Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with red led and methylene blue on the reduction of halitosis: controlled microbiological clinical trial.

To determine the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using a red light-emitting diode (LED) on the reduction of halitosis and microbiological levels in the tongue coating immediately after irradiation, 7, 14, and 30 days after treatment. Forty-five young adults diagnosed with halitosis were allocated to three groups: G1, aPDT with 0.005% methylene blue and red LED (660 nm, four irradiation points, 90 s per point, power of 400 mW, 36 J per point, radiant exposure of 95 J/cm2, continuous wave); G2, tongue scraping; and G3, tongue scraping and aPDT. Gas chromatography was performed before and immediately after treatment, as well as at the different follow-up times. Microbiological samples were collected at the same times from the dorsum of the tongue, and bacteria were quantified in the samples using real-time PCRq. The Wilcoxon test was used for the intragroup analyses, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the intergroup analyses. In the intragroup analyses, differences were found before and immediately after treatment in all groups (p < 0.05). The effect was maintained after 7 days only in the tongue scraping group (p < 0.05). In the intergroup analysis, no statistically significant differences were found among the groups (p > 0.05). For the microbiological analyses, no statistically significant differences were found in the groups/bacteria that were analyzed (p > 0.05). aPDT using a red LED and 0.005% methylene blue caused an immediate reduction in halitosis, but the effect was not maintained after 7, 14, or 30 days. No reduction occurred in the number of bacteria investigated or the quantification of universal 16S rRNA. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03656419.

Translation of TNFAIP2 is tightly controlled by upstream open reading frames.

Translation is a highly regulated process, both at the global as well as on a transcript-specific level. Regulatory upstream open reading frames (uORFs) represent a mode to alter cap-dependent translation efficiency in a transcript-specific manner and are found in numerous mRNAs. In the majority of cases, uORFs inhibit the translation of their associated main ORFs. Consequently, their inactivation results in enhanced translation of the main ORF, a phenomenon best characterized in the context of the integrated stress response. In the present study, we identified potent translation-inhibitory uORFs in the transcript leader sequence (TLS) of tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein 2 (TNFAIP2). The initial description of the uORFs was based on the observation that despite a massive induction of TNFAIP2 mRNA expression in response to interleukin 1ß (IL1ß), TNFAIP2 protein levels remained low in MCF7 cells. While we were able to characterize the uORFs with respect to their exact size and sequential requirements in this cellular context, only TPA stimulation partially overcame the translation-inhibitory activity of the TNFAIP2 uORFs. Characterization of TNFAIP2 translation in the context of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation suggested that, while the uORFs efficiently block TNFAIP2 protein synthesis in monocytes, they are inactivated in mature macrophages, thus allowing for a massive increase in TNFAIP2 protein expression. In summary, we establish TNFAIP2 as a novel target of uORF-mediated translational regulation. Furthermore, our findings suggest that during macrophage differentiation a major uORF-dependent translational switch occurs.

Apoptotic Cells induce Proliferation of Peritoneal Macrophages.

The interaction of macrophages with apoptotic cells is required for efficient resolution of inflammation. While apoptotic cell removal prevents inflammation due to secondary necrosis, it also alters the macrophage phenotype to hinder further inflammatory reactions. The interaction between apoptotic cells and macrophages is often studied by chemical or biological induction of apoptosis, which may introduce artifacts by affecting the macrophages as well and/or triggering unrelated signaling pathways. Here, we set up a pure cell death system in which NIH 3T3 cells expressing dimerizable Caspase-8 were co-cultured with peritoneal macrophages in a transwell system. Phenotype changes in macrophages induced by apoptotic cells were evaluated by RNA sequencing, which revealed an unexpectedly dominant impact on macrophage proliferation. This was confirmed in functional assays with primary peritoneal macrophages and IC-21 macrophages. Moreover, inhibition of apoptosis during Zymosan-induced peritonitis in mice decreased mRNA levels of cell cycle mediators in peritoneal macrophages. Proliferation of macrophages in response to apoptotic cells may be important to increase macrophage numbers in order to allow efficient clearance and resolution of inflammation.

Evaluation of muscle activity, bite force and salivary cortisol in children with bruxism before and after low level laser applied to acupoints: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Bruxism is a repetitive activity that causes tooth wear, audible sounds, and discomfort. Preventive measures have been studied for conditions that can exert a negative influence on physiological development in children. Low-level laser therapy administered over acupoints is an effective, painless, low-cost treatment option that has achieved good results. Thus, the aim of the proposed study is to evaluate changes in muscle activity, bite force and salivary cortisol in children with bruxism after the application of low-level laser to accupoints. METHODS: The children will be randomly allocated to four groups of 19 individuals: G1 - low-level laser; G2 - occlusal splint; G3 - placebo laser; and G4 - control (without bruxism). The BTS TMJOINT electromyography will be used to determine muscle activity and a digital gnathodynamometer will be used to measure bite force. Salivary cortisol will be analysed at baseline as well as one and six months after treatment. Two-way ANOVA will be employed and complemented by Tukey's test. DISCUSSION: Bruxism is a repetitive activity of the masticatory muscles that can have negative consequences if not treated, such as tooth wear, noises, discomfort and anxiety. Thus, control and treatment measures should be taken. Although low-level laser therapy over acupoints has been indicated for children, the effects of this treatment modality have not yet been studied. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02757261 on 8 April 2016. This study protocol received a grant from the Brazilian fostering agency São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP: #2015/24731-0).

Choosing between intraoral or extraoral, red or infrared laser irradiation after impacted third molar extraction.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Swelling and trismus are complications experienced by nearly all subjects after undergoing oral surgery for the removal of impacted teeth. The main purpose of this paper was to compare the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) at two different wavelengths applied intra-orally and extra-orally on facial swelling and trismus in the postoperative period following the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty subjects were randomly divided into five groups, taking into account the type of laser therapy applied after surgery (intraoral or extraoral irradiation with 660 nm laser; intraoral or extraoral irradiation with 808 nm; and sham irradiation). Two and seven days after the surgery, two blinded evaluators measured the subjects' faces (swelling), and mouth opening (trismus). RESULTS: There was a statistically significant interaction between the irradiation site and wavelength (swelling and trismus were smaller if the red laser was applied intra-orally or if infrared laser was applied extra-orally). The intra-group analyses showed that 808 nm laser applied extra-orally favored reductions in postoperative facial swelling and trismus, although the inter-group comparisons revealed no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: Besides energy parameters, the combination of irradiation site and wavelength drive the results of phototherapy after the removal of impacted teeth. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:511-518, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Immediate results of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial.

UNLABELLED: Light with or without chemical agents has been used to induce therapeutic and antimicrobial effects. With photodynamic therapy, the antimicrobial effect is confined to areas covered by a photosensitive dye and irradiated with light. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents through the analysis of volatile sulfur compounds, especially sulfide. A controlled, clinical trial was conducted with 45 adolescents randomly allocated to three groups: group 1, photodynamic therapy administered to the dorsum of the tongue; group 2, treatment with a tongue scraper; and group 3, treatment with a tongue scraper combined with photodynamic therapy. The diagnosis of halitosis was performed using gas chromatography before and after treatment. Comparisons were made using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test, with the level of significance set at 5 % (p < 0.05). After treatment, a statistically significant reduction in halitosis was found in all groups (p < 0.001). The greatest reduction in total sulfides (median = 0) occurred with the combination of tongue scraper and photodynamic therapy. The present study describes a novel option for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents with an immediate effect that does not involve the mechanical aggression of the lingual papillae that occurs with conventional treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Photodynamic Therapy in Adolescents Halitosis ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02007993?term=NCT02007993&rank=1 )Number: NCT02007993FUNDING:FAPESPNumber: 2013/13032-8.

Use of alcohol vinegar in the inhibition of Candida spp. and its effect on the physical properties of acrylic resins.

BACKGROUND: Given the high prevalence of oral candidiasis and the restricted number of antifungal agents available to control infection, this study investigated the in vitro antifungal activity of alcohol vinegar on Candida spp. and its effect on the physical properties of acrylic resins. METHODS: Tests to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of vinegar alcohol (0.04 g/ml of acetic acid) and nystatin (control) were performed. The antifungal activity of alcohol vinegar was assessed through microbial growth kinetic assays and inhibition of Candida albicans adhesion to acrylic resin at different intervals of time. Surface roughness and color of the acrylic resin were analyzed using a roughness meter and color analyzer device. RESULTS: Alcohol vinegar showed MIC75% and MFC62.5% of 2.5 mg/ml, with fungicidal effect from 120 min, differing from nystatin (p < 0.0001), which showed fungistatic effect. Alcohol vinegar caused greater inhibition of C. albicans adhesion to the acrylic resin (p ≤ 0.001) compared to nystatin and did not change the roughness and color parameters of the material. CONCLUSION: Alcohol vinegar showed antifungal properties against Candida strains and caused no physical changes to the acrylic resin.

Antifungal Activity of Apple Cider Vinegar on Candida Species Involved in Denture Stomatitis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of apple cider vinegar on Candida spp. involved in denture stomatitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The microdilution technique was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of apple cider vinegar containing 4% maleic acid, and nystatin (control). Further tests of microbial kinetics and inhibition of adherence to acrylic resin were performed testing different concentrations (MIC, MICx2, MICx4) of the products at time intervals of 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. A roughness meter was used to measure the changes in surface roughness; color change of the acrylic resin specimens exposed to the test products in different concentrations and time intervals were also evaluated. RESULTS: Apple cider vinegar (4%) showed MIC of 2500 µg/ml and MFC of 2500, 5000, and 10,000 µg/ml depending on the strain tested. Nystatin showed MIC of 3.125 µg/ml and strain-dependent MFC values ranging from 3.125 to 12.5 µg/ml. The microbial kinetic assay showed a statistical difference between apple cider vinegar and nystatin (p < 0.0001). After 30 minutes of exposure, apple cider vinegar showed fungicidal effect at MICx4, whereas nystatin maintained its fungistatic effect. Apple cider vinegar showed greater inhibition of adherence (p < 0.001) compared to control. Apple cider vinegar did not significantly alter the surface roughness of the acrylic resin specimens compared to nystatin (p > 0.05), and both had no influence on their color. CONCLUSION: Apple cider vinegar showed antifungal properties against Candida spp., thus representing a possible therapeutic alternative for patients with denture stomatitis.

Corrigendum: Impact of ATP-citrate lyase catalytic activity and serine 455 phosphorylation on histone acetylation and inflammatory responses in human monocytic THP-1 cells.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906127.].

Can Diet Alter the Intestinal Barrier Permeability in Healthy People? A Systematic Review.

Dietary factors can modify the function of the intestinal barrier, causing permeability changes. This systematic review analyzed evidence on the link between diet or dietary interventions and changes in intestinal barrier permeability (IBP) in healthy individuals. A systematic search for primary studies was conducted using the virtual databases EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Scopus. This review adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, assessing the methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies and ROB 2.0 for randomized clinical trials. Out of 3725 studies recovered, 12 were eligible for review. Chicory inulin and probiotics reduced IBP in adults with a moderate GRADE level of evidence. The opposite result was obtained with fructose, which increased IBP in adults, with a very low GRADE level of evidence. Only intervention studies with different dietary components were found, and few studies evaluated the effect of specific diets on the IBP. Thus, there was no strong evidence that diet or dietary interventions increase or decrease IBP in healthy individuals. Studies on this topic are necessary, with a low risk of bias and good quality of evidence generated, as there is still little knowledge on healthy populations.

Impact of ATP-citrate lyase catalytic activity and serine 455 phosphorylation on histone acetylation and inflammatory responses in human monocytic THP-1 cells.

ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key enzyme provoking metabolic and epigenetic gene regulation. Molecularly, these functions are exerted by the provision of acetyl-coenzyme A, which is then used as a substrate for de novo lipogenesis or as an acetyl-group donor in acetylation reactions. It has been demonstrated that ACLY activity can be positively regulated via phosphorylation at serine 455 by Akt and protein kinase A. Nonetheless, the impact of phosphorylation on ACLY function in human myeloid cells is poorly understood. In this study we reconstituted ACLY knockout human monocytic THP-1 cells with a wild type ACLY as well as catalytically inactive H760A, and phosphorylation-deficient S455A mutants. Using these cell lines, we determined the impact of ACLY activity and phosphorylation on histone acetylation and pro-inflammatory gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results show that ACLY serine 455 phosphorylation does not influence the proper enzymatic function of ACLY, since both, wild type ACLY and phosphorylation-deficient mutant, exhibited increased cell growth and histone acetylation as compared to cells with a loss of ACLY activity. Transcriptome analysis revealed enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory and interferon response genes in ACLY knockout and H760A THP-1 cells under unstimulated or LPS-treated conditions. At the same time, S455A ACLY-expressing cells showed a phenotype very similar to wild type cells. Contrary to ACLY knockout, pharmacological inhibition of ACLY in THP-1 cells or in primary human macrophages does not enhance LPS-triggered pro-inflammatory gene expression. Our data thus suggest that ACLY retains functionality in the absence of Akt/PKA-mediated phosphorylation in human myeloid cells. Furthermore, loss of ACLY activity may elicit long-term adaptive mechanisms, increasing inflammatory responses.

Lysosome-Dependent LXR and PPARδ Activation Upon Efferocytosis in Human Macrophages.

Efferocytosis is critical for tissue homeostasis, as its deregulation is associated with several autoimmune pathologies. While engulfing apoptotic cells, phagocytes activate transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) or liver X receptors (LXR) that orchestrate metabolic, phagocytic, and inflammatory responses towards the ingested material. Coordination of these transcription factors in efferocytotic human macrophages is not fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the transcriptional profile of macrophages following the uptake of apoptotic Jurkat T cells using RNA-seq analysis. Results indicated upregulation of PPAR and LXR pathways but downregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) target genes. Pharmacological inhibition and RNA interference pointed to LXR and PPARδ as relevant transcriptional regulators, while PPARγ did not substantially contribute to gene regulation. Mechanistically, lysosomal digestion and lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) were required for PPAR and LXR activation, while PPARδ activation also demanded an active lysosomal phospholipase A2 (PLA2G15). Pharmacological interference with LXR signaling attenuated ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux from efferocytotic macrophages, but suppression of inflammatory responses following efferocytosis occurred independently of LXR and PPARδ. These data provide mechanistic details on LXR and PPARδ activation in efferocytotic human macrophages.

Comparative study between photodynamic therapy with urucum + Led and probiotics in halitosis reduction-protocol for a controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Halitosis is a term that defines any foul odor emanating from the oral cavity. The origin may be local or systemic. The aim of the proposed protocol is to determine whether treatment with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and treatment with probiotics are effective at eliminating halitosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-eight patients, from 18 to 25 years old with a diagnosis of halitosis (H2S≥112 ppb, determined by gas chromatography) will be randomly allocated to four groups (n = 22) that will receive different treatments: Group 1 -treatment with teeth brushing, dental floss and tongue scraper; Group 2 -brushing, dental floss and aPDT; Group 3 -brushing, dental floss and probiotics; Group 4 -brushing, flossing, aPDT and probiotics. The results of the halimetry will be compared before, immediately after, seven days and thirty days after treatment. The microbiological analysis of the coated tongue will be performed at these same times. The normality of the data will be determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Data with normal distribution will be analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Non-parametric data will be analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Wilcoxon test will be used to analyze the results of each treatment at the different evaluation periods. CLINICAL TRAIL REGISTRATION: NCT03996044.

Amateur ballet practicing, body image and eating behaviors: a comparative study of classical ballet dancers, gym users and sedentary women.

BACKGROUND: Ballet dancers are a risk group for body image (BI) distortion, dissatisfaction and eating disorders (ED), but few studies have investigated these aspects in amateur adult practitioners. This study aimed to evaluate if amateur female adult classical ballet dancers presented different BI and behaviors for ED than gym users and sedentary women. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study where classical ballet dancers (n = 19) were compared to gym users (n = 19) and sedentary women (n = 19). Body mass index (BMI) was assessed, and a figure rating scale was applied to assess BI distortion/dissatisfaction. The body shape questionnaire (BSQ) was used to measure BI concern. The eating attitudes test (EAT-26) and the bulimic investigatory test, Edinburgh (BITE) were used for behaviors toward anorexia and bulimia. RESULTS: BMI was significantly lower in ballet dancers than gym users and sedentary women (F, p = .04). BI distortion did not differ among the studied groups. BI dissatisfaction was lower (X2, p = .041) in ballet dancers (75.0%) and gym users (70.6%) compared to sedentary women (100%). Correspondence analysis showed ballet dancers were mostly not concerned with BI, which was not observed among the other groups. The EAT-26 did not differ between the studied groups. The BITE score was lower (Tukey's post hoc test, p = .005) in the ballet dancers [mean 5.3 (5.6)] compared to the sedentary women [mean 10.9 (4.8)]. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that amateur classical ballet practicing is associated to better BI and fewer behaviors for ED in the studied population. The lower BMI in ballet dancers might explain these findings, and further studies should explore these associations.

Photodynamic therapy for endodontic treatment of primary teeth: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the reduction in bacterial load following conventional endodontic treatment with and without antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) in primary teeth. METHODS: Thirty primary anterior teeth with a diagnosis of pulp necrosis were selected. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups as follows: Group I, patients undergoing conventional root canal therapy (n = 15) and Group II, patients undergoing conventional root canal therapy combined with antimicrobial PDT (n = 15). For PDT, methylene blue, at a concentration of 0.005 %, was used as the photosensitizing agent, which was applied to the interior of the canal with a sterile paper cone for 3 min, followed by the administration of laser light for 40 s (wavelength: 660 nm, energy density: 4 J/cm², power: 100 mW), delivered in direct contact at the entrance to the root canal. Two microbiological samples of the intra-canal content were taken (one before and one immediately after treatment in both groups) using paper cones. Clinical follow-up involved the investigation of fistulas and mobility and was performed 1- and 3 months after treatment. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The reduction in bacterial load was 93 % in Group I and 99 % in Group II, with no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Conventional treatment combined with antimicrobial PDT with parameters used in this study proved effective but presented equal efficacious capability to conventional endodontic treatment alone. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of PDT has been studied in endodontic treatment protocols in permanent teeth. However, clinical trials in deciduous teeth are necessary for establishing the effectiveness and parameters of this application. The present study analyzes the results of PDT in the endodontic treatment of deciduous teeth.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Bixa orellana extract and blue LED in the reduction of halitosis-A randomized, controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the reduction of halitosis when using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with Bixa orellana extract and blue light-emitting diode (LED). METHODS: Forty-four UNINOVE students or employees with a diagnosis of sulfide (H2S) ≥ 112 ppb in gas chromatography were selected. The patients were randomly divided in groups: Group 1 (n = 15): aPDT with annatto and LED; Group 2 (n = 14): tongue scraping; Group 3 (n = 15): tongue scraping and aPDT. For aPDT, a wasBixa orellana extract used in a concentration of 20 % w/v (Fórmula e Ação®, São Paulo, Brazil) on the tongue for 2 min, associated with a blue-violet LED (Valo Cordless Ultradent® Products, Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) (395-480 nm). Six points were irradiated on the back of the tongue, at wavelength 395-480 nm for 20 s, energy of 9.6 J and radiant energy of 6.37 J/cm2 per point. The results were compared before, immediately after treatment and 7 days after. The Friedman test was used for the intragroup analysis and the Kruskal Wallis test for the intergroup analysis. RESULTS: In all groups, there was a difference between baseline and the value immediately after the treatment. In Groups 1 and 3, there was no difference between the baseline and the 7 days control. CONCLUSION: There was an immediate reduction of halitosis, but the reduction was not maintained after 7days.

Halitosis: prevalence and association with oral etiological factors in children and adolescents.

Halitosis is a condition that can have negative social impacts. Although common, its prevalence and associated etiological factors have been studied little in the child/adolescent population. The aim of the present study was to associate the occurrence of halitosis with oral etiological factors in children aged 6-12 years. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 150 male and female children and adolescents. The organoleptic test (OT) was used to determine halitosis. All patients and caregivers answered a questionnaire addressing personal data, general health and oral health, including hygiene habits, and received clarifications regarding the procedures to which the children/adolescents would be submitted in a second session. During the second session, the children were clinically evaluated for halitosis using the OT. The bacterial plaque index, coated tongue index, pH, salivary flow and the presence of dental caries were also determined. Differences in the proportions of the factors were compared between groups (with and without halitosis) using the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Halitosis was diagnosed in 17.3% of the children and was associated with a fair score on the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OR: 3.5; p = 0.008), the non-daily use of tooth floss (OR: 8.7; p = 0.017), percentage of coated tongue (p = 0.005), abnormal salivary flow (OR: 4.2; p < 0.001) and dental caries (OR: 3.8; p = 0.002). No associations with brushing performed by a caregiver or salivary pH were found.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of infrared light-emitting diode photobiomodulation in children with sleep bruxism: Study protocol for randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Sleep bruxism is a masticatory muscle activity characterized as rhythmic (phasic) or nonrhythmic (tonic). In children and adolescents, etiological factors, such as breathing pattern and sleep quality, have recently been addressed in studies investigating sleep bruxism. New therapies for adults, such as botulinum toxin, have been investigated, but such techniques are not applicable for individuals in the growth and development phase. METHODS: The participants will be 76 children, which will be randomly allocated to a control group, that is group 1, absence of bruxism; group 2, children with bruxism treated with infrared light-emitting diode (LED); and group 3, bruxism treated with occlusal splint. All participants will be submitted to a clinical evaluation to evaluate muscle activity and salivary biomarkers, before and after treatments. Muscle activity will be verified by electromyography of muscles mastication, masseter and temporal, and salivary biomarkers observed will be cortisol and dopamine levels. DISCUSSION: Photobiomodulation therapy has piqued the interest of researchers, as this noninvasive method has demonstrated positive results in problems related to muscle tissues. This document describes the protocol for a proposed study to evaluate morphological and psychosocial aspects in children and adolescents with awake bruxism and their responses to photobiomodulation therapy with infrared LED. CLINICAL TRIALS:.

The effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on infected dentin in primary teeth: A randomized controlled clinical trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been used for the treatment of dental caries. Papacarie is a gel composed of papain and chloramine employed for the partial removal of carious tissue, effective against bacteria, however, some studies report that this antibacterial action is not quite so evident. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical effect of aPDT on infected dentin in dental caries lesion in primary teeth. METHODS: Thirty-two primary molars with deep occlusal dental caries will be selected and divided in 2 groups: G1 - caries removal with a low-speed drill and G2 - application of aPDT with PapacarieMBlue. After treatment, all the teeth will be restored with glass ionomer cement and followed up clinically and radiographically, with evaluations at 3, 6, and 12 months. Dentin samples before and after treatment will be analyzed microbiologically. The data will be submitted to descriptive statistical analysis of the association between the categorical variables and both age and gender using the chi-square test and Fisher exact text. The Student t test and analysis of variance will be used for the comparison of mean signs and symptoms of reversible pulpitis. Pearson correlation coefficients will be calculated for the analysis of correlations among the continuous variables. DISCUSSION: Adding methylene blue dye to the formula of PapacarieMBlue might potentiate the antimicrobial action of aPDT and work more effectively on the infected dentin combined with a conservative, minimally invasive treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02734420 on 10 march 2016.

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy as a Co-adjuvant in Endodontic Treatment of Deciduous Teeth: Case Series.

To assure the success of endodontic treatment, the root canal must be completely decontaminated. Thus, some methods have been researched in an attempt to effectively eliminate microorganisms from the interior of the root canal system. Among them is conventional endodontic therapy in conjunction with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Five anterior deciduous teeth were treated endodontically with the conventional technique and PDT. For PDT, 0.005% methylene blue was used as a photosensitizer and a 660 nm laser. After the conventional endodontic therapy, the photosensitizer was applied inside the root canal, 3 min of pre-irradiation time, and then, the laser was applied for 40s with an energy of 4J. Afterward, the canal was irrigated with saline solution and the sealing material of the root canal was placed. The microbiological analysis of the samples was collected before and after the treatments were performed. Observing the results obtained in this case series, which showed a bacterial reduction from 37.57% to 100%, and the clear difficulty in the success of endodontic treatment of deciduous teeth, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy can be considered an alternative of easy application that does not generate microbial resistance, to act as a support in the decontamination of the root canals.