Retrospective database analysis for clinical diagnoses commonly associated with pneumococcal diseases in the Malaysian healthcare system over a 3-year period (2013-2015).

BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of morbidity and mortality across all ages, particularly in younger children and older adults. Here, we describe pneumococcal disease hospitalizations at Ministry of Health (MoH) facilities in Malaysia between 2013 and 2015. METHODS: This was a retrospective databases analysis. Tabular data from the Malaysian Health Data Warehouse (MyHDW) were used to identify microbiologically confirmed, pneumococcal disease hospitalizations and deaths during hospitalization, using hospital-assigned ICD-10 codes (i.e., classified as meningitis, pneumonia, or non-meningitis non-pneumonia). Case counts, mortality counts, and case fatality rates were reported by patient age group and by Malaysian geographic region. RESULTS: A total of 683 pneumococcal disease hospitalizations were identified from the analysis: 53 pneumococcal meningitis hospitalizations (5 deaths and 48 discharges), 413 pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalizations (24 deaths and 389 discharges), and 205 non-meningitis non-pneumonia pneumococcal disease hospitalizations (58 deaths and 147 discharges). Most hospitalizations occurred in children aged < 2 years. Crude mortality was highest among children aged < 2 years (for all three disease categories), among adults aged ≥ 65 years (for pneumococcal pneumonia), or among adults aged 65-85 years (for non-meningitis non-pneumonia pneumococcal disease). The case fatality rate, all ages included, was 5.8% for pneumococcal pneumonia, 9.1% for pneumococcal meningitis, and 28.3% for non-meningitis non-pneumonia pneumococcal disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to document pneumococcal disease hospitalizations and deaths during hospitalization in Malaysia. Although this database analysis likely underestimated case counts, and the true disease burden could be even greater, the study demonstrates a substantial burden of pneumococcal disease. Public health measures, including vaccination, would significantly contribute to the prevention of hospitalizations and deaths associated with pneumococcal disease in Malaysia.

The burden of Clostridioides difficile infections in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific: A narrative review.

BACKGROUND: Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) is well-documented in Europe and North America to be a common cause of healthcare-associated gastrointestinal tract infections. In contrast, C difficile infection (CDI) is infrequently reported in literature from Asia, which may reflect a lack of clinician awareness. We conducted a narrative review to better understand CDI burden in Asia. METHODS: We searched the PubMed database for English language articles related to C difficile, Asia, epidemiology, and molecular characteristics (eg, ribotype, antimicrobial resistance). RESULTS: Fifty-eight articles that met eligibility criteria were included. C difficile prevalence ranged from 7.1% to 45.1 % of hospitalized patients with diarrhea, and toxigenic strains among all C difficile in these patients ranged from 68.2% to 91.9 % in China and from 39.0% to 60.0 % outside of China. Widespread C difficile ribotypes were RT017, RT014/020, RT012, and RT002. Recurrence in patients with CDI ranged from 3.0% to 17.2 %. Patients with CDI typically had prior antimicrobial use recently. High rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and erythromycin were frequently reported. CONCLUSION: The regional CDI burden in Asia is still incompletely documented, seemingly due to low awareness and limited laboratory testing. Despite this apparent under recognition, the current CDI burden highlights the need for broader surveillance and for application of preventative measures against CDI in Asia.

A Narrative Review of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Response in the Kingdom of Bahrain.

Background: The Kingdom of Bahrain has reported more than 696,000 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 1548 associated deaths as of December 26, 2022. Objectives: To better inform responses to future public health threats, this narrative review documents the challenges and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Methods: A PubMed search was conducted focusing on severe acute respiratory syndrome or COVID-19 in Bahrain. Additional relevant references were also included from the authors' personal reference collections. Results: The search indicated that Bahrain achieved well-established control of the pandemic through robust public health measures, including an early, comprehensive vaccination program. Bahrain was among the first countries to grant emergency authorization for COVID-19 vaccines; as of December 2022, nearly 73% of the eligible population has been fully vaccinated, and approximately 60% has been boosted. Low case rates in recent months highlight Bahrain's successful response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: Early organization, robust and systematic protective measures, and a comprehensive vaccination program were key components of the Kingdom's response to the pandemic; traveler quarantines and attempts to combat misinformation were of little or no benefit. These lessons provide guidance for future preparedness to minimize the public health impacts of another pandemic. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2024; XX:XXX-XXX).

Duration of SARS-CoV-2 shedding: A systematic review.

Background: Positive viral severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cultures indicate shedding of infectious virus and corresponding transmission risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The research question of this systematic review was: Is there a discernible pattern in the timing of SARS-CoV-2 virus isolation, and what is the proportion of positive and negative results for isolation of SARS-CoV-2 virus with viral culture relative to the onset of clinical symptoms or the day of diagnosis, as indicated by longitudinal studies? Methods: We systematically searched PubMed and Embase from inception to 16 February 2023 for English-language studies with serial viral culture testing within symptomatic or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons during the post-vaccination period. Outcomes of interest were the daily culture status per study and the overall daily culture positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2. We critically appraised the selected studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. Results: We included 14 viral shedding studies in this systematic review. Positive viral SARS-CoV-2 cultures were detected in samples ranging from 4 days before to 18 days after symptom onset. The daily culture SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate since symptom onset or diagnosis showed a steep decline between day 5 and 9, starting with a peak ranging from 44% to 50% on days -1 to 5, decreasing to 28% on day 7 and 11% on day 9, and finally ranging between 0% and 8% on days 10-17. Conclusions: Viral shedding peaked within 5 days since symptom onset or diagnosis and the culture positivity rate rapidly declined hereafter. This systematic review provides an overview of current evidence on the daily SARS-CoV-2 culture positivity rates during the post-vaccination period. These findings could be used to estimate the effectiveness of public health control measures, including treatment and preventive strategies, to reduce the spread of COVID-19.

Epidemiology and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents in the pre-Omicron era: A global systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, CQvip, and the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 global literature databases for primary studies recruiting children aged ≤18 years with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed either by molecular or antigen tests. We used the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools to appraise the study quality and conducted meta-analyses using the random effects model for all outcomes except for race/ethnicity as risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: We included 237 studies, each reporting at least one of the study outcomes. Based on data from 117 studies, the pooled SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate was 9.30% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 7.15-11.73). Having a comorbidity was identified as a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection (risk ratio (RR) = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.04-1.71) based on data from 49 studies. Most cases in this review presented with mild disease (n = 50; 52.47% (95% CI = 44.03-60.84)). However, 20.70% of paediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections were hospitalised (67 studies), 7.19% required oxygen support (57 studies), 4.26% required intensive care (93 studies), and 2.92% required assisted ventilation (63 studies). The case fatality ratio (n = 119) was 0.87% (95% CI = 0.54-1.28), which included in-hospital and out-of-hospital deaths. Conclusions: Our data showed that children were at risk for SARS-CoV-2 infections and severe outcomes in the pre-Omicron era. These findings underscore the need for effective vaccination strategies for the paediatric population to protect against the acute and long-term sequelae of COVID-19. Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42022327680.

COVID-19 in Latin America: A Snapshot in Time and the Road Ahead.

Since its initial detection in Brazil in February 2020, SARS-CoV-2 and the associated COVID-19 pandemic have continued to devastate Latin America. Specific comorbidities, as well as sociodemographic and lifestyle factors that may be more prevalent in underserved areas, have been identified as risk factors for COVID-19 infection or associated adverse outcomes. Dynamics of infections and deaths in Latin America have varied by country and temporally, as has SARS-CoV-2 variant prevalence; however, more recently, the Delta and subsequent Omicron variants have become ubiquitous. Successful pandemic responses have involved robust infection mitigation measures, testing, and smart deployment of healthcare resourcing. While in some Latin American countries up to 90% of the population is fully vaccinated (i.e., 2 doses) against COVID-19, other countries have failed to reach the World Health Organization's 70% target. Continued focus on comprehensive surveillance, strategies to maximize vaccine availability and uptake, and mitigation of collateral damage on other aspects of public health and social services are critical for managing the COVID-19 pandemic. This review summarizes the COVID-19 experience in Latin America, including epidemiology and vaccination. Key learnings and future considerations for the ongoing pandemic response are also discussed.

The COVID-19 experience in Africa and the Middle East.

AIMS: The experience of Africa and the Middle East with the COVID-19 pandemic has been unique, which can be attributed, in part, to disparities within these regions. METHODS: This review describes COVID-19 emergence, epidemiology, vaccination strategies and uptake, and lessons learned within Africa and the Middle East. RESULTS: For vaccines to be effective in curtailing COVID-19, a global approach to vaccination is required. However, vaccine inequities exist in Africa and the Middle East, with countries with better healthcare infrastructure having advantages in acquiring and delivering vaccines. Currently, the greatest challenges to the effective rollout of COVID-19 vaccination in Africa and the Middle East are funding, healthcare resources, infrastructure, and vaccine access and hesitancy. While mechanisms to support vaccine access in low- and middle-income countries are initiated, their success has been limited and vaccine inequity is arguably the biggest hurdle to a successful response. The collection of surveillance data at both regional and global levels is also critical in response to the pandemic and provides the necessary tools and data to drive vaccine development. CONCLUSION: These considerations of the learnings can help refine the pandemic response and inform countries to better prepare for similar public health emergencies.

Learnings from previous epidemics enabled African nations to respond rapidly and cohesively to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic; similarly, nations in the Middle East also drew on previous outbreaks of other viruses to respond robustly, although perhaps less cohesively than the African nations.The populations of Africa and the Middle East share many of the same comorbidities (with the exception of HIV in Africa) and risk factors as other regions of the world, and both have experienced multiple waves of COVID-19 infections as new genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2 have evolved.African and Middle Eastern nations have had a wide range of success in vaccine rollout and uptake due to several factors including national wealth/income, populations with varying levels of vaccine hesitancy, and a range of access to private and/or public healthcare.Current challenges, some of which are being addressed by governmental and international entities, include a lack of vaccine- and surveillance-related infrastructure, needed improvement in regulatory standards, and persistent financial strains on healthcare systems that hinder improvements in vaccine delivery.

Incidence and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the pre-Omicron era: A global systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: With the emergence of new variants and sub-lineages of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), reinfections can significantly impact herd immunity, vaccination policies, and decisions on other public health measures. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesise the global evidence on SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in the pre-Omicron era. Methods: We searched five global databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Global Health, WHO COVID-19) on 12 May 2022 and 28 July 2023 and three Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang, CQvip) on 16 October 2022 for articles reporting incidence and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection before the period of Omicron (B.1.1.529) predominance. We assessed risk of bias using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools and conducted meta-analyses with random effects models to estimate the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among initially infected cases and hospitalisation and mortality proportions among reinfected ones. Results: We identified 7593 studies and extracted data from 64 included ones representing 21 countries. The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was 1.16% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.33) based on 11 639 247 initially infected cases, with ≥45 days between the two infections. Healthcare providers (2.28%; 95% CI = 1.37-3.40) had a significantly higher risk of reinfection than the general population (1.00%; 95% CI = 0.81-1.20), while young adults aged 18 to 35 years (1.01%; 95% CI = 0.8-1.25) had a higher reinfection burden than other age groups (children <18 years old: 0.57%; 95% CI = 0.39-0.79, older adults aged 36-65 years old: 0.53%; 95% CI = 0.41-0.65, elderly >65 years old: 0.37%; 95% CI = 0.15-0.66). Among the reinfected cases, 8.12% (95% CI = 5.30-11.39) were hospitalised, 1.31% (95% CI = 0.29-2.83) were admitted to the intensive care unit, and 0.71% (95% CI = 0.02-2.01) died. Conclusions: Our data suggest a relatively low risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the pre-Omicron era, but the risk of hospitalisation was relatively high among the reinfected cases. Considering the possibility of underdiagnosis, the reinfection burden may be underestimated. Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42023449712.

Outcomes among Thai children with risk conditions hospitalized for pneumococcal disease (invasive or non-bacteraemic pneumonia): A multi-centre, observational study.

Objective: To describe the risk condition status and clinical outcomes among Thai children hospitalized with pneumococcal disease. Methods: In this retrospective analysis, children with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) or x-ray-confirmed non-bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia (NBPP) were identified from nine hospitals in Thailand between 2010 and 2019. Data on risk factors and outcomes were extracted from medical records. Results: In total, 413 cases were identified: 319 IPD and 94 NBPP. Overall, 133 (32.2%) patients were admitted to intensive care units and 11/406 (2.7%) died. Twenty-seven percent of IPD cases had at-risk conditions and 15% had high-risk conditions. Most IPD cases (32.9%) occurred in children aged 2-4 years, and most NBPP cases (28.7%) occurred in infants aged 0-11 months. Of 51 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected, 41 (80%) were pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine serotypes. Only 5.1% of children had received a pneumococcal vaccine. Conclusions: Most children with IPD and NBPP did not have high-risk or at-risk conditions, while 42% had at-risk or high-risk conditions for pneumococcal disease. Very few children in the cohort had received any type of pneumococcal vaccine. Increasing the availability of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines should be considered to reduce the burden of pneumococcal disease among children in Thailand.

Development of zinc oxide/hydroxyapatite/poly(D,L-lactic acid) fibrous scaffold for tissue engineering applications.

Scaffolds based on polymeric fibers represent an engaging biomedical device due to their particular morphology and similarity with extracellular matrices. The biggest challenge to use fibrous materials in the biomedical field is related to their favorable platform for the adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, their optimum performance not only depends on their bioactive potential but also on their antimicrobial properties. The aim of this work was the design of antimicrobial (zinc oxide, ZnO) and bioactive (hydroxyapatite, Hap) fibrous materials using poly(D, L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) as the polymer fiber substrate. Fiber based composite scaffolds were developed using the Forcespinning® technique. For analysis purposes, the morphological, thermal, antimicrobial and biological properties of the fibrous hybrid system obtained at a concentration of 5 wt% of ZnO and 5 wt% of Hap were studied. The incorporation of the aforementioned nanoparticles (NPs) mixture in PDLLA led to an increase in viscosity and a pseudo-plastic tendency of the precursor solution, which caused an increase in fiber diameters and their dispersion of values. Small cavities and certain roughness were the main surface morphology observed on the fibers before and after NPs incorporation. The fiber thermal stability decreased due to the presence of the NPs. The antimicrobial properties of the hybrid fibrous scaffold presented a growth inhibition (GI) of 70 and 85% for E. coli and S. aureus strains, respectively. Concerning the osteoblast-cell compatibility, PDLLA and hybrid PDLLA scaffold showed low toxicity (cell viabilities above 80%), allowing cell growth inside its three-dimension structure and favorable cell morphology extended along the fibers. This behavior suggests a promising potential of this hybrid PDLLA scaffold for bone application.

Effects of Poloxamer Content and Storage Time of Biodegradable Starch-Chitosan Films on Its Thermal, Structural, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties.

Biodegradable packaging prepared from starch is an alternative to fossil-based plastic packaging. However, the properties of starch packaging do not comply with the necessary physicochemical properties to preserve food. Hence, in a previous study, we reported the preparation of a composite polymer material based on starch-chitosan-pluronic F127 that was found to be an adequate alternative packaging material. In this study, we modified the physicochemical properties of this material by storing it for 16 months under ambient conditions. The results indicate that the incorporation of pluronic F127 in the blend polymer can help avoid the retrogradation of starch. Moreover, at higher concentrations of pluronic F127, wettability is reduced. Finally, after storage, the materials exhibited surface modification, which is related to a color change and an increase in solubility, as well as a slight increase in stiffness.

Loading of doxorubicin on poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) nanoparticles and release study.

Nanoparticles (NP) of 12.7 nm in diameter of the poly(methyl methacrylate (MMA)-co-methacrylic acid (MAA)) copolymer were prepared. 13C-NMR results showed a MMA:MAA molar ratio of 0.64:0.36 in the copolymer, which is similar to the poly(MMA-co-MAA) commercially known as the FDA approved Eudragit S100 (0.67:0.33). The NP prepared in this study were loaded at pH 5 with varying amounts (from 0.54 to 6.91%) of doxorubicin (DOX), an antineoplastic drug. 1H-NMR results indicated the electrostatic interactions between the ionized carboxylic groups of the MAA units in the copolymer and the proton of the glycosidic amine in DOX. Measurements by QLS and TEM indicated that the loading destabilizes the NP, and that for increase stability, they aggregate in a reversible way, forming aggregates with a diameter up to 99.5 nm at a DOX load of 6.91%. The analysis of drug release data at pH 7.4 showed that loaded NP with at least 4.38% DOX release the drug very slowly and follows the Higuchi model; the former suggests that they could remain for long periods in the bloodstream to reach and destroy cancer cells.

Development of Multifunctional Materials Based on Poly(ether ether ketone) with Improved Biological Performances for Dental Applications.

The main target for the future of materials in dentistry aims to develop dental implants that will have optimal integration with the surrounding tissues, while preventing or avoiding bacterial infections. In this project, poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), known for its suitable biocompa-tibility and mechanical properties for dental applications, was loaded with 1, 3, and 5 wt.% ZnO nanoparticles to provide antibacterial properties and improve interaction with cells. Sample cha-racterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as mechanical properties showed the presence of the nanoparticles and their effect in PEEK matrices, preserving their relevant properties for dental applications. Al-though, the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles did not improve the mechanical properties and a slight decrease in the thermal stability of the materials was observed. Hemocompatibility and osteoblasts-like cell viability tests showed improved biological performances when ZnO was present, demonstrating high potential for dental implant applications.

Evaluation of the satisfaction of the patient undergoing screening colonoscopy and quality of the procedure.

BACKGROUND: Screening colonoscopy requires quality parameters to determine its efficacy to detect cancerous or precancerous lesions. Limitations of the procedure are the patient's rejection, difficulty for its preparation or lack of preparation. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether patient satisfaction correlates with the quality of the procedure. METHOD: 100 consecutive patients for a screening colonoscopy were included, they were randomized to use a preparation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or sodium picosulfate (P). In addition, a second parameter evaluated was related to a follow-up phone call performed to half of the patients prior to the study, during the preparation time. RESULTS: P was better tolerated and qualified, however, there was no difference with the quality of preparation, adenomatous polyps detection rate, cecum insertion rate and patient satisfaction. A difference was found in whom had a follow-up phone call. DISCUSSION: A good colon preparation is a key factor to have a quality colonoscopy, and it has been shown important that a good relationship for explain the doubts and follow the preparation. CONCLUSION: It was found that the type of preparation and patient follow-up during the study correlate with the quality of the study and patient satisfaction.

ANTECEDENTES: La colonoscopia de escrutinio requiere parámetros de calificación para determinar su eficiencia en la detección de lesiones cancerosas o precancerosas. Sus limitantes son su rechazo, la dificultad durante su preparación o la falta de preparación. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la satisfacción del paciente y los criterios de calidad del estudio. MÉTODO: Se incluyeron 100 pacientes enviados para colonoscopia de escrutinio asignados aleatoriamente a uno de dos grupos de preparación colónica: polietilenglicol (PEG) o picosulfato de sodio (P), para evaluar la satisfacción y la limpieza colónica. Otra evaluación fue por medio de llamada de refuerzo al momento de la preparación. RESULTADOS: Con P se tuvieron mejores tolerabilidad y calificaciones de satisfacción, en comparación con PEG. No hubo diferencia para la calidad de la limpieza, la tasa de detección de pólipos adenomatosos ni la intubación cecal. La llamada telefónica de reforzamiento incrementó la satisfacción, la limpieza colónica y la tasa de detección de adenomas. DISCUSIÓN: Una relación estrecha con el paciente durante su proceso de limpieza y explicación del procedimiento se ha visto como uno de los factores más importantes para lograr una colonoscopia de alta calidad. CONCLUSIÓN: El tipo de preparación colónica y la intervención durante la preparación se relacionaron con una mejor calidad del estudio y una mayor satisfacción del paciente.

Comprehensive review on electrospinning techniques as versatile approaches toward antimicrobial biopolymeric composite fibers.

Electrospun (bio)polymeric fibers have attracted widespread interest as functional materials with suitable morphology and properties for their use as tissue engineering scaffolds and/or wound dressings. The fibrous/porous morphology of this type of materials promotes the adhesion and proliferation of tissue cells, but on the other hand, pathogenic microorganisms unfortunately can also be attached to the fibers, thus leading to serious infections and consequently to the immediate removal of the scaffolds or wound dressings, which may imply greater tissue damage. In this context, this review addresses the more recent approaches based on electrospinning and related techniques for developing composite (bio)polymeric fibers with tailored antimicrobial properties either by using mere electrospinning for the incorporation of well-defined antimicrobial nanoparticles (silver, gold, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, etc.) or by resorting to the combination of electrospraying and electrospinning for the generation of nanoparticle-coated fibers, as well as coaxial electrospinning for obtaining fibers with nanoparticle-rich surface.

[Bacteriological evaluation of fresh tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) coming from the northern region of Costa Rica]. / Evaluación de la calidad bacteriológica de tilapia fresca (Oreochromis niloticus) proveniente de la zona norte de Costa Rica.

The following work presents an evaluation of the normal and pathogenic flora associated to tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), since there are no previous national studies referred to the microbiological quality of this product. The total aerobic plate count, lactic bacteria, Enterococcus sp and Aeromonas sp and fecal and total coliform count, and the presence of Listeria sp and Salmonella spp from the external surface of tilapias were evaluated. A total of 50 samples, coming from San Carlos and Cañas zones were transported in ice to the Food and Water Microbiology Laboratory, Universidad de Costa Rica, where the laboratory analysis were performed, according to the methodology presented by de American Public Health Association, 1998. The results obtained confirm the microbiological freshness of the product when the analysis was performed, although coliform levels were unacceptable. Listeria sp was not found, but the isolation of Salmonella spp. confirms the fecal contamination of water where the tilapia is grown, aside of the Public Health concern. Also, it was found a high number of Aeromonas sp, as part of its normal flora, so we recommend including this genus in the quality standards for fresh fish. According to the data obtained, there was no significant difference (95% confidence) between the total plate count, fecal and total coliforms, Enterococcus sp. and Aeromonas sp. from the samples coming from the zones of San Carlos and Cañas.

Risk factors for alcohol consumption in adolescents students / Fatores de risco para o consumo de álcool em adolescentes estudantes / Factores de riesgo para el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes estudiantes

This is a qualitative and descriptive work, which has used the clinical and qualitative method. The sample was composed of nine patients living with HIV. We used the interview technique with semi-structured questions to collect data. The data were analyzed using the method of content analysis. Our objective was to describe the symbolic representations that emerged during the group activity, assigned to patients with HIV/AIDS. We conclude that the symbolic is very strong and representative in the life of this population. The myth surrounding HIV can be overcome by knowledge acquired during meetings in groups. Alternatives that offer care aimed at populations that tend to social isolation and exclusion should be encouraged by health professionals and their managers.

INTRODUÇÃO: As legislações dos países não aceitam o consumo de álcool em adolescentes, mas se observa seu aumento. OBJETIVO: Identificar o efeito dos fatores pessoais no consumo de álcool em adolescentes que estudam. MÉTODOS: Estudo correlacional em adolescentes que estudam, com amostragem aleatória realizando a seleção de uma n= 894, a aplicação de três instrumentos. RESULTADOS: O consumo de álcool alguma vez na vida foi de 65%. Encontram-se efeitos dos fatores de risco; sexo e idade sobre o consumo de álcool (c2=31.23; p=.001; R2= 27%). CONCLUSÕES: Os fatores de risco aumentam o consumo de álcool em adolescentes.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las legislaciones de los países no aceptan el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes, pero se observa incremento en ellos. OBJETIVO: Identificar el efecto de los factores personales en el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes que estudian. METODOS: diseño correlacional en adolescentes que estudian, con muestreo aleatorio se selecciona una n= 894, se aplican tres instrumentos. RESULTADOS: El consumo de alcohol alguna vez en la vida fue del 65%. Se encuentran efectos de los factores de riesgo; sexo y edad sobre el consumo de alcohol (c2=31.23; p=.001; R2= 27%). CONCLUSIONES: Los factores de riesgo incrementan el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes.

Conocimiento, razones y mitos en estudiantes de enfermería sobre la autoexploración de mama / Knowledge, reasons and myths in nursing students about breast self-exploration

Resumen

Introducción: el abordaje de las variables conocimiento, motivos y actitudes ante la autoexploración de mama, es fundamental para el diseño e implementación de estrategias que ayuden a un diagnóstico temprano de cáncer de mama.

Objetivo: Identificar el conocimiento, mitos y razones sobre el autoexamen mamario en estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad del estado de Oaxaca.

Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal, en muestra no probabilística de 114 estudiantes de enfermería, se les aplicó una cédula estructurada de datos personales, antecedentes gineco-obstétricos y factores de riesgo.

Resultados: la edad promedio fue 20 años ± 1.5, el 93% de las estudiantes eran solteras, con nivel socioeconómico bajo el 73% y medio el 27%. La edad de aparición de la menarquia fue a los 12 años, y el 98% de ellas no tiene antecedentes de gesta, partos o abortos. El conocimiento sobre la autoexploración de mama fue bueno en el 59% de las estudiantes. Las principales razones de las estudiantes para realizarse la autoexploración de mama fueron la detección oportuna y saber que están bien; entre los mitos para evitar la misma destacan que es morboso y que los senos se ponen flojos. Conclusiones: se evidenció la carga cultural y familiar de las estudiantes de enfermería respecto a los mitos sobre la autoexploración de mama; así como el conocimiento sobre los aspectos preventivos de detección oportuna y beneficios de la autoexploración.

Abstract

Introduction: The approach to the variables: knowledge, motives and attitudes towards breast self-examination is fundamental for the design and implementation of strategies that help for an early diagnosis of breast cancer.

Objective: To identify the knowledge, myths and reasons on breast self-examination in nursing students from a university in the state of Oaxaca.

Methods: transverse descriptive study was non-probability sampling and the sample was 114. Results: The mean age was 20.2 years. Marital status 93% 7% were single and married. Socioeconomic status has low 73% and 27% average. Of gynecological history obstetrics participants began their menarche at age 12 with 30.7%. The areas of birth, feat and abortions 98.2% of the sample did not exhibit any of these characteristics. Knowledge about breast self-examination (AME) 67% have good knowledge and 47% do not have knowledge. The reasons for the major AEM were opportunely detect and cure cancer, they are well known, between the myths out is morbid, the breasts become loose.

Conclusions: The research evinces that overweight and obesity are risk factors a minimum percentage; also the majority of the population is aware of the AEM. Therefore it is essential preventive strategies aimed at the early detection of breast cancer and that distinguish the myths related to it.

FUNCIONALIDAD FAMILIAR DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE UN INTEGRANTE CON DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2 EN LA SIERRA NEGRA DE PUEBLA / FAMILY FUNCTION FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF A MEMBER WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE SIERRA NEGRA DE / PUEBLA FUNCIONALIDADE FAMILIAR SOB A ÓTICA DE UM MEMBRO COM DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2 EM SIERRA NEGRA DE PUEBLA

Objetivo: identificar y Describir la Funcionalidad Familiar de Adultos con DMT2 en la Sierra Negra de Puebla. Métodos: el diseño fue descriptivo, transversal, el muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple. La muestra fue de 118 adultos con diagnóstico de DMT2. La recolección de la información fue mediante una cédula y la Escala de Efectividad en el Funcionamiento Familiar. Resultados: el rango de edad de los adultos fue de 41-59 años, predominó el sexo femenino con el 78%, el 80.6% cuenta con seguro popular, de ocupación ama de casa con el 48.4%. Con respecto a las características sociodemográficas de las familias de los adultos con DMT2, predomina la familia nuclear con el 63.5%, con 4 a 5 integrantes en la familia en el 50%. En el propósito planteado se encontró que el 61.9% tuvo una funcionalidad familiar moderada. Conclusión: la relación de la FF y FF moderada versus disfunción familiar es de casi 2.3:1 lo que indica que en la sierra negra de Puebla aún se encuentran familias integradas aun en estadios de enfermedad crónica como la DMT2.

Objective: identify and describe the Family Functionality of Adults with DMT2 in the Sierra Negra of Puebla. Method: the design was descriptive, cross-sectional, random simple probabilistic sampling. The sample consisted of 118 adults diagnosed with DMT2. The collection of the information was through a cedula and Scale of Effectiveness in the Familiar Functioning. Results: the age range of the adults was 41-59 years, predominantly the female sex with 78%, the 80.6% with the popular insurance, occupancy of the housewife with 48.4%. With regard to the sociodemographic characteristics of the families of adults with T2DM, the nuclear family predominates with 63.5%, with 4 to 5 members in the family in 50%. In the purpose presented, 61.9% had moderate family functionality. Conclusion: the relationship between FF and FF against moderate family dysfunction is about 2.3: 1, indicating that in Sierra Negra de Puebla still integrated families are found even in stages of the chronic disease like DM2.

Objetivo: identificar e descrever a funcionalidade familiar de adultos com DM2 em Sierra Negra de Puebla. Método: o desenho foi descritivo, transversal, amostragem probabilística aleatória simples. A amostra foi composta por 118 adultos diagnosticados com DM2. A coleta de informações foi através de uma cédula e da Escala de Efetividade do Funcionamento Familiar. Resultados: a faixa etária dos adultos foi de 41-59 anos, o sexo feminino predominou com 78%, 80,6% possuíam seguro popular e 48,4% eram donas de casa. Em relação às características sociodemográficas das famílias de adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, a família nuclear predominou com 63,5%, com 4 a 5 membros da família em 50%. Na presente propósito verificou-se que 61,9% tiveram um funcionamento familiar moderado. Conclusão: a relação entre o FF e FF contra disfunção familiar moderada é de cerca de 2.3:1, indicando que em Sierra Negra de Puebla ainda se encontram famílias integradas mesmo em estágios da doença crônica como DM2.

Funcionalidad familiar y capacidad física de los adultos mayores en una comunidad rural / Family functionality and physical capability of elderly population in a rural community

Introducción: En la actualidad la familia se enfrenta a difíciles retos y experimenta cambios que alteran su funcionalidad. Esta situación representa un problema de salud pública emergente en las comunidades rurales con adultos mayores (AM), quienes son marginados por sus familiares, situación que tiende a generalizarse en los próximos años con el envejecimiento poblacional. Esto, aunado a los problemas de la capacidad física (CF) propios de los AM, requiere de mayor atención de la familia, situación que merece ser estudiada desde la perspectiva teórica del cuidado de enfermería. Objetivo: Explorar y correlacionar la CF de los AM con el tipo de funcionalidad familiar en una comunidad rural, con base a la Teoría de Organización Sistémica de Friedemann (1995). Metodología: Estudio exploratorio correlacional. Se encuestaron 100 familias con integrantes AM seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico. La información se recabó a través de instrumentos validados como la Escala de Efectividad en el Funcionamiento Familiar y el Índice de Barthel, se realizó análisis con estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Mantenimiento del sistema familiar se correlacionó positivamente con la CF de movimiento y eliminación (r=0.276, p=0.005 y r=0.284, p=0.004). Discusión y conclusiones: El mantenimiento del sistema, cambio del sistema e individuación soportan la funcionalidad familiar; en este estudio quedó demostrado que estos conceptos predicen la CF del AM, con mayor importancia en la eliminación y movimiento.

Introduction: Nowadays, family faces difficult challenges and experiment changes that modify its functionality. This situation represent an emergent public health issue in rural communities with elderly people (AM) who are isolated for their family; situation that tends to generalize in the upcoming days with the population aging. Besides the troubles related to physical capability (CF) in elderly people, this problem requires better attention from the family; situation that deserves to be studied from the theoretical perspective of nursing care. Objective: To explore and correlate the CF of AM with the type of family functionality in a rural community, in the base of the Theory of Friedemann's Systemic Organization (1995). Methodology: Exploratory, co-relational study. 100 families were surveyed with AM members who were selected by probabilistic sample. Information was gathered through validated instruments such as Scale of Effectivity in Familiar Functioning and Barthel's Index. Analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Family system maintenance was positively correlated with the FC of movement and excretion. (r=0.276, p=0.005, and r=0.284, p=0.004). Discussion and conclusions: The maintenance of the system supports the familiar functionality; this study demonstrated that these concepts forecast the CF of AM with more importance on excretion and movement.