Intervention for spanish overweight teenagers in physical education lessons.

Physical education is a favourable educational framework for the development of programmes aimed at increasing physical activity in children and thus reducing sedentarism. The progressive increase of overweight students demands global control and follow-up measurement of these behaviours in both in and out of school. The pedometer can be a useful tool in this field. It is easy to use and allow Physical Education (PE) departments to quantify their students' number of steps/day. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a pedometer intervention on body fat and BMI levels in overweight teenagers. Besides, the effects of the programme are analysed according to two other variables: pedometer ownership and gender, distinguishing between out-of-school and school hours, weekdays and weekends. The sample comprises 112 overweight students (49 boys and 63 girls) from 5 secondary schools. Participants were asked to follow a physical activity programme consisting on a minimum of 12000 and 10000 steps/day for boys and girls, respectively. It also allowed them to get up to 2 extra points in their PE marks. Results were measured after 6 weeks of programme application as well as after 6 weeks of retention. Results revealed significantly reduced BMI in the teenagers with their own pedometer (p < 0.05). The difference observed in the number of steps/day between boys (12050) and girls (9566) was significant in all measured time periods (p < 0.05). Besides, both overweight boys and girls were observed to take 1000 steps/day less at weekends than in weekdays. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposal of 12000 and 10000 steps for overweight boys and girls, respectively, accompanied by a reinforcement programme in their final PE marks, seems sufficient to obtain significant BMI reductions. Besides, PE is shown a favourable framework for the proposal of pedometer-impelled weight loss programmes in overweight youth. Key pointsA programme of 12000 and 10000 steps for overweight boys and girls, respectively with reinforcement in physical education marks, the body mass index improves.Body mass index more reduced was in Spanish adolescent overweight that used their own pedometer.The steps/day between boys (12050) and girls (9566) with overweight was different (p < 0.05).Overweight boys and girls were observed to take 1000 steps/day less at weekends than in weekdays.In physical education is possible to apply a programme of steps in obese youth of secondary education schools.

Relevant Factors in Adolescent Well-Being: Family and Parental Relationships.

Health-related quality of life, teachers' opinion of academic performance and self-perceived health are indicators of well-being in the adolescent stage. Some variables, such as those related to the quality of family and parental relationships, may influence these indicators and thus condition well-being during this stage of life and beyond. In this research, the aforementioned variables are analyzed jointly. It is a cross-sectional study in which 1375 adolescent schoolchildren between 11 and 18 years of age participated. Different instruments such as KIDSCREEN-10 and the questionnaire used in the international study Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children were used. The results obtained allow us to conclude that HRQoL, the teacher's opinion of performance and the perception of health status improve as adolescents perceive a more favorable family climate, also helped by good relations between parents. Finally, it is proposed to continue with the efforts made in the school, family environment and other areas because of the enormous potential for generating quality of life in the adolescent stage and the consequent positive repercussions this has on adulthood.

Psychopathological Risk Factors Associated with Body Image, Body Dissatisfaction and Weight-Loss Dieting in School-Age Adolescents.

Determining the comorbidity patterns leading to suffering behavioural eating disorders (BED) that are identifiable in the early stages of life, can help prevent their becoming chronic, as well as preventing the consequences deriving from the cost and effectiveness of intervention programs. The paper focuses mainly on analysing the association between behavioural/emotional risk factors and body image, body satisfaction and diet in school children, as well as confirming whether there are differences based on sex. Several questionnaires (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and several items of Health Behaviour in School-age Children) including these variables were distributed and completed by the 647 adolescents (16 year olds on average) who took part in the research project. The findings confirmed a differentiated risk profile in adolescent girls in that they had greater prevalence of emotional symptoms as a general psychopathological trait, although this was offset with their prosocial behaviour. Additionally, the findings also allowed us to conclude that the factors that predict vulnerability to BEDs are sex, the presence of emotional symptoms and social and behavioural issues. At the end of this paper, we discuss some implications and consequences that should be taken into account for future work.

The Role of Physical Activity and School Physical Education in Enhancing School Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to understand the role of school satisfaction on life satisfaction, according to gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity (PA) level. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, carried out on 2823 adolescents (1396 boys and 1427 girls), aged between 12 and 16. A specific questionnaire to measure life satisfaction (Brief Multidimensional Student Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS)), a questionnaire to measure satisfaction with school ("Life circumstances of Young people: School"), and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were used to analyze PA practice. Gender, age, and BMI were used as control variables. In general, the main results showed that school satisfaction had a clear role in life satisfaction. Similarly, the findings allowed us to conclude that the role of school satisfaction on life satisfaction was more evident in male school children, those who were older, or those who have a higher BMI. The regular practice of PA enhanced school satisfaction and its role on life satisfaction. Therefore, it is very important to assess the importance of school satisfaction as a determinant of quality of life and the adoption of healthy habits, recognizing the fundamental role of teachers in this regard.

Experiences of Nursing Students during the Abrupt Change from Face-to-Face to e-Learning Education during the First Month of Confinement Due to COVID-19 in Spain.

The current state of alarm due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the urgent change in the education of nursing students from traditional to distance learning. The objective of this study was to discover the learning experiences and the expectations about the changes in education, in light of the abrupt change from face-to-face to e-learning education, of nursing students enrolled in the Bachelor's and Master's degree of two public Spanish universities during the first month of confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative study was conducted during the first month of the state of alarm in Spain (from 25 March-20 April 2020). Semi-structured interviews were given to students enrolled in every academic year of the Nursing Degree, and nurses who were enrolled in the Master's programs at two public universities. A maximum variation sampling was performed, and an inductive thematic analysis was conducted. The study was reported according with COREQ checklist. Thirty-two students aged from 18 to 50 years old participated in the study. The interviews lasted from 17 to 51 min. Six major themes were defined: (1) practicing care; (2) uncertainty; (3) time; (4) teaching methodologies; (5) context of confinement and added difficulties; (6) face-to-face win. The imposition of e-learning sets limitations for older students, those who live in rural areas, with work and family responsibilities and with limited electronic resources. Online education goes beyond a continuation of the face-to-face classes. Work should be done about this for the next academic year as we face an uncertain future in the short-term control of COVID-19.

The Quality of Breakfast and Healthy Diet in School-aged Adolescents and Their Association with BMI, Weight Loss Diets and the Practice of Physical Activity.

Dietary habits are an important factor in the protection of adolescent health. The quality and frequency of breakfast and the various food groups can affect the wellbeing of this population group in both the short and long term. Research indicates that there is a range of relevant variables in the study of diet at this stage: following a weight loss diet, body mass index and the practice of physical exercise, amongst others. In this paper, all three variables are analysed, together with others of a demographic nature (sex and age). This is a descriptive cross-sectional survey that was carried out on 1318 adolescents aged 11 to 18. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) international study questionnaire, sponsored by the World Health Organisation, was used. In general terms, the data revealed that the majority of adolescents do not have adequate eating patterns. The quality and frequency of breakfast and the consumption of food types are associated with almost all the variables under study; additionally, there are significant differences by sex and school year. Finally, proposals are made to prevent eating disorders, which are appearing at an increasingly young age.

Relationship of Parental Support on Healthy Habits, School Motivations and Academic Performance in Adolescents.

The objective of the study was to analyze how parental support relates to the physical activity practice, satisfaction with sports, level of physical activity, academic performance and alcohol consumption. Descriptive cross-sectional study, with 1100 adolescents (12-16 years old), where the factors related to parental support, gender and age acted as independent variables, and satisfaction with sport, level of physical activity (PA), academic performance and alcohol consumption acted as dependent variables. A multivariate statistical analysis was conducted. Adolescents with little parental support show (p < 0.001) more boredom, less fun, worse academic performance and higher alcohol consumption. Gender shows differences (p < 0.001) experiencing girls more boredom, less fun, less PA practice and higher academic performance than boys. Age establishes (p < 0.01) that older adolescents (15-16 years old) experience more boredom, less fun, less PA practice, lower academic performance and higher alcohol consumption than young boys and girls (12-14 years old). Parental support towards PA practice improves healthy habits, benefits academic performance and school satisfaction with physical and sports activity.

[Risk of dependence and self-esteem in elderly people according to physical activity and drug consumption]. / Riesgo de dependencia y autoestima en personas mayores de 60 años según la actividad física y el consumo farmacológico.

OBJECTIVE: Despite knowing that the practice of physical activity can positively influence the health of older people, there are variables such as the risk of dependency and the level of self-esteem that can mediate people´s quality of life. The objective of this study was to know the relationship between the risk of dependence and level of self-esteem in older people. METHODS: 515 seniors between 60 and 90 years old were interviewed. A single measurement was made, using different scales and validated questionnaires (Rosenberg personal self-esteem scale, Barber test and Modified Baecke PAQ questionnaire). Statistical analyzes (with the SPSS v. 23.0 program) descriptive, ANOVA, linear regression analysis and correlations were performed. RESULTS: 89.1% had dependency risk, 32.6% were physically active and 43.3% had low self-esteem. The level of physical activity practice showed significant differences (p<0.001) favorable to active people, who had a lower risk of dependence, better self-esteem and lower consumption of medications than sedentary ones. CONCLUSIONS: The practice of physical activity helps reduce drug consumption, which improves the self-esteem of the elderly and decreases the risk of dependence.

OBJETIVO: A pesar de saberse que la práctica de actividad física puede influir positivamente sobre la salud de las personas mayores, existen variables como el riesgo de dependencia y el nivel de autoestima que pueden mediar en la calidad de vida de las personas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la relación existente entre el riesgo de dependencia y el nivel de autoestima en las personas mayores. METODOS: Se entrevistaron 515 personas mayores, de entre 60 y 90 años de edad. Se realizó una única medición, utilizando diferentes escalas y cuestionarios validados (Escala de autoestima personal de Rosenberg, test de Barber y cuestionario Modificado Baecke PAQ). Se realizaron análisis estadísticos (con el programa SPSS v. 23.0) descriptivos, ANOVA, análisis de regresión lineal y correlaciones. RESULTADOS: El 89,1% presentó riesgo de dependencia, el 32,6% eran activos físicamente y el 43,3% tenían autoestima baja. El nivel de práctica de actividad física evidenció diferencias significativas (p<0,001) favorables para las personas activas, las cuales presentaban menor riesgo de dependencia, mejor autoestima y menor consumo de medicamentos que las sedentarias. CONCLUSIONES: La práctica de actividad física ayuda a la reducción del consumo farmacológico, lo cual mejora la autoestima de las personas mayores y disminuye el riesgo de dependencia.

Barriers Perceived by Managers and Clinical Professionals Related to the Implementation of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Breastfeeding through the Best Practice Spotlight Organization Program.

International institutions facilitate the contact of health professionals to evidence-based recommendations for promoting exclusive breast feeding (BF). However, the achievement of good rates of exclusive BF is still far from the optimum. The intention of the present work is to determine the barriers identified by managers and health professionals involved in the implementation and sustainability of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) for breastfeeding under the auspices of the Best Practice Spotlight Organization program. A qualitative research study was carried out. The participants were managers, healthcare assistants, nurses, midwives, pediatricians and gynecologists. Semi-structured interviews were conducted which were transcribed and analyzed using the six steps of thematic analysis. Twenty interviews were conducted, which defined four major themes: (1) Lack of resources and their adaptation; (2) Where, Who and How; (3) Dissemination and reach of the project to the professionals; and (4) The mother and her surroundings. This research identifies the barriers perceived by the health professionals involved in the implementation, with the addition of the managers as well. Novel barriers appeared such as the ambivalent role of the midwives and the fact that this CPG is about promoting health. The efforts for promoting the implementation program should be continuous, and the services should be extended to primary care.

The Influence of Physical Activity, Diet, Weight Status and Substance Abuse on Students' Self-Perceived Health.

The objective of this study was to determine the level and relationship between the self-perceived health of adolescents in relation to the level of practice of physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, weight status and consumption of substance abuse, such as alcohol and tobacco. A total of 516 adolescent students between the ages of 12 and 16 completed a series of questionnaires to assess their health, physical activity, compliance with the Mediterranean diet and alcohol and tobacco consumption. Adolescents who practice more physical activity have better health and greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The level of health is higher among adolescents with greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet, evidencing better health among those who consume less tobacco. These results show the need to involve the educational community, families and the media to promote healthy lifestyle habits that can help physical activity and sports professionals in the development of theoretical-practical proposals aimed at improving the health of students.

[Phisical activity practice according to adherence to the Mediterranean diet, alcohol consumption and motivation in adolescents]. / Práctica de actividad física según adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, consumo de alcohol y motivación en adolescentes.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the study during adolescence of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, alcohol consumption, weight status as well as the practice of physical activity is fundamental to promote healthy habits conducive to a better quality of life in adulthood. Objectives: to know the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (DM) in the adolescent population, the weight status, the consumption of alcohol and the practice of physical activity (AF); and to analyze if in the studied sample there is an association between the motivation towards the realization of physical and sports practice and sex, age, body mass index (BMI), DM, the consumption of alcohol and the practice of FA. Methods: transversal descriptive study of 648 adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was analyzed with the KIDMED test; alcohol consumption, with the alcohol consumption scale; physical activity, with the IPAQ-A; and physical-sport motivation, with the CSAPPA scale. Results: according to the results, 17.6% of school children are overweight, 73.4% have high adherence to DM, and most do not consume or make moderate alcohol consumption and practice vigorous intensity AF within the recommended ranges. Men have a higher BMI (20.86 vs 20.67) and practice more days per week vigorous AF than women (3.16 vs 2.45). Schoolchildren who enjoy more the practice of AF have a better diet, spend more time doing AF and consume less alcohol. Conclusion: adolescents who do more physical activity have greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet, reduce alcohol consumption, have better weight status and increase physical-sports motivation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el estudio durante la adolescencia de la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM), el consumo de alcohol, el estatus ponderal así como la práctica de actividad física (AF) es fundamental para fomentar hábitos saludables conducentes a una mejor calidad de vida en la edad adulta. Objetivos: el objetivo del presente estudio es conocer en población adolescente la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, el estatus ponderal, el consumo de alcohol y la práctica de actividad física, así como analizar si en la muestra estudiada existe asociación entre la motivación hacia la realización de práctica física-deportiva y el sexo, la edad, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la DM, el alcohol y la práctica de AF. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal de 648 adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 16 años. Se analizó la adhesión a la dieta mediterránea con el test KIDMED, el consumo de alcohol con la escala de consumo de alcohol, la actividad física con el IPAQ-A y la motivación física-deportiva con la escala CSAPPA. Resultados: el 17,6% de los escolares presenta sobrepeso, el 73,4% tiene una alta adherencia a la DM, la mayoría no consume o hace un consumo moderado de alcohol y practica AF de intensidad vigorosa dentro de los rangos recomendados. Los varones tienen mayor IMC (20,86 vs. 20,67) y practican más días a la semana AF vigorosa que las mujeres (3,16 vs. 2,45). Los escolares que disfrutan más con la práctica de AF tienen una mejor alimentación, destinan más tiempo a hacer AF y consumen menos alcohol. Conclusión: los adolescentes que hacen más actividad física presentan mayor adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, reducen el consumo de alcohol, tienen mejor estatus ponderal e incrementan la motivación física-deportiva.

[Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in rural and urban adolescents of southern Spain, life satisfaction, anthropometry, and physical and sedentary activities]. / Adherencia a la dieta mediterránea en adolescentes rurales y urbanos del sur de España, satisfacción con la vida, antropometría y actividades físicas y sedentarias.

BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean diet is one of the healthier diet models. Mediterranean food patterns are suffering a deterioration that can especially affect children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: Determine adherence to the Mediterranean diet in adolescents of southern Spain and its relationship with the residence area, sex, age, life satisfaction, anthropometry, and habits of physical activity and sedentary activities. METHODOLOGY: A total of 1973 adolescents (11-18 years) of southern Spain participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Cut-off value between rural and urban locations was 10000 inhabitants. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was calculated from the KIDMED questionnaire. Life satisfaction, physical activity, and sedentary activities also were measured through valid and reliable questionnaires. Body mass index and % body fat were measured using the TANITA BC-420-S body analyzer. RESULTS: 30.9% of the adolescents reported an optimal quality diet, percent higher in rural locations (P < 0.05). Adherence was lower in older adolescents (P < 0.001), it was not different between sexes or according to anthropometric variables. Adolescents more satisfied with their lives (P < 0.001), more active (P < 0.001), more studious (P < 0.001), and less sedentary in front of a screen (P < 0.001) showed greater adherence to the Mediterranean food pattern. CONCLUSION: The majority of adolescents need to improve their nutritional quality. Compared with these subjects, the adolescents most adherent to the Mediterranean diet had a healthier lifestyle and they showed greater life satisfaction.

Introducción: La dieta mediterránea es uno de los modelos más saludables de dieta. Los patrones alimentarios mediterráneos están sufriendo un deterioro que puede afectar especialmente a niños y adolescentes. Objetivo: Determinar la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de los adolescentes del sur de España y su relación con el área de residencia, sexo, edad, satisfacción con la vida, características antropométricas y hábitos de actividad física y sedentaria. Métodos: Un total de 1.973 adolescentes (11-18 años) del sur de España participaron en este estudio descriptivo transversal. El punto de corte entre poblaciones rurales y urbanas fue 10.000 habitantes. La adherencia a la dieta mediterránea fue calculada a partir del cuestionario KIDMED. Satisfacción con la vida, actividad física y sedentarismo también mediante cuestionarios fiables y válidos. Índice de masa corporal y % de grasa corporal fueron medidos utilizando el analizador corporal TANITA BC-420-S. Resultados: El 30,9% de los adolescentes reportó una dieta de calidad óptima, porcentaje superior en poblaciones rurales (P < 0,05). La adherencia fue menor en los adolescentes de mayor edad (P < 0,001), sin diferir entre sexos ni según las variables antropométricas. Los adolescentes más satisfechos con sus vidas (P < 0,001), más activos (P < 0,001), más estudiosos (P < 0,001) y menos sedentarios delante de una pantalla (P < 0,001) mostraron mayor adherencia al patrón alimentario mediterráneo. Conclusión: La mayoría de adolescentes necesitan mejorar su calidad nutricional. En comparación con estos sujetos, los más adheridos a la dieta mediterránea llevaban un estilo de vida más saludable y mostraron mayor satisfacción con sus vidas.

After-school leisure time: physical activity and estimated caloric expenditure in schoolchildren from southeast Spain / El periodo de ocio extraescolar: actividad física y gasto energético estimado en escolares del sureste español

Abstract Introduction: The after-school period is commonly used by schoolchildren to do physical activities; however, the level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and caloric expenditure achieved during that period of time is unknown. Objective: To analyze the physical activity levels and the estimated caloric expenditure during the after-school period. Materials and methods: 408 schoolchildren enrolled in the Spanish education system and aged between 11 and 12 years were included in the study, of whom 205 were females (11,21±0,41) and 203 males (11,20±0,40). This is a descriptive, relational and cross-sectional study. Schoolchildren reported their physical activity by means of the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR) instrument. Physical activity was analyzed through the average minutes involved in MVPA (>3METs) and the caloric expenditure taken from the MET levels. Results: The results showed a higher average of MVPA (p<0.05) and caloric expenditure (p<0.001) in males than in females. Conclusions: The average MVPA minutes estimated by schoolchildren meet the recommendations of daily physical activity established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Special attention is required for the female gender and the beginning of adolescence.

Resumen Introducción. Por lo general, el periodo de ocio extraescolar es empleado por los escolares para realizar actividades físicas; sin embargo, se desconoce el nivel de actividad física de moderada a vigorosa intensidad (AFMV) y de gasto calórico registrados en ese periodo. Objetivo. Analizar los niveles de actividad física y gasto energético estimado durante el periodo de ocio extraescolar. Materiales y métodos. Participaron 408 escolares, con un rango de edad entre 11 y 12 años, siendo 205 niñas (11.21±0.41) y 203 niños (11.20±0.40) del sistema educativo español. Se siguió un diseño de tipo descriptivo relacional y de carácter transversal. Los escolares registraron la actividad física con el instrumento Previous Day Physical Activity Recall y su análisis se hizo a través del promedio de minutos realizando AFMV (>3 MET) y el gasto calórico extraído de los niveles de MET. Resultados. Se encontraron medias superiores para los hombres respecto a las mujeres, tanto en los minutos de AFMV (p<0.05) como en el gasto calórico (p<0.001) registrado. Conclusiones. El promedio de minutos de AFMV estimada por los escolares estudiados cumple con los valores diarios recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se debe prestar especial atención al género femenino y a la entrada a la adolescencia.

Vacuna antirrabica de cerebro de raton lactante. Tratamiento humano poseexposición en el Ecuador / Rabies suckling mouse brain vaccine. Postexposure human treatment in Ecuador

At the Leopoldo Izquieta Perez National Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in Guayaquil, Ecuador, between November 1983 and February 1985 an evaluation was done of the serological response of two groups, of 19 volunteers each, who received rabies suckling mouse brain (SMB) vaccine produced by that institution and quality- controlled by the PAHO/WHO Pan Américan Zoonoses Center. Two postexposure treatment schemes were used: one group received 14 doses of rabies SMB vaccine (one per day) plus three boosters at 10, 20, and 90 days after the last dose of the initial series; the other group recieved six doses (one per day) and two boosters at 20 and 90 days after completing the initial series. It was not possible to demonstrate statistically significant differences between the median titers of the rabies neutralizing antibody in the two groups at 32, 98, and 180 days after the beginning of the two treatments. The results of this study could serve as a basis for the health authorities of Ecuador in their adoption of a limited vaccination scheme that is more innocuous, effective, and economical than the scheme presently applied in that country