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1.
Vet Res ; 55(1): 71, 2024 May 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38822398

RESUMO

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, questions emerged about the potential effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the neurodegenerative diseases it may contribute to. To explore this, an experimental study was carried out in BCG-stimulated and non-stimulated k18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Viral loads in tissues determined by RT-qPCR, histopathology in brain and lungs, immunohistochemical study in brain (IHC) as well as mortality rates, clinical signs and plasma inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers were assessed. Our results showed BCG-SARS-CoV-2 challenged mice presented higher viral loads in the brain and an increased frequency of neuroinvasion, with the greatest differences observed between groups at 3-4 days post-infection (dpi). Histopathological examination showed a higher severity of brain lesions in BCG-SARS-CoV-2 challenged mice, mainly consisting of neuroinflammation, increased glial cell population and neuronal degeneration, from 5 dpi onwards. This group also presented higher interstitial pneumonia and vascular thrombosis in lungs (3-4 dpi), BCG-SARS-CoV-2 mice showed higher values for TNF-α and D-dimer values, while iNOS values were higher in SARS-CoV-2 mice at 3-4 dpi. Results presented in this study indicate that BCG stimulation could have intensified the inflammatory and neurodegenerative lesions promoting virus neuroinvasion and dissemination in this experimental model. Although k18-hACE2 mice show higher hACE2 expression and neurodissemination, this study suggests that, although the benefits of BCG on enhancing heterologous protection against pathogens and tumour cells have been broadly demonstrated, potential adverse outcomes due to the non-specific effects of BCG should be considered.


Assuntos
Vacina BCG , Encéfalo , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Animais , Camundongos , Vacina BCG/administração & dosagem , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/virologia , Carga Viral , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Camundongos Transgênicos , Feminino
2.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 29(6): 1136-1142, 2023 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37069624

RESUMO

SARS-CoV-2 can infect domestic animals such as cats and dogs. The zoonotic origin of the disease requires surveillance on animals. Seroprevalence studies are useful tools for detecting previous exposure because the short period of virus shedding in animals makes detection of the virus difficult. We report on an extensive serosurvey on pets in Spain that covered 23 months. We included animals with exposure to SARS-CoV-2-infected persons, random animals, and stray animals in the study. We also evaluated epidemiologic variables such as human accumulated incidence and spatial location. We detected neutralizing antibodies in 3.59% of animals and showed a correlation between COVID-19 incidence in humans and positivity to antibody detection in pets. This study shows that more pets were infected with SARS-CoV-2 than in previous reports based on molecular research, and the findings highlight the need to establish preventive measures to avoid reverse zoonosis events.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Animais , Humanos , Cães , Gatos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/veterinária , Espanha/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Animais de Estimação
3.
Prev Chronic Dis ; 18: E100, 2021 12 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34882536

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: To address the global diabetes epidemic, lifestyle counseling on diet, physical activity, and weight loss is essential. This study assessed the implementation of a diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) intervention using a mixed-methods evaluation framework. METHODS: We implemented a culturally adapted, home-based DSMES intervention in rural Indigenous Maya towns in Guatemala from 2018 through 2020. We used a pretest-posttest design and a mixed-methods evaluation approach guided by the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework. Quantitative data included baseline characteristics, implementation metrics, effectiveness outcomes, and costs. Qualitative data consisted of semistructured interviews with 3 groups of stakeholders. RESULTS: Of 738 participants screened, 627 participants were enrolled, and 478 participants completed the study. Adjusted mean change in glycated hemoglobin A1c was -0.4% (95% CI, -0.6% to -0.3%; P < .001), change in systolic blood pressure was -5.0 mm Hg (95% CI, -6.4 to -3.7 mm Hg; P < .001), change in diastolic blood pressure was -2.6 mm Hg (95% CI, -3.4 to -1.9 mm Hg; P < .001), and change in body mass index was 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3 to 0.6; P < .001). We observed improvements in diabetes knowledge, distress, and most self-care activities. Key implementation factors included 1) recruitment barriers for men, 2) importance of patient-centered care, 3) role of research staff in catalyzing health worker involvement, 4) tradeoffs between home and telephone visits, and 5) sustainability challenges. CONCLUSION: A community health worker-led DSMES intervention was successfully implemented in the public health system in rural Guatemala and resulted in significant improvements in most clinical and psychometric outcomes. Scaling up sustainable DSMES in health systems in rural settings requires careful consideration of local barriers and facilitators.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Autogestão , Agentes Comunitários de Saúde , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Guatemala , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , População Rural
4.
Chem Res Toxicol ; 33(2): 448-460, 2020 02 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31944673

RESUMO

Alcohol consumption during adolescence is known to cause different impairments in the hippocampus that could lead to persistent deficits in adulthood. A common pattern of alcohol use in adolescents consists of excessive and intermittent alcohol consumption over a very short period of time (binge drinking). Protein phosphorylation is a mechanism underlying memory processes and we have previously demonstrated changes in the rat hippocampal phosphoproteome after a single dose of ethanol; however, studies showing the phosphoprotein alterations in the hippocampus after repeated exposition to alcohol are limited. This study focuses on the identification of the phosphoproteins differentially regulated in the adolescent rat hippocampus after repeated ethanol administration by comparing different patterns of alcohol treatments according to dose and frequency of administration ((i) moderate dose-chronic use, (ii) low dose-intermittent use, and (iii) high dose-intermittent use). We have used a proteomic approach, including phosphoprotein enrichment by immobilized metal affinity chromatography, which revealed 21 proteins differentially affected depending on the pattern of alcohol treatment used. Many of these proteins are included in glycolysis and glucagon signaling pathways and are also involved in neurodegeneration, which could reinforce the role of metabolic alterations in the neural damage induced by repeated alcohol exposure during adolescence.


Assuntos
Etanol/administração & dosagem , Etanol/efeitos adversos , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteoma/metabolismo , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Etanol/farmacologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Masculino , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteômica , Ratos , Ratos Wistar
5.
Psychother Res ; 28(3): 433-445, 2018 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27631420

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Group cohesion, the establishment of hope, and the expression of feelings have been said to be the basic ingredients of group psychotherapy. To date, there is few literature describing therapeutic processes in short stay settings such as acute psychiatric wards and with special patient groups such as addictions. Our goal with this study is to describe and analyze group processes in such contexts. METHODS: We used a qualitative methodology combining constant comparative methods and hermeneutical triangulation to analyze therapeutic narratives in the context of a group analytic process carried following Foulkes' and Yalom's styles. RESULTS: The results provide a picture of the therapeutic process including the use of norms to strengthen group cohesion facilitating the expression of emotions in early stages of group development. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis is intended to be a guide for practitioners implementing group therapy in contexts involving several constraints, such as acute psychiatric wards.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade/terapia , Processos Grupais , Transtornos do Humor/terapia , Avaliação de Processos em Cuidados de Saúde , Terapia Psicanalítica/métodos , Psicoterapia de Grupo/métodos , Transtornos Psicóticos/terapia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/terapia , Adulto , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria) , Feminino , Humanos , Pacientes Internados , Masculino , Unidade Hospitalar de Psiquiatria , Pesquisa Qualitativa
6.
Chem Res Toxicol ; 30(12): 2165-2173, 2017 12 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29064675

RESUMO

Alcohol consumption during adolescence is deleterious to the developing brain and leads to persistent deficits in adulthood. Several results provide strong evidence for ethanol-associated alterations in glutamatergic signaling and impaired synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Protein phosphorylation is a well-known and well-documented mechanism in memory processes, but information on phosphoprotein alterations in hippocampus after ethanol exposure is limited. This study focuses on age-related changes in the hippocampal phosphoproteome after acute alcohol administration. We have compared the phosphoprotein expression in the hippocampus of adult and adolescent Wistar rats treated with a single dose of ethanol (5 g/kg i.p.), using a proteomic approach including phosphoprotein enrichment by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Our proteomic analysis revealed that 13 proteins were differentially affected by age, ethanol administration, or both. Most of these proteins are involved in neuroprotection and are expressed less in young rats treated with ethanol. We conclude that acute alcohol induces important changes in the expression of phosphoproteins in the hippocampus that could increase the risk of neurodegenerative disorders, especially when the alcohol exposure begins in adolescence.


Assuntos
Etanol/administração & dosagem , Etanol/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfoproteínas/biossíntese , Fosfoproteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteoma/biossíntese , Proteoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Etários , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Relação Estrutura-Atividade
7.
Eur J Nutr ; 56(5): 1833-1844, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27179820

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Our aim was to characterize the effect of an unfamiliar high-fat diet (HFD) on circadian feeding behaviour, plasma parameters, body weight (BW), and gene expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adolescent male mice. To this end, mice were allowed to consume a HFD during 48 h, but one group was allowed a free choice of HFD or normal chow (FC-HFD), while the other was restricted to a non-optional unfamiliar HFD feeding (NOP-HFD). METHODS: Energy intake was monitored at 6-h intervals during 48 h. Mice cohorts were killed at 6-h intervals after 48-h dietary treatment, and PFC samples dissected for RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS: Mice on the FC-HFD protocol avoided eating the standard chow, showed lower energy intake and lower BW increase than NOP-HFD mice. All animals with access to HFD exhibited nocturnal overeating, but diurnal hyperphagia was more prominent in the FC-HFD cohort. A robust increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) gene expression was detected specifically during the light period of the circadian cycle in FC-HFD mice. In contrast, both protocols similarly up-regulated the expression of cytosolic malic enzyme (Me1), which is very sensitive to HFD. CONCLUSION: Our data show that the PFC participates in driving motivational feeding during HFD-evoked hyperphagia and also suggest that sensory neural pathways might be relevant for the onset of eating disorders and overweight. Moreover, we have observed that animals that had the possibility of choosing between standard chow and HFD were more hyperphagic and specifically displayed an overexpression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene.


Assuntos
Comportamento de Escolha , Ritmo Circadiano , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Energia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Hiperfagia , Insulina/sangue , Leptina/sangue , Leptina/genética , Malato Desidrogenase/genética , Malato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Sobrepeso/etiologia , Sobrepeso/genética , Receptores para Leptina/sangue , Receptores para Leptina/genética , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/genética , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Aumento de Peso
8.
BMC Public Health ; 17(Suppl 1): 384, 2017 05 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28699552

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the vector for dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya, and zika viruses. Inadequate vector control has contributed to persistence and increase of these diseases. This review assesses the evidence of effectiveness of different control measures in reducing Aedes aegypti proliferation, using standard entomological indices. METHODS: A systematic search of Medline, Ovid, BVS, LILACS, ARTEMISA, IMBIOMED and MEDIGRAPHIC databases identified cluster randomised controlled trials (CRCTs) of interventions to control Aedes aegypti published between January 2003 and October 2016. Eligible studies were CRCTs of chemical or biological control measures, or community mobilization, with entomological indices as an endpoint. A meta-analysis of eligible studies, using a random effects model, assessed the impact on household index (HI), container index (CI), and Breteau index (BI). RESULTS: From 848 papers identified by the search, eighteen met the inclusion criteria: eight for chemical control, one for biological control and nine for community mobilisation. Seven of the nine CRCTs of community mobilisation reported significantly lower entomological indices in intervention than control clusters; findings from the eight CRCTs of chemical control were more mixed. The CRCT of biological control reported a significant impact on the pupae per person index only. Ten papers provided enough detail for meta-analysis. Community mobilisation (four studies) was consistently effective, with an overall intervention effectiveness estimate of -0.10 (95%CI -0.20 - 0.00) for HI, -0.03 (95%CI -0.05 - -0.01) for CI, and -0.13 (95%CI -0.22 - -0.05) for BI. The single CRCT of biological control had effectiveness of -0.02 (95%CI -0.07- 0.03) for HI, -0.02 (95%CI -0.04- -0.01) for CI and -0.08 (95%CI -0.15- -0.01) for BI. The five studies of chemical control did not show a significant impact on indices: the overall effectiveness was -0.01 (95%CI -0.05- 0.03) for HI, 0.01 (95% CI -0.01- 0.02) for CI, and 0.01 (95%CI -0.03 - 0.05) for BI. CONCLUSION: Governments that rely on chemical control of Aedes aegypti should consider adding community mobilization to their prevention efforts. More well-conducted CRCTs of complex interventions, including those with biological control, are needed to provide evidence of real life impact. Trials of all interventions should measure impact on dengue risk.


Assuntos
Aedes , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Insetos Vetores , Controle de Mosquitos , Aedes/virologia , Animais , Dengue/virologia , Humanos , Viroses/prevenção & controle , Viroses/virologia
9.
Eur J Nutr ; 55(4): 1615-22, 2016 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26248901

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Highly palatable foods behave as appetitive reinforcers and tend to be consumed compulsively. Nevertheless, the motivation for this kind of diets in experimental diet-induced obesity models has not been well established. Our hypothesis is that obesity caused by a regular consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) occurs concomitantly with the inhibition of food reward. The ultimate goal of our study was to further analyze the extent to which the perception of food as an appetitive reinforcer is a necessary condition for obesity. METHODS: We have evaluated the influence of HFD on operant food self-administration (FSA) during a whole light-dark (12-12-h) cycle in mice that consumed HFD either during 1, 4 or 8 weeks. The study has been complemented by a two-bottle free-choice assay between tap water and sweetened drinks. RESULTS: These data show that both 4- and 8-week HFD treatments induced a significant decrease in operant FSA rate. Moreover, HFD impaired the sweetened-conditioned flavor preference in the two-bottle choice assay. CONCLUSION: Our results, showing a reduction in how hard an animal is willing to work for food reinforcers, provide evidence that chronic consumption of HFD negatively contributes to the incentive motivation to acquire food/drink reinforcers. We demonstrate that energy homeostasis imbalance triggered by HFD is associated with the inhibition of hedonic feeding.


Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Alimentar , Recompensa , Animais , Comportamento de Escolha , Fissura/fisiologia , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Ingestão de Energia , Preferências Alimentares , Homeostase , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Adoçantes Calóricos/administração & dosagem , Adoçantes Calóricos/análise , Obesidade/induzido quimicamente , Autoadministração
10.
BMJ Open ; 14(1): e079130, 2024 01 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38167279

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 has impacted globally the care of chronic diseases. However, direct evidence from certain vulnerable communities, such as Indigenous communities in Latin America, is missing. We use observational data from a health district that primarily serves people of Maya K'iche' ethnicity to examine the care of type 2 diabetes in Guatemala during the pandemic. METHODS: We used a parallel convergent mixed methods design. Quantitative data (n=142 individuals with diabetes) included glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure, body mass index and questionnaires on diabetes knowledge, self-care and diabetes distress. Quantitative data was collected at two points, at baseline and after COVID restrictions were lifted. For quantitative outcomes, we constructed multilevel mixed effects models with multiple imputation for missing data. Qualitative data included interviews with providers, supervisors and individuals living with diabetes (n=20). We conducted thematic framework analysis using an inductive approach. RESULTS: Quantitative data was collected between June 2019 and February 2021, with a median of 487 days between data collection points. HbA1c worsened +0.54% (95% CI, 0.14 to 0.94) and knowledge about diabetes decreased -3.54 points (95% CI, -4.56 to -2.51). Qualitatively, the most important impact of the pandemic was interruption of the regular timing of home visits and peer group meetings which were the standard of care. CONCLUSIONS: The deterioration of diabetes care was primarily attributed to the loss of regular contact with healthcare workers. The results emphasize the vulnerability of rural and Indigenous populations in Latin America to the suspension of chronic disease care.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , SARS-CoV-2 , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Guatemala/epidemiologia
11.
Front Vet Sci ; 11: 1435464, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39211479

RESUMO

Introduction: As the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to evolve and new variants emerge, it becomes crucial to understand the comparative pathological and immunological responses elicited by different strains. This study focuses on the original Wuhan strain and the Omicron variant, which have demonstrated significant differences in clinical outcomes and immune responses. Methods: We employed ferrets as an experimental model to assess the D614G variant (a derivative of the Wuhan strain) and the Omicron BA.5 variant. Each variant was inoculated into separate groups of ferrets to compare disease severity, viral dissemination, and immune responses. Results: The D614G variant induced more severe disease and greater viral spread than the Omicron variant. Notably, ferrets infected with the D614G variant exhibited a robust neutralizing antibody response, whereas those infected with the Omicron variant failed to produce a detectable neutralizing antibody response. Despite the clearance of the virus from nearly all tissues by 7 days post-infection, an increase in pathological lesions was observed from 14 to 21 days, particularly in those infected with the D614G variant, suggesting a sustained immune response even after viral clearance. Discussion: These findings underscore the adaptability of SARS-CoV-2 and illuminate how susceptibility and clinical manifestations vary across different strains and species. The results emphasize the necessity of considering both the direct effects of viral infection and the indirect, often prolonged, impacts of the immune response in evaluating the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

12.
Neurobiol Learn Mem ; 106: 18-25, 2013 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23820496

RESUMO

Recent evidence has established that consumption of high-fat diets (HFD) is associated with deficits in hippocampus-dependent memory. Adolescence is an important period for shaping learning and memory acquisition that could be particularly sensitive to the detrimental effects of HFD. In the current study we have administered this kind of diets to both adolescent (5-week old) and young adult (8-week old) male C57BL mice during 8 weeks and we have evaluated its effect on (i) spatial memory performance in the novel location recognition (NLR) paradigm, and (ii) spine density and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. In order to characterize the eventual involvement of central leptin receptors we have also investigated the functionality of leptin receptors within the hippocampus. Here we report that animals that started to consume HFD during the adolescence were less efficient than their control counterparts in performing spatial memory tasks. In contrast to that, mice that were submitted to HFD during the young adult period displayed intact performance in the NLR test. In mice receiving HFD from the adolescence, the behavioral impairment was accompanied by an increase of dendritic spine density in CA1 pyramidal neurons that correlated with the up-regulation of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in this area. Deficits in spatial memory occurred concomitantly with a desensitization of the proteinkinase B (Akt) pathway coupled to hippocampal leptin receptors. In contrast, the STAT3 pathway remained unaffected by HFD. All effects of HFD were long-lasting because they remained intact even after 5 weeks of food restriction. Our results provide further evidence of the susceptibility of the hippocampus to HFD in adolescent individuals and suggest that leptin signaling integrity in this brain area is pivotal for memory performance.


Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Piramidais/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores para Leptina/metabolismo , Fatores Etários , Animais , Glicemia , Antígeno CD56/metabolismo , Espinhas Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Espinhas Dendríticas/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Leptina/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos , Células Piramidais/metabolismo
13.
Behav Pharmacol ; 24(5-6): 471-7, 2013 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23907376

RESUMO

Validated biomarkers of addiction vulnerability are unavailable despite their potential value in diagnostics and therapeutics. As cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides can be considered candidates for such biomarkers, we have studied the acute regulation of CART gene expression in the nucleus accumbens of rats with different drug-seeking behaviors. Two subgroups of Sprague-Dawley rats with different persistences of cocaine-induced and morphine-induced place preference showed a similar regulation of CART mRNA irrespective of their behavioral differences: CART gene expression was unaffected by acute cocaine and downregulated by acute morphine to a similar extent in both subgroups. Fischer 344 and Lewis rats, known to exhibit very different drug-seeking behaviors, showed lower basal expression of CART when compared with Sprague-Dawley rats, being almost undetectable in the case of the Lewis strain. Acute morphine downregulated CART in Fischer 344 rats as it did in Sprague-Dawley rats. The results tend to show that CART mRNA regulation by acute morphine or cocaine in the nucleus accumbens does not seem predictive of addiction vulnerability. However, in the particular case of Lewis rats, the pronounced hypoactivity of the CART system could contribute to the high vulnerability of this strain to develop drug-seeking behaviors.


Assuntos
Condicionamento Operante/fisiologia , Comportamento de Procura de Droga/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Núcleo Accumbens/metabolismo , Animais , Cocaína/administração & dosagem , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Morfina/administração & dosagem , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Núcleo Accumbens/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Especificidade da Espécie
14.
Behav Brain Res ; 452: 114576, 2023 08 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37423317

RESUMO

In a previous study, we demonstrated that intermittent ethanol administration in male adolescent animals impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, particularly under conditions of excessive ethanol administration. In this current study, we subjected adolescent male and female Wistar rats an alcohol schedule-induced drinking (SID) procedure to obtain an elevated rate of alcohol self-administration and assessed their hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. We also studied hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity, as well as the expression levels of several genes involved in these mechanisms. Both male and female rats exhibited similar drinking patterns throughout the sessions of the SID protocol reaching similar blood alcohol levels in all the groups. However, only male rats that consumed alcohol showed spatial memory deficits which correlated with inhibition of hippocampal synaptic plasticity as long-term potentiation. In contrast, alcohol did not modify hippocampal gene expression of AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptor subunits, although there are differences in the expression levels of several genes relevant to synaptic plasticity mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes, related to alcohol consumption as Ephb2, sex differences as Pi3k or the interaction of both factors such as Pten. In conclusion, elevated alcohol intake during adolescence seems to have a negative impact on spatial memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in a sex dependent manner, even both sexes exhibit similar blood alcohol concentrations and drinking patterns.


Assuntos
Plasticidade Neuronal , Memória Espacial , Ratos , Feminino , Masculino , Animais , Ratos Wistar , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Potenciação de Longa Duração/fisiologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Etanol/metabolismo , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo
15.
Front Microbiol ; 14: 1264172, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37869682

RESUMO

To date, susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic animals including cats and dogs has been described. However, it is important to carry out passive surveillance of these animals to be aware of any changes in the outcomes of the disease in these species that may occur. In this study, we have performed a retrospective study in which we analyzed sera (n = 1,640) from random animals: dogs (n = 1,381) and cats (n = 259) belonging to both homes (n = 1,533) and animal protection centers (n = 107) in the Community of Madrid, Spain. Neutralizing antibodies were evaluated between November 2021 and May 2022 using a surrogate ELISA kit to determine the seroprevalence. Based on the results obtained, a few animals (both cats and dogs) presented neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 (2.3%), all of them from private owners. However, the seroprevalence in cats (4.6%) resulted to be almost twice as much as in dogs (1.9%) which reinforces that cats' susceptibility to the infection seems higher than in the case of dogs, maybe due to the lower ACE2 expression of the dogs in the respiratory tract. These findings also confirm that the probability of infection is considerably higher in domestic animals in close contact with infected owners, compared to animals living in animal shelters whose contact with humans is markedly lower.

16.
Front Vet Sci ; 9: 940710, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36032286

RESUMO

The emergence of the Omicron variant (B.1. 1.529) has brought with it an increase in the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 disease. However, there is hardly any data on its incidence in companion animals. We have detected the presence of this new variant in domestic animals (dogs and cats) living with infected owners in Spain. None of the RT-qPCR positive animals (10.13%) presented any clinical signs and the viral loads detected were low. In addition, the shedding of viral RNA lasted a short period of time in the positive animals. Infection with this variant of concern (VOC) was confirmed by RT-qPCR and sequencing. These outcomes suggest a lower virulence of this variant in infected cats and dogs. They also demonstrate the transmission from infected humans to domestic animals and highlight the importance of active surveillance as well as genomic research to detect the presence of VOCs or mutations associated with animal hosts.

17.
Front Vet Sci ; 9: 841430, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35433922

RESUMO

Natural and experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection in pets has been widely evidenced since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the numerous affected animals, cats are one of the most susceptible species. However, little is known about viral pathogenicity and transmissibility in the case of variants of concern (VOCs) in animal hosts, such as the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant first detected in India. Here, we have identified the B.1.617.2 (Delta) VOC in a cat living with a COVID-19 positive owner. The animal presented mild symptoms (sneezing) and a high viral load was detected in the oropharyngeal swab, suggesting that an active infection was occurring in the upper respiratory tract of the cat. Transmission from the owner to the cat occurred despite the human being fully vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. This study documents the first detection of B.1.165.2 VOC in a cat in Spain and emphasizes the importance of performing active surveillance and genomic investigation on infected animals.

18.
Res Vet Sci ; 148: 52-64, 2022 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35667227

RESUMO

Of the numerous animal species affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, cats are one of the most susceptible, and cat-to-cat transmission has been described. Although cat-to-human infection has not, as yet, been demonstrated, preventive measures should be taken in order to avoid both viral infection in cats and transmission among them. In this respect, the application of an effective vaccine to at-risk populations would be a useful tool for controlling the disease in this species. Here, we test a new vaccine prototype based on the Spike protein of the virus in order to prevent infection and infectious virus shedding in cats. The vaccine employed in experimentation, and which is easily produced, triggered a strong neutralizing antibody response in vaccinated animals. In contrast to that which occurred with control animals, no infectious virus was detected in the oropharyngeal or rectal swabs of vaccinated cats submitted to a SARS-CoV-2 challenge. These results are of great interest as regards future considerations related to implementing vaccination programs in pets. The value of cats as vaccination trial models is also described herein.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Doenças do Gato , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/prevenção & controle , Gatos , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas , Eliminação de Partículas Virais
19.
Vet Res Commun ; 46(3): 837-852, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35243589

RESUMO

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the current pandemic disease denominated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several studies suggest that the original source of this virus was a spillover from an animal reservoir and its subsequent adaptation to humans. Of all the different animals affected, cats are one of the most susceptible species. Moreover, several cases of natural infection in domestic and stray cats have been reported in the last few months. Although experimental infection assays have demonstrated that cats are successfully infected and can transmit the virus to other cats by aerosol, the conditions used for these experiments have not been specified in terms of ventilation. We have, therefore, evaluated the susceptibility of cats using routes of infection similar to those expected under natural conditions (exposure to a sneeze, cough, or contaminated environment) by aerosol and oral infection. We have also evaluated the transmission capacity among infected and naïve cats using different air exchange levels. Despite being infected using natural routes and shed virus for a long period, the cats did not transmit the virus to contact cats when air renovation features were employed. The infected animals also developed gross and histological lesions in several organs. These outcomes confirm that cats are at risk of infection when exposed to infected people, but do not transmit the virus to other cats with high rates of air renovation.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Doenças do Gato , Animais , COVID-19/veterinária , Gatos , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/veterinária , Humanos , Pandemias/veterinária , SARS-CoV-2
20.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 69(4): e759-e774, 2022 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34724350

RESUMO

The disease produced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently one of the primary concerns worldwide. Knowing the zoonotic origin of the disease and that several animal species, including dogs and cats, are susceptible to viral infection, it is critical to assess the relevance of pets in this pandemic. Here, we performed a large-scale study on SARS-CoV-2 serological and viral prevalence in cats and dogs in Spain in order to elucidate their role and susceptibility. Samples from animals in contact with COVID-19 positive people and/or compatible symptoms (n = 492), as well as from random animals (n = 1024), were taken. Despite the large number of animals analyzed, only 12 animals (eight dogs and four cats), which represents 0.79% of the total analyzed animals (n = 1516), were positive for viral SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in which viral isolation was possible in four animals. We detected neutralizing antibodies in 34 animals, four of them were also positive for PCR. This study evidences that pets are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection in natural conditions but at a low level, as evidenced by the low percentage of positive animals detected, being infected humans the main source of infection. However, the inclusion of animals in the surveillance of COVID-19 is still recommended.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Animais , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Cães , Humanos , Prevalência , RNA Viral/genética , SARS-CoV-2 , Espanha/epidemiologia
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