Immunological correlates of cure in the first American cutaneous leishmaniasis patient treated by immunotherapy in Argentina. A case report.

A patient with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection was treated with an antigen containing heat-killed L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes plus BCG. Expression of T-cell differentiation, memory and senescence receptors markers were analyzed on T cell subpopulations, in order to establish the correlation between the percentages of expression of these receptors and his clinical status, at different stages of his follow up. The following case reports on the achievement of a successful clinical outcome with complete resolution after receiving immunotherapy. A thorough clinical and immunological follow up supporting the healing process of this patient's lesion is presented in detail.

Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone is active in a murine model of Chagas' disease.

The addition of a hydroxymethyl group to the antimicrobial drug nitrofurazone generated hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH), which had reduced toxicity when its activity against Trypanosoma cruzi was tested in a murine model of Chagas' disease. Four groups of 12 Swiss female mice each received 150 mg of body weight/kg/day of NFOH, 150 mg/kg/day of nitrofurazone (parental compound), 60 mg/kg/day of benznidazole (BZL), or the solvent as a placebo. Treatments were administered orally once a day 6 days a week until the completion of 60 doses. NFOH was as effective as BZL in keeping direct parasitemia at undetectable levels, and PCR results were negative. No histopathological lesions were seen 180 days after completion of the treatments, a time when the levels of anti-T. cruzi antibodies were very low in mice treated with either NFOH or BZL. Nitrofurazone was highly toxic, which led to an overall rate of mortality of 75% and necessitated interruption of the treatment. In contrast, the group treated with its hydroxymethyl derivative, NFOH, displayed the lowest mortality (16%), followed by the BZL (33%) and placebo (66%) groups. The findings of histopathological studies were consistent with these results, with the placebo group showing the most severe parasite infiltrates in skeletal muscle and heart tissue and the NFOH group showing the lowest. The present evidence suggests that NFOH is a promising anti-T. cruzi agent.

Early diagnosis of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection using PCR, hemoculture, and capillary concentration, as compared with delayed serology.

Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection is a highly pathogenic and underreported condition. Early recognition is essential for effective treatment. Umbilical chord blood from newborns (n = 302) to infected mothers was analyzed with microhematocrit, hemoculture, and PCR methods. Each subject was then followed serologically. In calibrated suspensions of T. cruzi in blood, the sensitivity of PCR was 27-fold higher than hemoculture. However, this advantage was not reflected during routine testing of samples from maternities, partly because of the uneven distribution of few parasites in small samples. Levels of detection of congenital infection were 2.9% (8/272) for microhematocrit, 6.3% (18/287) for hemoculture, 6.4% (15/235) for PCR, and 8.9% (27/302) for cumulated results. Evaluation against the standard of delayed serology indicates that the regular application of PCR, hemoculture, and microhematocrit to blood samples allows the rapid detection of about 90% of the congenitally infected newborns, in samples that can be obtained before the mother and child leave the maternity ward.

Uso de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para el control terapéutico de la infección crónica por trypanosoma cruzi / Use of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the therapeutic control of chronic trypanosoma cruzi infection

En las normas actuales de tratamiento etiológico de la fase crónica tardía de la enfermedad de Chagasen Argentina, Brasil y la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se recomienda controlar la eficaciaterapéutica con pruebas serológicas y parasitológicas convencionales. Sin embargo las primerassuelen continuar positivas 10 años o más luego del tratamiento, y las segundas son, en general, debaja sensibilidad en esta etapa de la enfermedad. La Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR)al ser más sensible que los exámenes parasitológicos convencionales, podría informar con unacobertura mayor si hubo falla terapéutica. Hemos ofrecido tratamiento con benznidazol (5 mg/kg/día, por 60 días) a 138 pacientes de 16 a 35 años de edad, infectados crónicamente con Trypanosomacruzi. La eficacia terapéutica se controló con PCR periódicas, hemocultivo y serología convencionalen dos grupos de pacientes: uno (GT, 57 pacientes) que aceptó y cumplió el tratamiento y otro(GNT, 37 pacientes) que lo rechazó. Antes de la administración de benznidazol la PCR mostró unasensibilidad diagnóstica de 41 por ciento (57/138 pacientes) y el hemocultivo 7,2 por ciento (10/138). Sesenta mesespostratamiento el grupo GT mostró una positividad de PCR acumulada de 28,1 por ciento (16/57) y el grupoGNT 54,1 por ciento (20/37; p=0.0016). A pesar de que la sensibilidad diagnóstica de PCR es limitada, lanegatividad de pruebas repetidas con método normatizado podría evidenciar disminución de laparasitemia o probable curación en 71,9 por ciento de los pacientes tratados, lo que habría que confirmar conel seguimiento serológico...

Current norms for the etiological treatment of chronic Chagas disease, recommended by WHOor currently in force for Argentina and Brazil, advise the control of therapeutic efficacy usingconventional serological and parasitological tests. However, serology usually remains positive 10 ormore years after treatment and parasitological tests are insensitive in the chronic stage. PolymeraseChain Reaction (PCR) is more sensitive than parasitological tests and could provide earlier evidenceof therapeutic failure. We offered benznidazole treatment (5 mg/kg/day, 60 days) to 138 patients(age=16 to 35 years old), chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Therapeutic efficacy waschecked with periodic PCR, haemoculture and conventional serology in two groups of patients: One(TG) accepting and complying with treatment and the other (NTG) rejecting it. Before benznidazoleadministration, PCR displayed a diagnostic sensitivity of 41.3 percent (57/138) and haemoculture 7.2 percent(10/138). Sixty months after treatment, TG displayed a cumulated PCR positivity of 28.1 percent (16/57)and NTG 54.1 percent (20/37; p=0.0166). Even though the sensitivity of PCR is limited, repeated negativeresults of a standardized method may reveal lower parasitaemia or probable cure, in 71.9 percent of treatedpatients, to be confirmed with serological follow up...

Detección de Trypanosoma cruzi en tejido y sangre murina por PCR convencional y en tiempo real / Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in murine blood and tissue by conventional and real time PCR / Detecção de Trypanosoma cruzi em tecido e sangue murinos por PCR convencional e em tempo real

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar la detección de ADN de Trypanosoma cruzi mediante PCR en tiempo real (qPCR) y PCR convencional en sangre periférica (n=25) y músculo esquelético (n=20) de ratones tratados con drogas tripanomicidas luego de 6 meses post-tratamiento. En las muestras de sangre se detectaron un total de 7 positivas por qPCR, mientras que por PCR convencional sólo se detectaron 2. En músculo esquelético, 15 muestras fueron positivas por qPCR y 3 por PCR convencional. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la fuerza de concordancia es débil entre las técnicas de PCR utilizadas para la detección de ADN de T. cruzi (k=0,37; 49% positivas por qPCR vs. 11% por PCR convencional, p=0,0001). En las muestras de sangre, los valores diagnósticos de qPCR con respecto a la PCR convencional fueron: 100% sensibilidad; 78% especificidad; 30% VPP; 100% VPN; 4,6 RVP; 0 RVN. Para las muestras de músculo esquelético se obtuvieron los siguientes valores diagnósticos de qPCR: 100% sensibilidad; 29% especificidad; 20% VPP; 100% VPN; 1,4 RVP; 0 RVN. Ambas técnicas fueron igualmente sensibles en el rango de mediana-alta concentración, pero qPCR fue más efectiva para detectar bajas cargas parasitarias, en particular en las muestras de tejido.

The aim of this work was to compare detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA by real time (qPCR) and conventional PCR in peripheral blood (n=25), and skeletal muscle (n=20) of mice treated with trypanocidal compounds after 6 months post-treatment. A total of 7 blood samples were positive by qPCR; whereas, by conventional PCR only 2 were detected. In skeletal muscle, 15 samples were regarded positive by qPCR and 3 by conventional PCR. These results showed a weak concordance strength among PCR techniques employed to detect T. cruzi DNA in the studied samples (k=0.37; 49% positives by qPCR vs. 11% by conventional PCR, p=0.0001). In blood samples, qPCR diagnostic values in comparison with conventional PCR were: 100% sensibility; 78% specificity; 30% PPV; 100% NPV; 4.6 PVR; 0 NVR. For skeletal muscle samples, qPCR diagnostic values were: 100% sensibility; 29% specificity; 20% PPV; 100% NPV; 1.4 PVR; 0 NVR. Both techniques were equally sensitive in the medium-high concentration range, but qPCR was more effective to detect low parasitic burden, particularly in skeletal muscle samples.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a detecção de DNA de Trypanosoma cruzi por PCR em tempo real (qPCR) e PCR convencional no sangue periférico (N=25) e músculo esquelético (N= 20) de camundongos tratados com medicamentos tripanomicidas depois de 6 meses de pós-tratamento. Nas amostras de sangue foi detectado um total de sete positivas por qPCR; enquanto que apenas foram encontradas 2 por PCR convencional. No músculo esquelético, 15 amostras foram positivas por qPCR e 3 por PCR convencional. Os resultados mostram que a força de concordância é fraca entre as técnicas de PCR utilizadas para a detecção de DNA de T. cruzi (k=0,37, 49% positivas por qPCR vs. 11% para a PCR convencional, p=0,0001). Nas amostras de sangue, os valores diagnósticos de qPCR em relação a PCR convencional foram de 100% sensibilidade; 78% de especificidade; 30% de VPP; 100% VPN; 4,6 RVP; 0 RVN. Para as amostras de músculo esquelético, os seguintes valores diagnósticos de qPCR foram obtidos: 100% sensibilidade; 29% de especificidade; 20% de VPP; 100% VPN; 1,4 RVP; 0 RVN. Ambas as técnicas são igualmente sensíveis na faixa de concentração média-alta, mas qPCR foi mais eficaz na detecção de baixas cargas parasitárias, especialmente em amostras de tecido.

Serological evaluation of specific-antibody levels in patients treated for chronic Chagas' disease.

Serological tests are the main laboratory procedures used for diagnosis during the indeterminate and chronic stages of Chagas' disease. A serological regression to negativity is the main criterion used to define parasitological cure in treated patients. The aim of this work was to monitor the individual specificities of antibody levels for 3 years posttreatment in 18 adult patients. Conventional serological techniques (hemagglutination assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) were modified by using recombinant antigens to detect early markers of treatment effectiveness. For this purpose, serum samples were taken before and during treatment and every 6 months after treatment for at least 3 years. When hemagglutination assays were used, a decrease in antibody levels was observed in only one patient. When ELISA with serum dilutions was used, antibody clearance became much more apparent: in 77.7% (14/18) of the patients, antibody titers became negative with time. This was observed at serum dilutions of 1/320 and occurred between the 6th and the 30th months posttreatment. The immune response and the interval for a serological regression to negativity were different for each patient. For some of the recombinant antigens, only 50% (9/18) of the patients reached the serological regression to negativity. Recombinant antigen 13 might be a good marker of treatment effectiveness, since 66.6% (six of nine) of the patients presented with an early regression to negativity for specific antibodies to this antigen (P = 0.002).

Immunological correlates of cure in the first American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis patient treated by immunotherapy in Argentina: A case report. / Correlatos inmunológicos de curación en el primer paciente con Leishmaniasis Cutánea Americana tratado con inmunoterapia en Argentina: Reporte de un caso

A patient with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection was treated with an antigen containing heat-killed L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes plus BCG. Expression of T-cell differentiation, memory and senescence receptors markers were analyzed on T cell subpopulations, in order to establish the correlation between the percentages of expression of these receptors and his clinical status, at different stages of his follow up. The following case reports on the achievement of a successful clinical outcome with complete resolution after receiving immunotherapy. A thorough clinical and immunological follow up supporting the healing process of this patient’s lesion is presented in detail.

Un paciente con leishmaniasis cutánea localizada producida por Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis fue tratado con un antígeno compuesto por promastigotes de L. (L.) amazonensis muertos por calor combinado con BCG. Se analizó la expresión de distintos receptores de diferenciación, de memoria y de senescencia en las subpoblaciones de células T, con el fin de establecer una relación entre los porcentajes de expresión de dichos receptores y la clínica del paciente en diferentes momentos del seguimiento. Se reporta en este caso un resultado exitoso, con resolución completa de la lesión después de recibir la inmunoterapia, y se presenta en detalle un seguimiento clínico e inmunológico completo durante el proceso de curación.

High prevalence of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection and family clustering in Salta, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, is transmitted mainly by insect vectors, but congenital and transfusion-borne infections occasionally occur. The factors that are involved in transmission from mother to offspring are not well understood. The objective of this study was to study the presence of T cruzi infection in children who were born to infected mothers and in the children's siblings to evaluate the epidemiologic risk factors associated with congenital transmission of Chagas' disease. METHODS: Congenital T cruzi infection was studied in 340 children who were born to chronically infected mothers in Salta, Argentina. Infection was detected in 31 children, who were selected for additional study as infected index cases (IIC). Of the 309 noninfected children, 31 were taken as noninfected index cases (NIIC). We compared the prevalence of congenital T cruzi transmission in the remaining siblings of the IIC and NIIC. Data and blood samples were collected in house-to-house visits. Diagnosis of infection was established mainly by serologic methods, indirect hemmagglutination, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The prevalence was 31.4% (32 of 102 children) for IIC siblings, whereas no infected siblings were found in families with NIIC (0 of 112). Clustering of congenital infection was found in 14 families, in which >1 child was infected. Second-generation congenital transmission (from grandmother to mother to newborn) was established in 4 families. The association among low weight at birth, prematurity, and congenital transmission was highly significant. An important observation was the absence of pathologic findings in a high proportion of infected children. The detection of asymptomatic infections was a consequence of population screening, as opposed to hospital-based diagnosis, for which symptomatic cases predominate. Congenital transmission was associated with the geographic origin of mothers: women from areas where insect vectors proliferate were less likely to give birth to infected offspring than women from areas under active vector control. CONCLUSIONS: Siblings of an infant infected with T cruzi are at high risk for infection themselves and, even in the absence of symptoms, should also be screened for infection. The findings of family clustering of infection and of second-generation congenital infection in vector-free areas suggest that new modalities of transmission, other than classic vector-borne spread, may occur both in endemic and in nonendemic areas.

Use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for early evaluation of etiological treatment in young adults, chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi

Foi realizado o tratamento etiológico com benznidazol, no Estado de Salta, Argentina, em 14 pacientes infectados crônicos por Trypanosoma cruzi, de 18 a 30 anos de idade, com Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) positiva. Um grupo controle de cinco pacientes, da mesma idade, também com PCR positiva, não recebeu tratamento. O seguimento após tratamento foi realizado com PCR e sorologia convencional. Após 6 meses de tratamento foi observada negativização da PCR de 14/16 (85,7por cento) nos pacientes tratados versus 20por cento no grupo controle (p=0,001). A sorologia foi positiva em todos os pacientes depois do tratamento. Os resultados da PCR pós-tratamento, podem ser um indício de cura no tratamento de infectados chagásicos crônicos, adultos jovens.

Protección inmunológica contra la enfermedad de Chagas: efectos independientes sobre infección, diseminación y lesiones por Trypanosoma cruzi / Immunological protection against Chagas' disease: independent effects upon infection, dissemination and lesions by Trypanosoma cruzi

Una cepa atenuada de Trypanosoma cruzi (TCC) ejerce efectos inmunizantes contra parásitos jomólogos virulentos. La titulación de las dosis de TCC que son infecciosas o protectoras revela un rango amplio de dosis inmunizantes para los epimastigotes y capacidad de infección subpatente para tripomastigotes a dosis altas. Cuando se investiga la presencia de parásitos en animales inmunizados y luego inoculados con T. cruzi virulentos, a medida que se aumenta la sensibilidad de detección, se pueden revelar diferentes níveles de resistencia. Estos varían desde la total prevención de la infección en muy pocos animales hasta la simple reducción de mortalidad y parasitemias altas. Con 4 tipos de vacunas experimentales, 2 de parásitos inactivados y 2 de parásitos atenuados, se estudió independientemente la potenciación de cada nível de resistencia. Todas fortalecieron significativamente un tipo de resistencia muy aparente pero incompleto. Ninguna produjo cambios significativos en cuanto al rechazo total de pequeñas dosis de parásitos virulentos. Aunque estos niveles de resistencia no parecen utilizables para la prevención de la infección humana, es concebible que se puedan utilizar para interferir el ciclo doméstico de transmisión del parásito. Una evidencia preliminar de esta posibilidad se ha obtenido en el campo mediante la vacunación de cuises (Cavia porcellus) contra la infección natural por T. cruzi con vacunas experimentales atenuadas o inactivadas