP.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/química , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Indóis/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/química , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Indóis/química , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Conformação Proteica , Especificidade por Substrato , Titulometria , Triptofano/metabolismoRESUMO
4-Aminobutyrate type A (GABA(A)) receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) is a ubiquitin-like modifier implicated in the intracellular trafficking of GABA(A) receptors, and belongs to a family of proteins involved in intracellular vesicular transport processes, such as autophagy and intra-Golgi transport. In this article, it is demonstrated that calreticulin is a high affinity ligand of GABARAP. Calreticulin, although best known for its functions as a Ca(2+) -dependent chaperone and a Ca(2+) -buffering protein in the endoplasmic reticulum, is also localized to the cytosol and exerts a variety of extra-endoplasmic reticulum functions. By phage display screening of a randomized peptide library, peptides that specifically bind GABARAP were identified. Their amino acid sequences allowed us to identify calreticulin as a potential GABARAP binding protein. GABARAP binding to calreticulin was confirmed by pull-down experiments with brain lysate and colocalization studies in N2a cells. Calreticulin and GABARAP interact with a dissociation constant K(d) = 64 nm and a mean lifetime of the complex of 20 min. Thus, the interaction between GABARAP and calreticulin is the strongest so far reported for each protein.
Assuntos
Calreticulina/química , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/química , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Calreticulina/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Imuno-Histoquímica , Ligantes , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/química , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Biblioteca de Peptídeos , Ratos , Ressonância de Plasmônio de SuperfícieRESUMO
Autophagy is a versatile catabolic pathway for lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic material. While the phenomenological and molecular characteristics of autophagic non-selective (bulk) decomposition have been investigated for decades, the focus of interest is increasingly shifting towards the selective mechanisms of autophagy. Both, selective as well as bulk autophagy critically depend on ubiquitin-like modifiers belonging to the Atg8 (autophagy-related 8) protein family. During evolution, Atg8 has diversified into eight different human genes. While all human homologues participate in the formation of autophagosomal membrane compartments, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3C (LC3C) additionally plays a unique role in selective autophagic clearance of intracellular pathogens (xenophagy), which relies on specific protein-protein recognition events mediated by conserved motifs. The sequence-specific (1)H, (15)N, and (13)C resonance assignments presented here form the stepping stone to investigate the high-resolution structure and dynamics of LC3C and to delineate LC3C's complex network of molecular interactions with the autophagic machinery by NMR spectroscopy.