Can a biopesticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis affect the physiology and histomorphology of Arapaima gigas?

The use of biopesticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner 1915) in agriculture has been considered harmless for non-target organisms such as fish. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a biopesticide based on B. thuringiensis on the physiology and histology of the liver, kidney and intestine of Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822), via exposure to water (0.13 g/L) and in the diet (0.13 g), after 24 and 48 h. Fish subjected to B. thuringiensis in the water of their breeding and feeding tanks exhibited mortality due to changes in erythrogram (hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocytes), thrombogram and leucogram blood parameters, and plasma (sodium, chloride, potassium, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, cortisol and total proteins) and enzymatic (Aspartate Amino Transferase and Alanine Amino Transferase) biochemistry. Histopathological alterations in the liver and kidney ranged from mild to severe and were characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear hypertrophy and atrophy, melanomacrophage centers and necrosis, and in the intestine by changes to the number of villi and goblet cells. Therefore, these physiological and histopathological alterations indicate that care should be taken with the dispersion of biopesticides based on agricultural B. thuringiensis in fish farming.

Physiological parameters of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Osteichthyes: Characidae) exposed to a biopesticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis.

This study investigated the physiological effects of a pesticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel-WP®) added in the water and diet of Piaractus mesopotamicus during 24 and 48 h. It was added 0.13 g of de B. thuringiensis per kg of commercial feed; and for the fish subjected to the biopesticide in the water of the tanks, it was added 0.13 g/L of the biopesticide. Plasma levels of sodium, chloride, potassium, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, cortisol, total protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocytes number, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), number of thrombocytes and leukocytes were determined. Cortisol, lactate, glucose, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT, AST, sodium, potassium, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils and PAS-positive granular leukocytes suffered alterations derived from the addition of B. thuringiensis in water and diet of the fish. The toxicity of the concentrations of biopesticide in short-term exposure in water and diet of the fish led to blood alterations (increase or decrease). Therefore, care must be taken to avoid a possible prolonged contamination in the tanks of fish farming by agricultural pollution based on B. thuringiensis.

Oxidative stress biomarkers and aggressive behavior in fish exposed to aquatic cadmium contamination

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible link between cadmium exposure, hepatic markers of oxidative stress and aggressive behavior in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were first exposed to 0.75 mg/L CdCl2 for 15 days (12 isolated fish for each group) and afterward a behavioral test was performed. Fish from the control and cadmium-exposed groups were paired for 1 h (6 pairs of fish per group) for determination of aggressiveness parameters. Immediately after the behavioral test, the animals were sacrificed and the liver was used to determine biochemical parameters. Cadmium decreased aggression in Nile tilapia. Subordinate animals exposed to cadmium showed decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity compared to dominant ones. No alterations were observed in selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase Se-GSH-P and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activities, but total superoxide dismutase activity was increased in subordinate animals exposed to cadmium compared to subordinate control. Catalase activity was increased in cadmium-exposed fish. Lipoperoxide concentrations also increased in cadmium exposed fish indicating that cadmium toxicity may affect oxidative stress biomarkers in Nile tilapia. Social stress induced lipoperoxidation in Nile tilapia, and subordinate animals exposed to cadmium responded with lower activities of liver antioxidant enzymes compared to dominant fish. The present study shows that cadmium exposure is capable of inducing changes in the social status and oxidative stress parameters in this species.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a possível relação entre a exposição ao cádmio, os marcadores hepáticos de estresse oxidativo e o comportamento agressivo em tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Os peixes foram primeiramente expostos à concentração de 0,75 mg/L de CdCl2 durante 15 dias (12 peixes isolados em cada grupo), após o qual o teste de comportamento foi aplicado. Peixes do grupo controle e do grupo exposto ao cádmio foram pareados durante 1 hora (6 pares de peixes por grupo) para determinação de parâmetros de agressividade. Imediatamente após o teste comportamental, os animais foram sacrificados e o fígado foi coletado para as determinações bioquímicas. O cádmio diminuiu a agressão em tilápias do Nilo. Animais subordinados e expostos ao cádmio mostraram uma redução na atividade da enzima glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px), quando comparados aos dominantes. Nenhuma alteração foi observada na atividade da glutationa peroxidase dependente de selênio (Se-GSH-P) e na superóxido dismutase Cu Zn, mas a atividade total da superóxido dismutase aumentou em animais subordinados e expostos ao cádmio, quando comparado ao controle subordinado. A atividade da catalase aumentou em peixes expostos ao cádmio. As concentrações de lipoperóxido aumentaram em peixes expostos ao cádmio, indicando que a toxicidade deste pode afetar os biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo em tilápias do Nilo. O estresse social induziu lipoperoxidação em tilápia do Nilo e animais subordinados e expostos ao cádmio responderam com baixas atividades de enzimas antioxidantes hepáticas do que em peixes dominantes. O presente estudo mostra que a exposição ao cádmio é capaz de induzir alterações no status social e nos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo nesta epécie.(AU)